<p>I. Earth Structure</p><p>A. Inner Core ______(phase of matter); ______km diameter Mostly Ni and Fe Why is it solid even though it’s hot enough to melt any rock? ______</p><p>B. Outer Core ______/ Liquid; ______km thick Mostly Ni and Fe</p><p>C. Mantle ______km thick; Made of ______distinct layers: 1. Mesosphere Most of Mantle Non-Newtonian ______</p><p>2. Asthenosphere Liquid/ ______Mohorovicic Discontinuity (AKA: ______)- where seismic waves slow down</p><p>3. ______Lithosphere Broken Solid/ brittle</p><p>D. Crust Solid; broken into pieces called ______Mostly silica (______) rigid, with some flexibility</p><p>1. Two types of crust: a. ______Crust More dense of the two; about ______km thick Basaltic composition (______chemistry)</p><p> b. ______Crust</p><p>1 Less dense; more silica; about ______km thick Granitic composition (______chemistry)</p><p>II. Do Plates really move? Past/ Indirect Evidence of Plate ______</p><p>A. Distorted ______Layers</p><p>1. Folding & Tilting a. Principle of ______Horizontality</p><p> b. ______</p><p> c. Anticline</p><p> d. Geosyncline</p><p>B. ______Evidence 1. Marine ______found on the East Coast of South America and West Coast of Africa; unable to swim across the open ocean</p><p>2. ______What do corals need to survive? ______Why are they found in Wisconsin? ______</p><p>3. Ammonites & Belemnites in ______?</p><p>4. Marine ______on top of the Himalayas?</p><p>III. Present/ Direct ______of Plate Tectonics</p><p>A. ______</p><p>2 B. ______structures like fences, buildings, rivers</p><p>C. ______</p><p>IV. So the Plates move, How do they do it?</p><p>A. ______Currents in the ______</p><p>V. The Physics of Plate Tectonics</p><p>A. ______acting on the crust</p><p>1. ______Forces</p><p> a. Push or pull away from each other along a single line of motion</p><p> b. Divergent ______/ Rift</p><p>2. ______Forces</p><p> a. A push towards one another in a single line of motion</p><p> b. Convergent ______</p><p>Orogeny (______building) </p><p>1. Subduction ______</p><p>3. ______Forces</p><p> a. Forces that act in opposite directions along different lines of motion. Like a ______</p><p> b. ______sliding past one another</p><p>3 VI. So the Plates move, WHAT Happens now? Joints VS. Faults; Landforms; Earthquakes</p><p>A. Diastrophism the process by which the earth’s surface is ______by movement of the crust</p><p>B. Joints- are breaks or ______in bedrock along which NO movement has taken place</p><p>C. Faults- are breaks or fractures in bedrock along which movement ______taken place</p><p>1. Parts of a Fault</p><p> a. Footwall- the underlying surface of an inclined fault plane. Can act like a ______</p><p> b. Hanging Wall- the ______surface of an inclined fault plane</p><p>D. Types of Faults</p><p>1. ______a fault in which movement is parallel to the dip of the fault surface</p><p>FYI: ______is the angle and direction at which a plane is inclined from horizontal</p><p> a. ______Dip-Slip The hanging wall block has moved ______relative to the footwall</p><p>4 1. Caused mostly by ______forces</p><p>2. ______boundary</p><p> b. Reverse ______The hanging wall block has moved ______relative to the footwall</p><p>1. Caused mostly by ______</p><p>2. ______boundary</p><p>2. Lateral or ______A fault in which the fault block movement is parallel to the strike of the fault surfaces. </p><p>FYI: ______is the compass direction of a line by the intersection of an inclined plane with the horizontal plane </p><p> a. Mostly horizontal displacement, there is little or no vertical movement</p><p> b. Caused by ______forces</p><p>3. ______a fault having both strike- slip and dip-slip components, where plates move away from each other </p><p> a. Rifting and Sea Floor spreading result from this kind of fault.</p><p> b. Caused by ______forces</p><p> c. ______boundary</p><p>E. ______from Crustal Movement</p><p>5 1. ______defined as a mass of rock rising more than 600 meters above the surrounding land Relief: ______</p><p> a. Fold ______usually made mostly of sedimentary rock folded by compression. World’s tallest and most common mountains</p><p>1. Examples: Appalachians, Rockies, Alps, Himalayas</p><p> b. Fault-Block ______formed by a series of Normal Dip-Slip faults. Some of the greatest mountain Ranges 1. Examples: Sierra Nevada (California), Grand Teton (Wyoming), Wasatch (Utah)</p><p>F. When the Earth Shakes- ______</p><p>1. Can be caused by ______eruptions, but more often, faulting...</p><p> a. ______the movement of rock along a fault</p><p> b. ______Rebound occurs when tremendous pressure causes plates to move and the rock layers shake back and forth</p><p>1. ______Waves are waves of vibrations sent out in all directions from the focus</p><p>2. Where do Earthquakes start?</p><p>6 a. ______the point below the surface where the rocks break and move</p><p> b. ______the point on the surface, directly above the focus</p><p>3. How are Earthquakes measured?</p><p> a. ______is an instrument that detects, measures, and records the seismic waves produced by earthquakes</p><p>1. Operates on Newton’s ______Law of Motion</p><p>2. ______is the recorded information and looks like a zig zag line 4. Anatomy of a Wave</p><p> a. Crest the ______point on a wave</p><p> b. Trough the ______point on a wave</p><p> c. ______refers to the distance from the midpoint to the crest (or trough)</p><p> d. ______is the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next or the distance between any successive identical part of the wave</p><p> e. Frequency often called ______, is the number of vibrations (cycles) per second</p><p>5. Types of Seismic Waves</p><p> a. ______WAVES: are waves which can travel through the body of the earth</p><p>7 1. ______Waves AKA P-Wave; are a type of Longitudinal wave. It causes back and forth particle motion; it follows the same direction as the energy transfer</p><p> a. They are a type of ______Wave (sound is this type)</p><p> b. Will travel through solid, liquid, and gas; must have a medium</p><p> c. Travels 7.8 –8.5 km per second in the Mantle… 7.2 km per second in ______crust... 3.5 km per second in continental crust</p><p>2. Secondary Waves AKA ______; With these waves, the particle motion is PERPENDICULAR to the direction of energy transfer</p><p> a. Transverse or Shear wave</p><p> b. Will travel only through ______</p><p> c. Travels 4 - 5 km per second</p><p> d. Moves side to side like a ______b. ______WAVES: move along the surface of the earth only</p><p>1. Surface Waves AKA ______Travel through the crust of the earth and attenuate (gradually disappear); Scientists have found that attenuation occurs more slowly in older rock (like the </p><p>8 eastern US, but more quickly in younger rock (western US)</p><p> a. They’re two main types: Love Waves and Raleigh Waves and they will travel only through ______</p><p> b. Travels less than 4 km per second</p><p> c. Moves up and down- causes most ______</p><p>9</p>