Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Biology-1 Exam Three Study Guide

 What is Chromatin?

 Chromosome, sister chromatid, centromere, centriole, centrosome

 Asexual reproduction/sexual reproduction

 Binary fission

 Cell cycle and its phases and subphases

 Mitosis and Meiosis

 Crossing over, chiasma, tetrad; when does this happen?

 Mitotic spindle

 Cleavage furrow/cell plate formation

 How do the following relate to cell division?

o Presence/lack of essential nutrients

o Anchorage dependence

o Density-dependent inhibition

o Growth factors

 Cell cycle checkpoints

 Benign/malignant tumors and their characteristics

 Somatic cells, sex cells (gametes)

 Sex chromosome, autosome

 Homologous chromosome

 Locus

 Alleles

 Haploid vs. diploid

 Fertilization, zygote

 nondisjunction

 Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation of chromosomes

 What are several mechanisms discussed in class that lead to genetic variation in the zygote Biology-1 Exam Three Study Guide

Patterns of Inheritance/Human Genetics

 What is the main organism that Gregor Mendel used in his experiments and why?

 Heredity and genetics

 True-bredding, hybrids, P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation

 Mono/dihybrid crosses

 What were Mendel’s four hypotheses based on his studies of pea plants

 Alleles, homo/heterozygous

 Genotype, phenotype

 Be able to explain the law of segregation and law of independent assortment

 What is a testcross useful for and how do you perform a test cross

 Know how to use the rule of multiplication to predict the probable genotypes of offspring

 Recessive, dominant, codominance, incomplete dominance

 Pleitropy, polygenic inheritance

 Sex linked genes

Molecular Biology of the Gene (DNA/RNA structure and DNA replication

 What is a nucleotide? What is a polynucleotide?

 Difference between a DNA and RNA nucleotide?

 DNA and RNA structure and function

 Base pairing rules in DNA and RNA

 Antiparallel nature of DNA, what functional groups are attached to the 5’ and 3’ ends of DNA

 What observations/data were used in order for Watson and Crick to deduce the structure of DNA

 Semiconservative DNA replication and key enzymes involved.

 Differences in Leading and lagging strands.

 Okazaki fragments

 Replication bubble, fork, origin(s) of replication Biology-1 Exam Three Study Guide  What is the direction of DNA replication? (think 5’ and 3’)