Sentence Patterns #11-20 11. Use conversation or a quotation. 12. Use apposition. 13. Use parallel structure in words, phrases, clauses, and sentences 14. Write a compound sentence, and use a comma before the “FANBOYS” conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Do NOT use a comma in sentences with compound predicates) 15. Write a compound sentence with a semicolon; do not use a conjunction. 16. Write a compound sentence using the semicolon before and a comma after such connectives as however, therefore, consequently, nevertheless, thus, in fact, then, on the other hand. 17. Use a parenthetical expression between the subject and the verb. 18. Write a compound sentence with elliptical construction. 19. Use a Restrictive Adjective Clause. 20. Use a Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause.

Sentence Pattern #11: Use conversation or a quotation … In writing dialogue, a writer customarily indents, like paragraphs, the word of each speaker. When a writer quotes short speeches or statements, though, to illustrate a point in exposition, he usually includes them within the paragraph. The following conventions govern the use of other punctuation in relation to quotation marks.

1. Always place commas and periods inside the closing quotation mark. 2. Place semicolons (;) and colons (:) outside the closing quotation mark. 3. Place quotation marks, exclamation points, and dashes inside or outside the final quotation mark, depending upon the situation. They come inside when they apply to the quotation only; they come outside when they apply to the entire statement. 4. Never double end-punctuation marks. If a quotation ends a sentence, the end punctuation within the quotation marks also indicates the end of a sentence.

Examples: 1. Harper Lee describes Jem’s distress as he fights to understand the verdict against Tom Robinson: “How could they do it, Atticus; how could they?” 2. “Ellen,” she said, “I want you to take the two young women for a ride in the countryside. 3. Atticus conveys his philosophy when he tells his children that to understand a person, you must “consider things from his point of view.” 4. “Anthony,” his host smiled, “you have a wonderful way of glamorizing things.” 5. “If they turn me down, how will they do it?” he asked. 6. “Jennings,” he said, without even looking in the direction of the boy, “wipe the board.” 7. Who said that “good guys finish last”? 8. “Out!” snapped Father Wolf.

Sentence Pattern #12: Use apposition … Appositives—nouns or pronouns—extend the meaning of preceding nouns or pronouns. As nonrestrictive (or non-essential) modifiers, they require commas to set them off from the rest of the sentence. Restrictive (essential) appositives and those used as a part of a person’s name require no commas.

1. George Eliot, a great 19th century novelist, wrote with sympathy, wisdom, and realism about English country people and small towns. 2. Penicillin, a powerful drug, has won medical acceptance. 3. William the Conqueror invaded England from Normandy. 4. Thyme, a minty herb, makes a savory chowder seasoning. 5. Shelley, the poet, could not tolerate injustice. 6. Ender, a young but intelligent boy, is sent off to Battle School. 7. LGHS, a top-performing high school, offers many honors classes. Sentence Pattern #13: Use parallel structure in words, phrases, clauses, and sentences … Parallel structure places words, phrases, clauses, and sentences in a series of the same grammatical elements. Creating parallel constructions shows the reader that two or more things relate to each other with equal importance. If ideas don’t run parallel, the reader goes off the track of logical thought.

1. He drew her to him, whispered in her ear, and kissed her. 2. The professor told us to write in ink, to use lined paper, and to leave margins. 3. I resolved to complete all my homework, study for my test, and get to bed at a reasonable hour. 4. The author was known for her dynamic style, her suspenseful plots, and her enduring themes. 5. He expressed gratitude to his teachers, to his parents, and to the school system. 6. He walked to the platform, stood still a moment, and hesitantly began to speak. 7. Calm, cool, and collected, the girl began her speech. 8. With excitement, determination, and know-how, they began the task.

Sentence Pattern #14: Write a compound sentence using a comma before a conjunction … A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined together by one of the coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, yet, for, so. Without such a conjunction, two simple sentences with merely a comma dividing them form a comma splice, a type of run-on sentence. In a compound sentence, both ideas expressed have equal importance. Use a comma before the conjunction, especially with long clauses or to emphasize distinctness. Do NOT use a comma in sentences with compound predicates (ie. She went to the store and bought a new jacket.)

1. Peg braised the turkey, and Ethel made the stuffing. 2. Arthur likes music, but Chris has a tin ear. 3. One must humor her, or she will have a tantrum. 4. I won’t go to the dance, nor will I buy a ticket. 5. They remembered Old Joe, for his personality made him unforgettable. 6. He can get a passing grade, yet I know he can do better. 7. He presented an easy target, for anyone could pull the wool over his eyes. 8. Alan will have to buy a ticket, or he will have to stay at home.

Sentence Pattern #15: Write a compound sentence with a semicolon and no conjunction … A compound sentence must make two or more closely related statements about the same idea. When one of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, yet, for) does not connect the two or more statements of a compound sentence, punctuate with the semicolon (;) between the statements.

1. The cry for freedom stops at no border; it echoes endlessly in the hearts of men. 2. Despite its colorful blossoms, the oleander presents danger; the stems of the shrub, when broken, exude a highly poisonous milky fluid. 3. The penalty for not turning in work on time may result in a lowered grade; the penalty for not turning it in at all will result in failure. 4. Peg braised the turkey; Ethel made the stuffing. 5. They remembered Old Joe; his personality made him unforgettable. 6. He presented an easy target; anyone could pull the wool over his eyes.

Sentence Pattern #16: Write a compound sentence using the semicolon before and a comma after a conjunctive adverb … Conjunctive adverbs include words such as however, therefore, consequently, nevertheless, thus, in fact, then, and on the other hand. They link two clauses together by drawing a connection between them.

1. On your income tax you can deduct the cost of meals and lodging for business trips; however, you cannot deduct the cost of meals if you did not stay overnight. 2. I wanted very much to go; in fact, I had purchased a ticket. 3. I waited for her to sit down; then, I took my place. 4. Some students know precisely what they want from college; on the other hand, many do not. 5. We had ordered the tickets for the musical; therefore, we felt we had to go. 6. Loren had hit rock bottom; thus, he had only one way to go: up.

Sentence Pattern #17: Use a parenthetical expression between the subject and the verb … A parenthetical expression is one that can be removed from a sentence without the sentence losing its basic meaning; it merely creates a brief digression. Usually, these types of phrases have a comma before and after them to separate them from the sentence; at times they can instead use parenthesis or dashes (but these should be used very sparingly in writing).

1. Bob, as you well know, won the race. 2. The coach, her anxiety apparent on her face, watched the players closely. 3. His manner - pompous and overbearing, to say the least - proved intolerable. 4. Her joyous burst of laughter - delightful to all who knew her - made her unforgettable. 5. The dog, his tail between his legs, crept away. 6. Steve, overwhelmed with grief, went silently to his room.

Sentence Pattern #18: Write a compound sentence with elliptical construction … Elliptical refers to the omission from a sentence of a word or words that would complete or clarify the sentence. The semicolon connects the two independent clauses of the compound sentence. The comma indicates the omitted word or words (usually the verb or the subject and verb), known as the ellipsis. The comma signals the reader to "mentally insert the word or words you have already read in the first clause.”

1. The Eskimo lives in an igloo; the American Indian, in a tepee. 2. A red light means stop; a green light, go. 3. The Russian ballerina wears a tutu; the Malaysian dancer, a brightly colored sarong. 4. On Monday I make strong boxes; on Tuesday, narrow boxes. 5. Some note-takers try to take down all the information; others, only the main points. 6. Terry always ordered a single dip of strawberry ice cream; Fred, a banana split. 7. I like cheesecake; my husband, apple pie. 8. Basketball players hope to be tall; jockeys, short. Sentence Pattern #19: Use a restrictive adjective clause … A clause is a group of words with a subject and predicate, but which is dependent upon the rest of the sentence to make sense. Restrictive = necessary or essential to meaning; an adjective = a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. Therefore, a restrictive adjective clause = a group of dependent words with a subject and a predicate, modifying a noun or pronoun in the main part of the sentence, and essential to the meaning of the sentence. This type of clause does not take commas. Only five words serve as openers for these clauses: who, whom, which, that, whose. Who, whom, and whose refer to persons; which and that refer to things.

1. Students who plan to enter the university in the fall quarter should forward transcripts of their records to the register. 2. The man who stole the horse shall hang. 3. Sir, you speak of the woman whom I love! 4. Clare dated a boy whom I have never seen before. 5. I saw the mountain which you described. 6. The technology to which I refer goes under various names. 7. I have certain information that the enemy has concentrated twenty thousand troops there. 8. The idea that came to him seemed brilliant. 9. Some basic assumptions influenced the men whose ideas formed the basis of American democracy. 10. A man whose face I knew walked in.

Sentence Pattern #20: Use a non-restrictive adjective clause … A clause = a group of words with a subject and a predicate, but dependent upon the rest of the sentence to make sense. Non-restrictive = not necessary, not essential to meaning; an adjective = a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Therefore, a non- restrictive adjective clause = a group of dependent words with a subject and a predicate, modifying a noun or pronoun in the main part of the sentence, but providing additional information not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Non- restrictive adjective clauses take commas. Four words serve as openers for these clauses: who, whom, whose, which. Who, whom, and whose refer to persons; which refers to things. The word that cannot introduce a non-restrictive adjective clause.

1. He introduced me to his wife, whom he obviously adored. 2. The author, whom many critics blasted, has written a best seller. 3. The Shah, whom the Iranians wanted to put on trial, became a man without a country. 4. Lars, whose escapades had made headlines, declared to remain in hiding for a while. 5. Many people sought out Aristotle, whose wisdom spread through the ancient world. 6. The people applauded President Obama, whose leadership never faltered. 7. She would soon find out about the Nationalist Party, which ruled China at that time. 8. In these paintings, which hung from the wall, my artistic fancy had caused me to take interest.