Social Studies 11 Notes

Social Studies 11 – Notes Causes of World War I Militarism  ______ Germany, Britain, Russia, etc. wanted to prove their military capabilities to world stage  Britain’s sea supremacy challenged by Germany Alliances  ______Imperialism  Building of empires b taking over new territories  ______Nationalism  strong attachment to one’s nation or culture  eg. small nations like Serbia wanted independence from Austria-Hungary

Fallout Timeline - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand - ______- World War I began on July 28, 1914 - ______- Western and eastern fronts quickly opened

Triple Entante – France, Britain, USA, Russia, (Italy) Triple Alliance – Germany, Austro-Hungary, (Italy)

The Western and Eastern Fronts - ______- Germany attacked first Belgium and then France – Schlieffen Plan - ______- the Battle of the Marne (September 5–9, 1914), western front entrenched in France Trench Warfare - Schlieffan Plan failed to conquer France quickly enough - ______- 1916 and 1917, dominated by trench warfare - ______- Soldiers died by the millions in brutal conditions -neither side had any success or gained any advantage. The United States’ Entrance and Russia’s Exit - Sinking of the Lusitania (1915) - 1917 United States, angered by attacks on US ships in the Atlantic, declared war on Germany. - ______- 1917 November, the Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution prompted Russia to pull out of the war. - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The End of the War and Armistice - Spanish Flu Epidemic took heavy tolls on soldiers and civilians. - ______- War ended fall of 1918, Germany signed armistice November 11, 1918 (last country to do so). - Austria-Hungary was broken up into several smaller countries. (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Croatia etc.) - Germany, under the Treaty of Versailles, severely punished with hefty economic reparations, territorial losses, strict limits on military development. Germany After the War - Many historians, in hindsight, believe the Allies were excessive in punishment of Germany and that the harsh Treaty of Versailles actually planted the seeds of World War II, rather than foster peace. - ______- Treaty imposed steep war reparations on Germany, meant to force the country to bear the financial burden of war. - ______

Major Battles of World War I Involving Canada

 Second Battle of Ypres – 1915: Germans use Chlorine Gas Attack.

 The Battle of The Somme – 1916: 57,000 British casualties on the 1st day

of the battle. (General Douglas Haig)

 Vimy Ridge – 1917: Arthur Currie’s planning and use of the Creeping

Barrage led to Canada’s Great Victory.

 Battle of Cambrai – 1917: Beginnings of tank warfare.

 The Battle of Passchendale – 1917-18: Bloody Stalemate, Currie’s

prediction of 16,000 Canadian casualties proved accurate.

 The Last One Hundred Days – 1918: Forcing the German army back into

Germany and surrender on November 11, 1918.

 Air War: Canadian Ace Billy Bishop

 War at Sea: U Boats, Convoys in Atlantic Ocean Social Studies 11 – Notes

Canada and WWI  ______ PM Robert Borden offered 25,000 troops, but more than 30,000 men volunteered within 1st month  ______ Initially First Nations, African, Japanese Canadians not accepted Training Troops - Sam Hughes - minister of militia, and set up training in Valcartier, Quebec - Through trials of boot camp men from across Canada, who normally had no contact or communication with each other, began to develop a ______- ______Canadian Weaponry - Sam Hughes ran Canada’s armament industry – ______- Shells exploded before firing, Soldiers’ boots fell apart in rain, Ross Rifle jammed on rapid fire War Measures Acts - PM Borden introduced War Measures Act almost immediately after war began to ensure “the security, defense, peace, order, and welfare of Canada” - Federal gov’t granted great power . ______. Individual civil liberties could be stripped as a person could be arrested without charges, mail could be censored, and suspected “enemy aliens” (threats to gov’t) could be detained in internment camps Social Studies 11 – Notes Canada and the Home Front Conscription Crisis French/English Conflict  Canada entered war united  Regulation 17 – limited use of French language in Canadian schools which angered Quebec Nationalists (Henri Bourassa)  ______ First conscription group number was 404,000 men, over 380,000 men appealed for exemption  Only 20,000 men reported for training  Only 24,000 conscripted men went to Europe Reasons for Conscription  In 1914, volunteers were abundant, but between July 1916 – October 1917 only 2,810.  Many people argued if more men were given to war overseas then vital supplies like food and war materials would not be produced  Borden visited war hospitals in England 1917 – convinced Canada needed to send more soldiers for war effort  English Canadians –full support for war  French Canadians – against war efforts  Military Service Act, 1917: ______ Almost half Canadians against Conscription bill: Framers, labour leaders, French Canadians  Bourassa and Wilfred Laurier spoke out against bill. - Military Voters Act: ______- Wartime Elections Act: ______- Halifax Explosion - December 6, 1917 massive explosion occurred in waters outside Halifax - ______Social Studies 11 – Notes Changing Role of Women

 Women filled labour void in industrial production  ______ Women paid ½  ______Winning a Voice - Prior to war women fought for women’s suffrage(the right to vote) - “ The Famous Five” women led the suffragette movement and won women vote ______- 1915 - liberals in Manitoba campaigned in election with promise for women’s right to vote - ______Other provinces followed suit: - 1916 - Saskatchewan and Alberta - 1917 - B.C. and Ontario - 1918 - Nova Scotia, - 1919 – New Brunswick - 1922 – PEI - 1925 – Newfoundland - 1940 - Quebec - Women won right to vote federally - 1919 - Following these successes “The Famous Five” won Persons Case, presented to highest court in Britain, which declared women legally “persons” Social Studies 11 War and Propaganda What is Propaganda? ______

- 5 most popular techniques used by propaganda and advertisements:  Bandwagon: persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it.  Testimonial: using the names or pictures of famous people, to persuade  Transfer: using the names or pictures of famous people, but not direct quotations  Repetition: the product name is repeated at least four times  Emotional words: words that will make people feel strongly about someone or something. - Propaganda was used in Canada and came in numerous forms: - Films, magazines articles, radio, programs, political speeches, posters and postcards - ______- Propaganda is selective and often distorts the truth, minimizing the number of allied soldiers wounded or killed and exaggerating the number of enemy casualties - Canadian propaganda often portrayed Germans as cruel barbarians, and after sinking the Lusitania, mobs attacked German businesses in several Canadian towns - German-Canadian residents of Berlin, Ontario were raided and attacked by soldiers stationed in the city, even though residents raised $100,000 for the war effort Social Studies 11 Technology and WWI Change in Tactics  ______Gas Warfare  Germany first country to use poison gas in warfare Trivial Tidbit: In 1918 a German corporal by the name of Adolf Hitler was temporarily blinded by a British gas attack in Flanders. Having suffered the agonies of gas first hand, his fear of the weapon would prevent him from deploying it as a tactical weapon on the battle fields in WWII. Tanks  tanks were firstly ineffective in the war, underpowered, unable to turn and often got stuck in mud  ______ Help allies break through German defenses on ground Airplanes  Initially air planes were used for spying and bombing missions  Later planes came equipped with machine guns - caused massive casualties  Since Canada did not have an Air Force of its own, Canadian pilots flew for the British Corps. By 1918, 40% of the British pilots were Canadian  ______ Air warfare seemed glorious, unlike the horrors of the trenches, but the average life of a pilot was only 3 weeks