<p>Appendix 2: Detailed information of studies of vaccination programs and screening programs aimed at early detection of disease</p><p>First Study Target disease Variables used Non- Significant Study author and size to compare participatio factors related to quality year (n) participants and n level non- #</p><p> non-participants participation Vaccination Allsup [21], 2583 Influenza Sex, 88% ^ Women **</p><p>2002 Reasons of non-</p><p> participation Arthur [22], 2052 Influenza Age, sex, receipt health check Received *</p><p>2002 influenza + personalized letter</p><p> vaccination in vaccination: instead of </p><p> previous year, 26% combined health </p><p> recruitment vaccination check and </p><p> strategy: in clinic: vaccination </p><p> invitation to 32% Actively declined </p><p> attend the offer of health </p><p> vaccination at check: no </p><p> clinic vs. health vaccination in </p><p> check + previous year</p><p> vaccination at </p><p> home Evans [24], 2600 Influenza Age, sex, na Younger age, not *</p><p>2003 perception of sharing the belief </p><p> influenza illness, that everyone over</p><p> vaccine efficacy 65 years of age </p><p> and safety, should be </p><p> number of immunized, </p><p> chronic illnesses, believing that the </p><p> being hospital vaccine side- outpatient, self- effects are more </p><p> reported health risky than the </p><p> status, advice disease, no </p><p> from previous </p><p> doctor/nurse, immunization</p><p> sources of health </p><p> advice Breeze [18], 28492 Age, sex, SES, 1997: 52% Older age, *</p><p>2004 deprivation score, 1998: 50% women, the most </p><p> population 1999: 49% deprived, SES </p><p> density 2000: 37% other than owner-</p><p> occupied </p><p> accommodation </p><p> with central </p><p> heating and those </p><p> in </p><p> sheltered/residenti</p><p> al homes</p><p>Mangtani 5572 Influenza Age, sex, SES, Deprivation (no </p><p>[17], 2005 deprivation score, trend), urban </p><p>(sub study) urban indicator, indicator ≤ 2500</p><p> marital status, </p><p> living status, </p><p> smoking status, </p><p> depression score, </p><p> cognitive deficit, </p><p> history of CVD, </p><p> history of </p><p> respiratory </p><p> problems, indicator frailty, </p><p> being carer for </p><p> someone, social </p><p> contact, having a </p><p> confidant, </p><p> participation in </p><p> nurse assessment Byrnes 580 Influenza Reasons of non- 2004: 23% *</p><p>[23], 2006 participation 2005: 17% Opstelten 1778 Herpes zoster Age, sex, HZ (with Refusing *</p><p>[25], 2009 education, cues to and without influenza and/or </p><p> action, perceived influenza): HZ vaccination: </p><p> severity, 61%, high education </p><p> perceived Influenza (only refusing </p><p> barriers, (with and both), not having </p><p>Co-morbidity, without diabetes (only </p><p> uptake influenza HZ): 24% refusing both), </p><p> vaccination cues to action: </p><p> believing that </p><p>PCP does not </p><p> recommend HZ </p><p> vaccination, non-</p><p> importance of </p><p> complying to </p><p> advice PCP, </p><p> perceived severity</p><p>(perceiving no </p><p> high risk of </p><p> contracting </p><p> shingles, not </p><p> believing pain shingles will last </p><p> long), perceived </p><p> barriers (believing</p><p> that vaccinations </p><p> weaken one’s </p><p> natural defences, </p><p> finding it too </p><p> much trouble to </p><p> go to the PCP for </p><p> vaccination (only </p><p> refusing both), </p><p> being against </p><p> vaccination in </p><p> general (only </p><p> refusing both)) Vila- 10410 Pneumococcal Age, sex, 2001: 56% Younger age *</p><p>Córcoles bacteraemia/invasi presence of 2002: 49%</p><p>[26], 2006 ve disease diseases or risk 2003: 48%</p><p> factors for </p><p> pneumonia Screening aimed at early detection of disease Moser [27], 3185 Cervical cancer SES, education, na Non-White British *</p><p>2009 ethnicity, region, </p><p> cars available in </p><p> household, </p><p> housing tenure Tacken 2224 Cervical cancer Age, education, na Youngest (30) and *</p><p>[28], 2007 type of health oldest (55 and 60) insurance, women, stronger </p><p> urbanicity of belief that PCP </p><p> practice location, wants woman to </p><p> smoking attend screening </p><p> behaviour, beliefs (normative </p><p> toward screening beliefs), less </p><p> and attendance, strongly feeling a </p><p> lifelong number personal moral </p><p> of sexual partners obligation, non or </p><p> two or more </p><p> lifelong numbers </p><p> of sexual partners </p><p> compared to one, </p><p> health-authority-</p><p> based approach of</p><p> invitations and </p><p> reminders </p><p> compared to PCP-</p><p> based approach or</p><p> combination Low [12], 19773 Chlamydia Age, sex, 65% Younger age, **</p><p>2005 ethnicity, social men, patients of </p><p> deprivation score practices with </p><p> practice, higher deprivation</p><p> reasons of non- scores </p><p> participation Verhoeven 339 Chlamydia Age, risk profile 15% Younger age *</p><p>[29], 2004 Pilot 355 Diabetes Park, 2008: Age, 18% Park, 2008: Illness *</p><p>ADDITION sex, BMI, illness perception: higher trial UK: perception, treatment control, </p><p>Park anxiety, self- lower negative [13,14], perceived health, emotional </p><p>2008, 2010 prescribed perceptions. </p><p> cardiovascular Not on </p><p> drugs cardiovascular </p><p>Park, 2010: Age, drugs</p><p> sex, BMI, Park, 2010: Men: </p><p> prescribed non-participation </p><p> cardiovascular higher in gain-</p><p> drugs, frame group; </p><p> recruitment women: non-</p><p> strategy: loss vs. participation </p><p> gain frame higher in loss-</p><p> messages frame group ADDITION 33539 Diabetes Age, sex, BMI, 26% Younger age, * trial UK: results previous men, higher </p><p>Trial: screening steps, deprivation score, </p><p>Sargeant prescribed drugs, other than rural </p><p>[20], 2010 location and location, higher </p><p> social deprivation BMI, not on </p><p> score of practice cardiovascular </p><p> drugs, smaller </p><p> practice size, </p><p> lower prevalence </p><p> of known diabetes</p><p> in practice, higher</p><p>PCP whole-time </p><p> equivalents</p><p>Eborall 7380 (State) anxiety, Higher scores on </p><p>[16], 2007 depression, worry diabetes specific </p><p>(sub study) about diabetes, worry at 3-6 and self-reported 12-15 months</p><p> health ADDITION 60926 Diabetes Age, sex, risk 50% Younger age, men * trial score screening</p><p>Denmark: </p><p>Trial: </p><p>Christensen</p><p>[19], 2004 </p><p>Dalsgaard 4603 Age, sex, Younger age, low </p><p>[15], 2009 education, education, </p><p>(sub study) employment, unemployed, low </p><p> income, marital income, single</p><p> status, size </p><p> residence, risk </p><p> score screening Marteau 1272 Diabetes Age, sex, social 43% Younger age, *</p><p>[9], 2010 deprivation, BMI, living in more </p><p> prescribed drugs, deprived areas, </p><p> recruitment higher BMI, not </p><p> strategy: on cardiovascular </p><p> informed choice drugs </p><p> vs. standard letter Van der 8475 Depression and Age, sex, 64% Younger age, men *</p><p>Veen [30], anxiety morbidity in the </p><p>2009 last 2 years </p><p>(depression, </p><p> anxiety, having </p><p> recorded </p><p> psychological </p><p> problem and/or </p><p> somatic condition) Yeung [31], 5203 Depression Age, sex 27% * </p><p>2006 Fowler 554 Dementia Age, sex, 10% Older age, lower *</p><p>[32], 2012 education, perceived benefit </p><p> income, ethnicity, of screening</p><p> housing and </p><p> marital status, </p><p> experiences with </p><p> dementia, </p><p> perception of </p><p> dementia </p><p> screening and </p><p> other types of </p><p> screening Screening aimed at identificatio n of high risk of disease Vermunt 16032 Diabetes Age, sex, risk 45% Younger age, men **</p><p>[36], 2010 score, </p><p> reasons of non-</p><p> participation Van de 1704 Cardio-metabolic Age, sex, SES, 25% Younger age, *</p><p>Kerkhof risk ethnicity, health men, lower SES, </p><p>[33], 2010 care utilization non-White </p><p> ethnicity, lower </p><p> health care </p><p> consumption Nielen [35], 9896^ Cardio-metabolic Age, sex, Letter: 67% Higher alcohol **</p><p>2011 ^ risk education, Poster/leafle use ethnicity, t: 99%</p><p> smoking status, </p><p> physical activity, </p><p>BMI, alcohol use,</p><p> familial history of</p><p> diabetes and </p><p> cardiovascular </p><p> disease,</p><p> reasons of non-</p><p> participation Lambert 24166 Cardio-metabolic Age, deprivation, 76% Lowest and *</p><p>[34], 2011 risk ethnicity, highest age </p><p> smoking status, categories, </p><p> telephone number white/British, </p><p> available to GP, smokers, </p><p>GP payment for telephone number </p><p> screening, GP not available to </p><p> type GP Barr [37], 5306 Fractures Age, weight, 32% Older age, poorer *</p><p>2005 smoking status, health, higher </p><p> self-reported self-reported </p><p> health, pervious history of falls</p><p> falls and fractures Zanjani 8367 Risk drinking Age, sex, 52% Younger age, *</p><p>[38], 2006 ethnicity, marital women</p><p> status, alcohol </p><p> and drug use, </p><p> stages of change, </p><p> cognitive </p><p> impairment, </p><p> distress/depressio</p><p> n, support, health status </p><p>^: low participation level mainly due to the research design; randomized controlled trial of vaccination versus placebo</p><p>^^: in one half of the practices, GPs invited their selected patients by mail (n = 1583) and in the other half of the practices patients were invited by posters and leaflets in the waiting room (n = 8313 patients belonging to the target group) </p><p>#: study quality. * = characteristics or reasons of non-participants given, ** = characteristics and reasons of non- participants given</p>