Appendix 2: Detailed Information of Studies of Vaccination Programs and Screening Programs

Appendix 2: Detailed information of studies of vaccination programs and screening programs aimed at early detection of disease

First Study Target disease Variables used Non- Significant Study author and size to compare participatio factors related to quality year (n) participants and n level non- #

non-participants participation Vaccination Allsup [21], 2583 Influenza Sex, 88% ^ Women **

2002 Reasons of non-

participation Arthur [22], 2052 Influenza Age, sex, receipt health check Received *

2002 influenza + personalized letter

vaccination in vaccination: instead of

previous year, 26% combined health

recruitment vaccination check and

strategy: in clinic: vaccination

invitation to 32% Actively declined

attend the offer of health

vaccination at check: no

clinic vs. health vaccination in

check + previous year

vaccination at

home Evans [24], 2600 Influenza Age, sex, na Younger age, not *

2003 perception of sharing the belief

influenza illness, that everyone over

vaccine efficacy 65 years of age

and safety, should be

number of immunized,

chronic illnesses, believing that the

being hospital vaccine side- outpatient, self- effects are more

reported health risky than the

status, advice disease, no

from previous

doctor/nurse, immunization

sources of health

advice Breeze [18], 28492 Age, sex, SES, 1997: 52% Older age, *

2004 deprivation score, 1998: 50% women, the most

population 1999: 49% deprived, SES

density 2000: 37% other than owner-

occupied

accommodation

with central

heating and those

sheltered/residenti

al homes

Mangtani 5572 Influenza Age, sex, SES, Deprivation (no

[17], 2005 deprivation score, trend), urban

(sub study) urban indicator, indicator ≤ 2500

marital status,

living status,

smoking status,

depression score,

cognitive deficit,

history of CVD,

history of

respiratory

problems, indicator frailty,

being carer for

someone, social

contact, having a

confidant,

participation in

nurse assessment Byrnes 580 Influenza Reasons of non- 2004: 23% *

[23], 2006 participation 2005: 17% Opstelten 1778 Herpes zoster Age, sex, HZ (with Refusing *

[25], 2009 education, cues to and without influenza and/or

action, perceived influenza): HZ vaccination:

severity, 61%, high education

perceived Influenza (only refusing

barriers, (with and both), not having

Co-morbidity, without diabetes (only

uptake influenza HZ): 24% refusing both),

vaccination cues to action:

believing that

PCP does not

recommend HZ

vaccination, non-

importance of

complying to

advice PCP,

perceived severity

(perceiving no

high risk of

contracting

shingles, not

believing pain shingles will last

long), perceived

barriers (believing

that vaccinations

weaken one’s

natural defences,

finding it too

much trouble to

go to the PCP for

vaccination (only

refusing both),

being against

vaccination in

general (only

refusing both)) Vila- 10410 Pneumococcal Age, sex, 2001: 56% Younger age *

Córcoles bacteraemia/invasi presence of 2002: 49%

[26], 2006 ve disease diseases or risk 2003: 48%

factors for

pneumonia Screening aimed at early detection of disease Moser [27], 3185 Cervical cancer SES, education, na Non-White British *

2009 ethnicity, region,

cars available in

household,

housing tenure Tacken 2224 Cervical cancer Age, education, na Youngest (30) and *

[28], 2007 type of health oldest (55 and 60) insurance, women, stronger

urbanicity of belief that PCP

practice location, wants woman to

smoking attend screening

behaviour, beliefs (normative

toward screening beliefs), less

and attendance, strongly feeling a

lifelong number personal moral

of sexual partners obligation, non or

two or more

lifelong numbers

of sexual partners

compared to one,

health-authority-

based approach of

invitations and

reminders

compared to PCP-

based approach or

combination Low [12], 19773 Chlamydia Age, sex, 65% Younger age, **

2005 ethnicity, social men, patients of

deprivation score practices with

practice, higher deprivation

reasons of non- scores

participation Verhoeven 339 Chlamydia Age, risk profile 15% Younger age *

[29], 2004 Pilot 355 Diabetes Park, 2008: Age, 18% Park, 2008: Illness *

ADDITION sex, BMI, illness perception: higher trial UK: perception, treatment control,

Park anxiety, self- lower negative [13,14], perceived health, emotional

2008, 2010 prescribed perceptions.

cardiovascular Not on

drugs cardiovascular

Park, 2010: Age, drugs

sex, BMI, Park, 2010: Men:

prescribed non-participation

cardiovascular higher in gain-

drugs, frame group;

recruitment women: non-

strategy: loss vs. participation

gain frame higher in loss-

messages frame group ADDITION 33539 Diabetes Age, sex, BMI, 26% Younger age, * trial UK: results previous men, higher

Trial: screening steps, deprivation score,

Sargeant prescribed drugs, other than rural

[20], 2010 location and location, higher

social deprivation BMI, not on

score of practice cardiovascular

drugs, smaller

practice size,

lower prevalence

of known diabetes

in practice, higher

PCP whole-time

equivalents

Eborall 7380 (State) anxiety, Higher scores on

[16], 2007 depression, worry diabetes specific

(sub study) about diabetes, worry at 3-6 and self-reported 12-15 months

health ADDITION 60926 Diabetes Age, sex, risk 50% Younger age, men * trial score screening

Denmark:

Trial:

Christensen

[19], 2004

Dalsgaard 4603 Age, sex, Younger age, low

[15], 2009 education, education,

(sub study) employment, unemployed, low

income, marital income, single

status, size

residence, risk

score screening Marteau 1272 Diabetes Age, sex, social 43% Younger age, *

[9], 2010 deprivation, BMI, living in more

prescribed drugs, deprived areas,

recruitment higher BMI, not

strategy: on cardiovascular

informed choice drugs

vs. standard letter Van der 8475 Depression and Age, sex, 64% Younger age, men *

Veen [30], anxiety morbidity in the

2009 last 2 years

(depression,

anxiety, having

recorded

psychological

problem and/or

somatic condition) Yeung [31], 5203 Depression Age, sex 27% *

2006 Fowler 554 Dementia Age, sex, 10% Older age, lower *

[32], 2012 education, perceived benefit

income, ethnicity, of screening

housing and

marital status,

experiences with

dementia,

perception of

dementia

screening and

other types of

screening Screening aimed at identificatio n of high risk of disease Vermunt 16032 Diabetes Age, sex, risk 45% Younger age, men **

[36], 2010 score,

reasons of non-

participation Van de 1704 Cardio-metabolic Age, sex, SES, 25% Younger age, *

Kerkhof risk ethnicity, health men, lower SES,

[33], 2010 care utilization non-White

ethnicity, lower

health care

consumption Nielen [35], 9896^ Cardio-metabolic Age, sex, Letter: 67% Higher alcohol **

2011 ^ risk education, Poster/leafle use ethnicity, t: 99%

smoking status,

physical activity,

BMI, alcohol use,

familial history of

diabetes and

cardiovascular

disease,

reasons of non-

participation Lambert 24166 Cardio-metabolic Age, deprivation, 76% Lowest and *

[34], 2011 risk ethnicity, highest age

smoking status, categories,

telephone number white/British,

available to GP, smokers,

GP payment for telephone number

screening, GP not available to

type GP Barr [37], 5306 Fractures Age, weight, 32% Older age, poorer *

2005 smoking status, health, higher

self-reported self-reported

health, pervious history of falls

falls and fractures Zanjani 8367 Risk drinking Age, sex, 52% Younger age, *

[38], 2006 ethnicity, marital women

status, alcohol

and drug use,

stages of change,

cognitive

impairment,

distress/depressio

n, support, health status

^: low participation level mainly due to the research design; randomized controlled trial of vaccination versus placebo

^^: in one half of the practices, GPs invited their selected patients by mail (n = 1583) and in the other half of the practices patients were invited by posters and leaflets in the waiting room (n = 8313 patients belonging to the target group)

#: study quality. * = characteristics or reasons of non-participants given, ** = characteristics and reasons of non- participants given