A Review of the Literature Lacie L

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Review of the Literature Lacie L Parker and Harriger Journal of Eating Disorders (2020) 8:51 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00327-y REVIEW Open Access Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in the LGBT population: a review of the literature Lacie L. Parker1* and Jennifer A. Harriger2 Abstract Background: According to past research, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals experience a higher prevalence of psychopathology, which is attributable to the increased stress (i.e., stigma and prejudice) that they experience, as detailed by the minority stress model (MSM). Main: This current literature review examined the empirical literature regarding the rates and types of, and risk factors for eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in LGBT adults and adolescents, in addition to each individual subgroup (i.e., lesbians, gay males, bisexuals, transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals). Conclusion: LGBT adults and adolescents experience greater incidence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. Additionally, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults and adolescents were all at increased risk for eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Mixed results were found for lesbian adults and adolescents. Results are discussed within the framework of the MSM. Keywords: Eating disorders, Disordered eating behaviors, LGBT, Sexual minority, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Plain English summary Background It has been found that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans- While eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors gender (LGBT) adults and adolescents are more likely to can affect individuals with various identities, it has been suffer from mental illness due to experiencing greater found that disparities exist in certain marginalized stress, caused by stigma and prejudice. This literature groups, such as sexual and gender minorities [145]. The review examines past research findings regarding eating purpose of this research is to review the literature re- disorders and disordered eating behaviors for lesbian, garding eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors gay, bisexual, transgender and gender non-conforming within lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults and adolescents as a whole, as well as each indi- adults and adolescents in comparison to their heterosex- vidual group. Overall, it was found that lesbian, gay, ual and cisgender counterparts. Additionally, we exam- bisexual, and transgender adults and adolescents are ined four specific LGBT subgroups (lesbian adults and more likely to experience eating disorders and disordered adolescents; gay adults and adolescents; bisexual, mostly eating behaviors. Additionally, unique risk factors were heterosexual, and questioning adults and adolescents; identified for each lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender transgender and gender non-conforming adults and ado- adult and adolescent group. lescents), as well as risk factors for each subgroup. The minority stress model (MSM) is often used to * Correspondence: [email protected] explain mental health disparities in sexual [121] and gender 1Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, 11130 Anderson Street, Suite 106, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA minority [76] groups. Minority stress models posit that in- Full list of author information is available at the end of the article dividuals from LGBT populations experience unique distal © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Parker and Harriger Journal of Eating Disorders (2020) 8:51 Page 2 of 20 stressors, such as stigma and discrimination, and proximal significantly different from heterosexual and cisgender stressors, such as internalized homophobia or transphobia females [37, 44, 120, 145, 151]. Adult sexual minorities and concealment of sexual or gender identity [122]which also were almost twice as likely to experience food in turn lead to increased risk for the development of addiction (defined as the application of the criteria of physical and mental health issues [26, 101, 118, 121, 122]. substance use disorder to highly rewarding foods) For example, one study found that sexual minority adoles- compared to heterosexuals, which was aggravated by cents reported various forms of stress from the original heterosexist harassment [135], and sexual minorities model [121] including distal (discrimination and have reported higher rates of weight discrimination than victimization), proximal (expectations of rejection and in- heterosexual peers, even after controlling for body mass ternalized stigma such as homophobia), and disclosure index (BMI) and race [145]. Other studies indicated that (concealment stress), as well as violence and social and LGBT youth engaged in disordered eating behaviors, verbal victimization [59]. It has also been found that sexual such as purging, fasting, dieting with intention of weight minority youth report higher levels of sexual minority- loss, and taking diet pills at higher rates compared to specific victimization, depressive symptoms, and suicidality heterosexual youth [5, 67, 84, 113, 154, 167], putting compared to their heterosexual peers [30]. Additionally, them at greater risk for developing an eating disorder research has found that individuals from sexual and gender [31]. Further, the results of one study indicated that over minority groups that perceive higher levels of stigma are half of sexual and gender minority youth experienced more likely to report eating disorder symptoms [14, 110], weight-based victimization from family members and and that shame, concealment of one’s sexual identity, and peers, which in turn was associated with increased rates discrimination increases the risk of eating disorders in sex- of binge eating, dieting, and other unhealthy weight- ual minority men and women [12, 163, 166]. Finally, minor- control behaviors, in addition to stress, exercise avoid- ity stress is related to binge-eating in lesbian and bisexual ance, less physical activity, and poorer sleep [79]. women [106] and body dissatisfaction in gay males [94]. Gordon et al. [61] also found that their young adult While minority stress is only one of the frameworks from and adolescent participants indicated that their appear- which to understand eating disorder risk in sexual and ance ideals came from traditional media, social media, gender minorities, it is important to examine research on LGBT-specific media, dating apps, and family, suggesting LGBT individuals through the lens of minority stress. that LGBT appearance ideals only slightly differs from Indeed, it has been reported that both clinical eating heterosexual and cisgender appearance ideals, with the disorders and eating disorder behaviors occur more exception of the influence of LGBT-specific media. Four frequently in LGBT individuals compared to their themes emerged regarding the participants’ experiences heterosexual and cisgender counterparts [10, 32, 44, 73, with these appearance ideals: (1) appearance ideals 145, 160]. Further research has indicated that approxi- tended to interrelate with one’s sexual and/or gender mately 54% of LGBT adolescents have been diagnosed identity development, in that respondents constructed with a full-syndrome eating disorder during their life- their own ideal from a wide variety of sources, especially time, with an additional 21% suspecting that they had an from sources that aligned with their own sexual and/or eating disorder at some point during their life [157]. gender identity; (2) appearance ideals and LGBT stereo- Additionally, 60.9% of LGBT adolescents in one study types were intertwined, in that others expected them to reported engaging in at least one disordered eating have a certain appearance based on the stereotype of behavior within the past year [61]. Transgender youth their sexual and/or gender identity (e.g., gay men stereo- were more likely to report eating disorder behaviors typically have a lean and muscular body); (3) gender iden- compared to cisgender populations [44, 66, 169]. Finally, tity, sexual orientation, and race/ethnicity all uniquely a recent study examining participants upon admission to contributed to the pressure one felt to appear a certain eating disorder treatment reported that sexual and way; and (4) LGBT-specific community spaces had the gender minority participants had more acute eating potential to be either affirming or constraining to one’s disorder symptoms and higher rates of abuse compared appearance,
Recommended publications
  • Eating Disorders – a Current Affair an Introduction
    Eating Disorders – A Current Affair An Introduction An expanded introduction to National Eating Disorder Publications: An Integrated Response to Complexity National Eating Disorders Framework 2012 Clarity in Complexity Strategic Communication to Support the Prevention and Early Identification of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a priority mainstream health issue in Australia Eating disorders are highly complex and serious mental illnesses within our community. They include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS)1. These disorders are associated with a high level of morbidity and mortality; in fact Anorexia Nervosa has the highest rate of mortality of any psychiatric illness. They can be long- term, disabling disorders, and they carry substantial costs – economic, social and loss of life. As serious mental disorders with significant consequences for physical health and quality of life as well as mental health, eating disorders require the same quality, breadth and accessibility to research funding, prevention interventions, treatment options, and community awareness programs as other serious physical or mental illnesses. Eating Disorders have a significant and highly underestimated impact on Australian society: Physically, as well as mentally, the person with the eating disorder is profoundly affected. Eating disorders involve wide-ranging medical complications which can affect every major organ in the body. In children and adolescents, eating disorders can affect
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemiology of Somatic Depression and Eating Disorders: the Relationship Between Depressive Subtypes and Symptoms of Disordered Eating
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2020 The Epidemiology of Somatic Depression and Eating Disorders: The Relationship Between Depressive Subtypes and Symptoms of Disordered Eating Anita M. Sicignano CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/837 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] RUNING HEAD: SOMATIC DEPRESSION AND EATING DISORDERS 1 The Epidemiology of Somatic Depression and Eating Disorders: The Relationship Between Depressive Subtypes and Symptoms of Disordered Eating Anita M. Sicignano The City College of New York SOMATIC DEPRESSION AND EATING DISORDERS 2 Abstract Depression is known to affect females in much greater numbers than males, with about three times as many women having the disorder as men (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A similar gender disparity can be seen in eating disorders, where up to nine in ten sufferers are female (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Studies have shown that most of the gender difference in depression occurs as a result of women experiencing a form of depression involving a number of body-centric symptoms, including headaches, weight changes, fatigue, and insomnia, which has been termed “somatic depression” (Silverstein et al., 2013). Some of the symptoms, such as a fear of becoming fat, restricting or binging, and an abnormal focus on shape, are also characteristic of eating disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Intermittent Fasting Diets and Disordered Eating
    Protection, risk and dieting: Intermittent fasting diets and disordered eating Jasmin Langdon-Daly D.Clin.Psy. Thesis (Volume 1) 2016 University College London UCL Doctorate in Clinical Psychology Thesis declaration form I confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature: Name: Jasmin Langdon-Daly Date: 09.06.16 2 Overview Consideration of factors and behaviours which may increase the risk of disordered eating, or protect against these difficulties and promote resilience, can inform efforts to prevent and intervene. Part One of this thesis is a systematic review of research into protective factors against eating disorders and disordered eating in proximal social systems. A range of potential protective factors in families, schools, peer groups and neighbourhoods are identified. Many of these factors may be non-specific to eating difficulties, promoting a range of positive outcomes, while others may be more specific to disordered eating. Methodological issues in the literature which limit the ability to draw firm conclusions are discussed. Part Two presents empirical research into the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) diets on eating psychopathology, binge eating, food craving and mood. Contrary to expectation, starting a 5:2 IF diet did not result in increases in disordered eating or binge eating in healthy adult dieters, and in fact appeared to result in improvements in all outcomes. Higher scores on measures of risk factors for eating disorders at baseline were associated with greater reductions in disordered and binge-eating over the 28 day IF period.
    [Show full text]
  • Disordered Eating Behavior Frequency and Body Mass Index Comparison Among Racially Diverse Sorority Women: the Strong Bodies and Strong Minds Unite Sisters! Study
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2008 Disordered Eating Behavior Frequency and Body Mass Index Comparison among Racially Diverse Sorority Women: The Strong Bodies and Strong Minds Unite Sisters! Study Leah M. Kittle University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Kittle, Leah M., "Disordered Eating Behavior Frequency and Body Mass Index Comparison among Racially Diverse Sorority Women: The Strong Bodies and Strong Minds Unite Sisters! Study. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2008. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3662 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Leah M. Kittle entitled "Disordered Eating Behavior Frequency and Body Mass Index Comparison among Racially Diverse Sorority Women: The Strong Bodies and Strong Minds Unite Sisters! Study." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Nutrition. Lisa Jahns, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Leslee Fisher, Jay Whelan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Leah M.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Image Perception Among Undergraduate Females As It Relates to Disordered Eating and Depressive Symptoms
    Body Image Perception of Undergraduate Females as it Relates to Disordered Eating and Psychological Conditions Natalie Swierkosz Project Advisor: Dr. Jill Clutter Co-advisor: Dr. Chris Taylor Undergraduate Honors Thesis School of Allied Medical Professions The Ohio State University Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the accuracy of body image perception among domestic undergraduate women at four-year universities. Analysis was also performed to determine if women who overestimated body mass index (BMI) would be more likely to report the desire to lose weight and what behaviors they were using to do so, as well as if they were more likely to experience psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety. Previous research suggests that undergraduate females with a negative body image are at high risk for developing patterns of disordered eating and psychological conditions. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data was obtained through the American College Health Association and was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 17.0). Data came from participants in the 2005 National College Health Assessment. For All males, graduate students, and international students were excluded in order to isolate the target population. Results: Results indicated that the majority of undergraduate females have an accurate body image perception. However, those women who overestimated their actual body weight were much more likely to express the desire to lose weight than those with accurate perception or those who underestimate. Women who perceive themselves as being heavier than they truly are were more likely to report taking action to lose weight, including partaking in unhealthy behaviors such as vomiting and taking diet pills.
    [Show full text]
  • Polygenic Score for Body Mass Index Is Associated with Disordered Eating in a General Population Cohort
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Polygenic Score for Body Mass Index Is Associated with Disordered Eating in a General Population Cohort Mohamed Abdulkadir 1 , Moritz Herle 2,3, Bianca L. De Stavola 2 , Christopher Hübel 4,5,6 , Diana L. Santos Ferreira 7,8 , Ruth J. F. Loos 9, Rachel Bryant-Waugh 10, Cynthia M. Bulik 6,11,12 and Nadia Micali 1,2,13,* 1 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH–1205 Geneva, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK; [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (B.L.D.S.) 3 Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK 4 Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; [email protected] 5 UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AF, UK 6 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 7 Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; [email protected] 8 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK 9 The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and
    [Show full text]
  • Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorder-Related Impairment: Moderators in Female Adolescents and Young Adults
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorder-Related Impairment: Moderators in Female Adolescents and Young Adults Johanna Sander * , Markus Moessner and Stephanie Bauer Center for Psychotherapy Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (S.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-6221-5638170 Abstract: Adolescents and young adults, particularly females, are highly vulnerable to the develop- ment of anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders. Comorbid anxiety disorder or depression in eating disorders are associated with greater symptom severity, poorer prognosis, and burden of illness. Nonetheless, studies on what affects the relationship between anxiety, depression, and eating disorders in female at-risk samples are scarce. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the present study examined potential moderators to explain between-person differences in the association between anx- iety, depression, and eating disorder-related impairment within 12- to 25-year-old females (N = 320). High impairment in anxiety/depression was associated with more severe eating disorder symptoms. Older age as well as greater impairment in mood dysregulation, self-esteem, and perfectionism were linked to more severe eating disorder symptomatology. Whereas mood dysregulation, self-esteem, and perfectionism had no statistically significant moderating effects, younger age appeared to aug- ment the association of anxiety/depression and eating disorder symptomatology. Preventive care in particular needs to consider age-related effects as eating disorder symptoms are associated more Citation: Sander, J.; Moessner, M.; strongly with symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. Bauer, S.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Depression Meals': How Diets Connect to Mental Health
    ‘Depression meals’: How diets connect to mental health By Meghan Collie National Online Journalist, Smart Living & Entertainment Global News Catherine was formally diagnosed with depression at 13 years old and anxiety at 17. Both have severely impacted her relationship with food. “When I’m in a depressive episode, I tend towards disordered eating,” she told Global News. “Maybe I’ll have one meal instead of three. [I often] eat too much or too little.” Catherine, whose last name has been withheld to protect her identity, also works as a line cook. “I spend all day cooking for other people [and] I find it really hard to take care of myself in the same way,” she said. When she feels depressed, she tends to opt for things like a handful of crackers or ordering a pizza — “something that requires little to no food prep.” “My ‘depression meal’ a lot of the time is ordering food out, but because that’s expensive, I also eat a lot of cereal.” Catherine believes the food she eats when she’s depressed, which typically lacks any real nutrition, reinforces her symptoms, furthering her depression and contributing to poor health overall. “I feel noticeably better when I eat something good and healthy, but it’s really tough to find the spoons to do that sometimes,” she said. “The junk food makes me feel worse.” It’s more common for people with depression to experience a decrease in appetite, but research also shows that as many as 35 per cent of people may experience an increase, said Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Traits and Night Eating Syndrome in Women with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder
    Personality Traits and Night Eating Syndrome in Women With Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder Natasha D Melunsky University College London https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-2132 Francesca Solmi UCL: University College London Zoë Haime UCL: University College London Sarah Rowe ( [email protected] ) UCL: University College London Virginia VW McIntosh University of Canterbury Janet D Carter University of Canterbury Jennifer Jordan University of Otago Research Article Keywords: binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders, night eating syndrome, personality, trait Posted Date: February 18th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-198585/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/12 Abstract Purpose Evidence suggests that the harm avoidance personality type is more common among individuals with night eating syndrome (NES) than in the general population. Evidence of associations with other personality traits is limited. The current study investigated the association between a range of personality traits and NES. Methods Cross-sectional data were used from women with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder referred for treatment in an outpatient psychotherapy trial. Regression analyses were used to test associations between personality traits (measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised) and NES symptoms (measured with the Night Eating Questionnaire), adjusting for potential confounding variables. Results The sample included 111 women. Low cooperativeness scores were associated with greater NES symptoms in the multivariable model (mean difference: -.10, 95% condence intervals: -.20 to -.01, p = 0.033). There was weak evidence of associations between both high harm avoidance and low self-directedness personality traits and greater NES symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognizing and Preventing Disordered Eating
    RECOGNIZING AND PREVENTING DISORDERED EATING Jessica Stern, MD Childce and Adolescent Psychiatrist November 9, 2016 Eating Recovery Center’s mission is to provide the very best care to patients, families and providers of care, in the treatment of and recovery from, eating disorders and related conditions. Eating Recovery Center is the only national, vertically integrated, health care system dedicated to the treatment of serious eating and related disorders at all levels of severity and stages of the illness. Eating Recovery Center’s unique, evidence-based, medical, psychiatric, and psychological treatment is delivered by a multidisciplinary care team that is committed to the highest quality of care and to lasting recovery. Eating Recovery Center leads the industry in clinical experience and thought leadership, professional and consumer education, family involvement and aftercare support, research and innovation. www.eatingrecovery.com 877-218-1344 for a confidential, free consultation by a Master’s-level eating disorders clinician EATING DISORDERS MAY BE INVISIBLE -Eating disorders occur in males and females -People in average and large size bodies can experience starvation and malnourishment -Even clinicians may not recognize the onset of eating disorders MORE COMMON THAN YOU MAY THINK! Eating disorders (EDs) are the third most common chronic condition in adolescents, after obesity and asthma. The onset of EDs usually is during adolescence, with the highest prevalence in adolescent girls, but EDs increasingly are being recognized in children as young as 5 to 12 years. Fisher M, Golden NH, Katzman DK, et al. Eating disorders in adolescents:a background paper. J Adolesc Health. 1995;16(6):420–437 Madden S, Morris A, Zurynski YA, Kohn M, Elliot EJ.
    [Show full text]
  • Disordered Eating in Athletes
    PHYSICIAN PERSPECTIVE Tracy Ray, MD, Column Editor Disordered eating in Athletes Salvador O. Montenegro, MD • American Sports Medicine Institute ANY RECENT STUDIES have demonstrated a higher incidence of eating Mdisorders among athletes than among nonathletes.1-4 The prevalence of disordered eating, unhealthy dieting, and distorted body image has been reported to range from 12% to 57%.4 One study revealed that 20% of females and 8% of males met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified, compared with 9% and 0.5% for nonathletic females and males, respectively.5 Over one third of athletes have reported to use at least one extreme dieting method, 51% have tried to lose weight in the past month, and 77% want to lose weight. Questions about dieting and weight reduction among athletes are com- monplace. Early warning signs can be identified when athletes complete their preparticipation physical-exam forms. Athletic trainers are often the first to detect eating disorders in athletes and should become familiar with the signs, symptoms, and multiple diagnostic tools available. Since the introduction of Title IX in the early 1970s the number of female college athletes has increased by more than 500%.6 Many stud- ies have reported a higher incidence of eating disorders among female athletes than among males.7-10 Athletes at higher risk of developing eating disorders are those who participate in sports that use weight classifica- tion, such as rowing, judo, tae kwan do, weight lifting, and wrestling. Sports that emphasize body leanness, such as distance running, track, swimming, and cross-country skiing, are also associated with higher incidence of disordered eating.
    [Show full text]
  • Eating Disorder Trends with an Emphasis on Diabulimia
    Emerging Trends in the Field of Eating Disorders Karen Beerbower, MS, RD, LD, CEDRD & Elisha M. Contner, MS, LMFT, CEDS Blue Horizon Eating Disorder Services, LLC Objectives • Understand the basic diagnoses in eating disorder treatment • Understand media-coined terminology – “emerging trends” • Provide definitions, statistics, and care plan information for emerging trends • Provide education on eating disorders in the pediatric population Anorexia Nervosa •Body weight 15% below ideal body weight •Loss of menstrual cycle •Intense fear of weight gain •Distorted body image •Unusual eating behaviors •Intense preoccupation with food, weight, and body image •Depression and social isolation Bulimia Nervosa •Recurrent episodes of binge eating •Self-induced vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercise, or strict dieting follow binge episodes •Fear of weight gain •Secretive behavior around food and eating •Persistent over-concern with weight and appearance •Depression •Moodiness Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) • All symptoms of AN except current weight is in normal range • Absence of amenorrhea in AN • All criteria for BN but frequency of binges or compensatory behaviors do not meet frequency criterion or last <3 months • Binge Eating Disorder (BED): recurrent episodes of binge eating in the absence of regular other inappropriate compensatory behaviors, characteristic of BN Frequency of Eating Disorders • Affects 5-10% of females in the USA • Affects all socioeconomic groups • In adults - 40:1 female to male ratio • In Adolescents
    [Show full text]