Figure S1. Validation of DLEM Simulation Results with Field Scale Studies in Different

Figure S1. Validation of DLEM simulation results with field scale studies in different locations of India.

Observational dataset was obtained from Croplands (AICRP, 2012); Forests (Devi & Yadava, 2009; Pandey et al., 2005; Joshi & Pant, 2012; Garkoti et al., 1995; Singh et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2011; Baishya and Barik, 2011); Grasslands (Behera et al., 1994; Billore et al., 1977; Misra, 1973; 1978; Singh and Yadav, 1974; Varshey et al., 1972; Ambasht et al., 1972; Misra et al., 1978; Shankar et al., 1993; Pradhan, 1994; Aggarwal & Goyal, 1987; Pandey et al., 2005). References

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Ambasht, R. S., Maurya, A. N. and Singh, U. N. 1972. Primary production and turnover in certain protected grasslands of Varanasi, India. In: Tropical Ecology with an emphasis on organic production, F.B. Golley (Eds.), University Georgia, Athens, USA, pp. 43 - 50.

Baishya, R. & Barik, S. K. 2011. Estimation of tree biomass, carbon pool and net primary production of an old-growth Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon forest in north-eastern India. Annals of Forest Science, 68:727–736.

Behera, B. K. 1994. Community structure, primary production and energetic of a grassland community of Boudh-Kandhamal (Dist-Phulbani) in Orissa,Ph.D. Thesis, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Orissa.

Billore, S. K. and Mall, L. P. 1977. Dry matter structure and its dynamics in Sehima community II. Dry matter dynamics, Trop. Ecol. 18: 29 - 35.

Devi, S. L. & Yadava, P. S. 2009. Aboveground biomass and net primary production of semi- evergreen tropical forest of Manipur, north-eastern India. Journal of Forestry Research, 20(2): 151−155.

Garkoti, S.C. & Singh, S.P. (1995). Variation in net primary productivity and biomass of forests in the high mountains of Central Himalaya. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 23-28.

Joshi, B. & Pant, S. C. 2012. Monthly variation in plant biomass and net primary productivity of a mixed deciduous forest at foothills of Kumaun Himalaya. International journal of Conservation Science, 3 (1), 41–50.

Kumar, N. J.I., Sajish, P.R., Kumar, R.N., & Patel, K. (2011). Biomass and Net Primary Productivity in three different Aged Butea Forest Ecosystems in Western India, Rajasthan. Our Nature, 9: 73-82.

Misra, C. M. 1973. Primary productivity of a grassland ecosystem at Ujjain, Ph. D. Thesis. Vikram Univ. Ujjain. Misra, M. K. 1978. Phytosociology and primary production of a grassland community at Berhampur, Orissa, India. Ph. D. Thesis, Berhampur University, Berhampur.

Pande, P. K. 2005. Biomass and productivity in some disturbed tropical dry deciduous teak forests of Satpura plateau, Madhya Pradesh. Tropical Ecology, 46(2): 229– 239.

Pradhan, D. 1994. Primary production and phytosociology of a grassland community of Bhubaneswar. Ph.D. Thesis, Berhampur University, Berhampur, Orissa.

Shankar, U., Pandey, H.N., & Tripathi, R. S. 1993. Phytomass dynamics and primary productivity in human grasslands along altitudinal and rainfall gradients. Acta Ecologica, 14 (2), 197–209.

Singh, B., Tripathi, K.P. & Singh, K. 2011. Community Structure, Diversity, Biomass and Net Production in a Rehabilitated Subtropical Forest in North India. Open Journal of Forestry, 1 (2), 11–26.

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Varshney, C. K. 1972. Productivity of Delhi grasslands. In : Tropical Ecology with an emphasis on organic production, P. M. Golley and F.B. Golley (Eds.), Univ. of Georgia, Athens. pp. 27- 42. Sr. Latitu Longit NPP Observatio DLEM Ecosyst Reference Numbe de ude (Pg C n NPP NPP em r year-1) (g C m-2) (g C m- 2) A. - - 2.18 - - All Chhabra and Dadhwal 2004 B. - - 2.5 - - All Panigraphy et al., 2004 C. - - 1.32- - - All Hingane, 1.59 1991 D. - - 1.57 - - All Chhabra and Dadhwal, 2004 E. - - 3.5-4.5 - - All Singh et al., 2011 F. - - 1.48 - - All This study 1 10.8 76.2 603.5 529 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 2 13.0 77.6 753.8 732 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 3 18.7 78.9 1247.9 754 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 4 20.3 85.8 606.4 652 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 5 21.3 81.6 926.3 720 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 6 21.5 70.5 420.4 416 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 7 22.8 88.4 362.4 380 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 8 23.2 79.9 690.2 673 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 9 23.3 85.3 472.8 467 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 10 24.6 73.7 757.1 741 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 11 29.0 79.5 928.7 946 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 12 30.9 75.8 880.3 858 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 13 32.1 76.5 788.6 800 Cropla AICRP, 2012 nds 14 23 93 521 599 Forest Devi 2009 15 29 79 356-1255 710 Forest Joshi 2012 16 21 78 370-459 449 Forest Pandey 2005 17 30 80 500-980 734 Forest Garkoti 1995 18 26 80 600-1200 969 Forest Singh 2011 19 24 74 850-1450 1027 Forest Kumar 2011 20 25 91 875 790 Forest Baishya 2011 21 20.0 84.0 404.5 416 Grassla Behera 1994 nd 22 23.0 75.0 423 452 Grassla Billore 1977 nd 23 23.0 76.0 494.5 463 Grassla Misra 1973 nd 24 25.0 82.0 605.5 517 Grassla Singh 1974 nd 25 28.0 77.0 665 643 Grassla Varshey 1972 nd 26 25.0 83.0 710 692 Grassla Ambasht nd 1972 27 19.0 85.0 723.5 720 Grassla Misra 1978 nd 28 26.0 91.0 730 777 Grassla Shankar 1993 nd 29 20.0 86.0 737 788 Grassla Pradhan 1994 nd 30 25.0 91.0 886.5 951 Grassla Shankar 1993 nd 31 30.0 76.0 1203.5 1122 Grassla Singh 1974 nd 32 30.0 77.0 1490 1568 Grassla Singh 1972 nd 33 22.0 87.0 3201.5 1328 Grassla Kumar 2012 nd 34 29.9 76.8 1203-1769 1283 Grassla Singh 1997 nd 35 24.0 82.0 418-789 741 Grassla Pandey 1992 nd 36 24.0 83.0 541-695 643 Grassla Pandey 1997 nd 37 29.2 78.0 66-203 119 Grassla Aggarwal nd 1987 38 25.0 91.0 886-988 951 Grassla Shankar 1993 nd