PHARMACEUTICAL & Medical Terminology

PHR207

PHARMACEUTICAL & Medical terminology

Medical words are like individual jigsaw puzzle .Once you divide the term into their component parts and learn the meaning of the individual parts ,you can use that .knowledge to understand many other new terms :Example HEMAT / O / LOGY

root combining suffix ( "blood" ) vowel study of")")

;When you analyze a medical term

(Begin at the end of the word ( the ending is called a suffix- All medical term contains suffixes " The suffix in HEMATOLOGY is - logy which means " study of .HEMAT is the word root - - .The root gives the essential meaning of the term

"The root HEMAT mean "blood . The third part of this term , which is the letter O , has no meaning of its own but is on .(important connector between the root ( HEMAT ) and the suffix (lOGY .its called combining vowel in medical term

Putting together the meaning of the suffix and root , the term HEMATOLGY means "" the study of blood

Example ELECTR / O / CARDI / O / GRAM

root root suffix electricity) ( hear) record ) Combining Combining Vowel Vowel

..Start with the suffix at the end of the term "The suffix –GRAM means " a record Now look at the beginning of the term. ELECTRO- is a word root ,and its means .""electricity ."This medical term has tow roots. The second root is CARDI-, meaning " heart " When ever you see CARDI in other medical term .you will know that it means heart " Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix , back to the beginning of the term, .then across ." Thus the entire term means " record of electricity in the heart Notice the two combining vowels in electrocardiogram . looking for the o in medical terms will help you divide the term into its parts Acombining vowel (o) lies between roots (electr and cardi) and between the root (cardi) .( and suffix (GRAM . The combining vowell plus the root is called a combinig form

Example There are tow combining form in the word electrocardiogram. This combing forms are "electr/ o , meaning "electricity," and cardio meaning "heart . :Example

GASTR / O / ENTER / O / LOGY

suffix Root Root ( stomach) (intestines) (study of)

"GASTR / O / scope means " instrument to visually examine the stomach

suffix Combining (intstrument to (form visually examine (stomach)

GASTR / IC means " pertaining to the stomach ." Notice that the combin-ing vowel is dropped when the suffix (-IC) begins with a vowel .words ending in IC are ".adjective and means "pertaining to . Root suffix (Stomach) (pertaining to )

CARDI / AC means pertaining to the heart . Agin the combining vowel is dropped when the suffix (-Ac) begins with a vowel words ending ."In –AC are adjectives and mean " pertaining to

Root suffix ((Heart) (pertaining to

ENTER / IT IS means " Inflammation of the intestines." Notice again that the (Combining vowel is dropped because that suffix ( -ITIS .Begins with a vowel

Root suffix ((Intestines) ( inflammation

GASTR\ O \ ENTER \ ITIS

Root suffix (stomach) (inflammation) Root (intestines)

Inflammation of the stomach and intestine Notice the combining vowel ( o ) remain between the two roots even though the " .second root ( ENTER) begins with a vowel

In additions to roots , suffixes combining form and combining vowels, many medical terms have a word part attached to the beginning of the term . This is called .a prefix , and it can change the meaning of a term in important ways Example

SUB/ gastr / ic means pertaining to below the stomach -1

prefix (below)

TRANS / gastr / ic mean pertaining to across the stomach -2

Prefix (across)

RETRO/ gaster / ic mean Pertaining to behind the stomach -3

prefix (behind )

:Review the important word parts

.Root : gives the essential meaning of the term .Suffix : is the word ending .Prefix : is a small part added to the beginning of term .Combing vowel: connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots . Combining form: is the Combining of the root and combining vowel

:Some important role to remember are read the meaning of medical words from the suffix to the beginning of the word and .1 .then across

.Drop the combining vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel -2

.Keep the combining vowel between word roots, even if the roat begins with a vowel -3

Combining forms

Combining form

" aden / o means " gland.

example adenoma (1 "OMA means " tumor " or " mass - - adenitis (2. "ITIS means "inflammation -

Means " joints " a rthr / o Example

arthritis

" Bi /o means" life example Biology (1 OGY means " study of L " /

: Biopsy (2 Opsy : means " to view." living tissue is removed and viewed under - .microscope

Cardi \o mean heart

Cardiology : study of heart

Cyst / o "means " urinary bladder example .Cystoscope: is placed through the urinary bladder ".SCOPE means "instrument to visually examin-

" Cyt\o mean:" cell example Cytology : study of cell

Dermat/o Means" skin" Dermatitis Its mean : in flamation of skin

"encephal\o means " brain example (Electroencephalo gram(EEG Record of electristy of brain

"Erythr /o means "red example erythrocyte

"Leuk /o means "white example Leukocyte

" Thromb /o means " clotting example (Thrombocyte (platlet Is Small cell that help blood to clot

"Nephr/o means "kidney example Nephrectomy ECTOMY means "to cut out", an excision or resection of an organ or part - .of the body "Ren /o means "kidney Example renal some time there two combining form for the same part of the body .one comes from * Latin , and other come from Greek (REN - is the latin root meaning "kidney." And NEPHER- is Greek root ). the Greek root is used to describe abnormal condition and ".procedure, whereas the latin root is used with –AL, meaning " pertaining to

"Gynec/ o means " women

example gynecology

'hemat\o means" blood example hematoma OMA means "mass" or tumor". In this term, -oma indicates a mass or - .swelling containing blood

'Opthalm /o means 'eye example opthalmoscope

"onc/o means" tumor example oncologist "IST means" a spicialist

"oste /o means " bone example osteoarthritis

"lapar\o means"abdomen area between the chest and hip) Example Laparatomy .(TOMY means" incision" (to cut into- An exploratory laparotomy is an incision of the abdominal wall to inspect .abdominal organs for evidence of disease

"Path /o means"disease Example Pathologist Apathologist is amedical doctors who views biopsy samples to make adiagnosis and examine adead body (autopsy) to determine the cause .of death AUT- means "self" and –opsy means "to view".thus ,an autopsy is an opportunityto see for onself what has happened to the patient to .cause his or her death

"Gnos/o means "knowledge Example Diagnosis (1 ." SIS means " state of" ; DIA-means " complete - A diagnosis is the complete knowledge that is gained after testing and . examining the patients prognosis (2 PRO- means " before". A prognosis is a prediction that is made after the .diagnosis about the out come of treatment

"hepat /O means "liver example hepatitis

"neur/o means "nerve example neurology

"psych / o means "mind example psychosis OSIS means" abnormal condition". This aserious mental condition in which- .the patient loses touch with reality "Mamm /o means "breast Example Mamoplasty Plasty: surgical operation

"Mast /o means "breast Example Mastectomy "Ot/o means "ear

"Oophr/o means "ovary Example .Oophrectomy

"Hyster/o means" uterous Example Hysterectomy

".Septic/o 'pertaining to infection Example Septicemia

"My/o means" muscle Example myalgia : Suffixes

Suffix meaning medical term al pertaining to neural-

lc pertaining to pelvic- Gastric

ac pertaining to cardiac-

Algia pain arthralgia- - neuralgia otalgia

Cyte cell leukocyte-

ectomy removal gastrectomy -

emia blood condition leukemia -

Leukemia : large numbers of immature,cancerous cells are found in the bloodsreem and bone marrow (inner part of bone (that maks blood cells

gram record arthrogram-

This is an x-ray Record of a joint

- itis inflammation gastroenteritis

logist specialist in neurologist- the stud of

logy study of nephrology- study of kedney osis abnormal condition nephrosis- oma tumor ,mass hepatoma - sis state of prognosis- tomy process of cutting neuroectomy- scope instrument to visually- examination

scopy process of visual laparscopy- examination a small incision is made near the naval ,and atube is inserted into the abdomen for viewing organs and doing procedures such as typing off the fallopian .tube

Prefixes

Preix meaning medical term a- ,an- no, not 1) anemia anemia means acondition of "no blood". Actually ,it is adecrease in number of red blood cells or adecrease ability to carry oxygen because of less hemoglobin , a protein that helps .carry oxygen in red blood cells

a pnea(2 Pnea :breathing

Brady- slow brady cardia Brady cardia to slow ( Heart rate (pluse rate Tachy- fast tachy cardia rabid heart rate:

Dia- acomplete diaghosis

De - Take away , remove dehydrate hydr = water ndo- within endocrine glands Re- back rehydrate

E "CRIN/O means "to secrete

Example of endocrine gland thyroid gland -1 Adreral gland-2 ovaries -3 testes -4 All these gland secrete hormones in to the blood Stream Exo- outside exocrine gland :Exocrine gland are sweat-1 tear -2 mammary( breast gland -3 All these gland secrete Substances to the out .Side of the body

Hyper- excessive ,more 1) hyperglycemia Than normal GLYC/O means "sugar " Hperglycemia Is also known as .Diabetes mellitus Mellitus mean " sweet " Hypertension (2

Hypo- below,less 1) hypoglycemia Than normal 2) hypotension

Dys- difficult, pain ful dysurea

pain full micturition

Anti- against Antipyretic Adrug that Reduces high .Temperature

Ante- be for ante partum befor labour

post- after , following post partum after labour contra- against contraception prevention of pregnancy

inter- between intervertebral intra- within intrauterine intravenous

mal- bad malignant "ignant means " fire- A maligant tumor (Is a cancerous tumor)

Ben- good benign tumor non-cancerous) (Growth

Meta- beyond metastasis (stop control) Metastasis it is the spreed of cancerous .tumor from its original location to secondary place in the body

Peri- surrounding pericarditis Membrane or sac Around the heart

Poly- many, much polyuria

Pre- befor prenatal

Syn - with, together syndrome "Drom i.e "to run . "Or"occur syndrom are group of symptoms or .Signs of illness that occur to gether

Uni- one unilateral

Retro behind retrogastric

Sub under,below subhepatic

Trans across, through transurethral