Name: ______Due Date: Friday, 1/28

Chapter 24 Reading Guide Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order

1. Mark the colonial possessions of the following countries by 1914: (use the maps in Ch. 24 plus the Major World Empires map on p. 507) A. Great Britain, F. Dutch (a.k.a. the Netherlands B. France, or Holland) C. Germany, G. Italy D. Portugal, H. United States E. Belgium,

2. Turn to page 353 in your textbook. Compare your map above to the map on page 353. What nations have become more significant imperial powers by 1914?

3. Which nations no longer seem to be as important as they used to be?

4. Based on your map, what two areas were the focus of most European colonization/imperialist efforts (other than Australia)?

5. Which of those two areas was dominated by a single European country? Identify the European nation.

INTRODUCTION 6. What non-European power shamed Great Britain in 1879 and why was it so surprising to Europeans?

7. What advantages did Europe have that made it possible for its nation-states to dominate Africa and Asia?

8. Who was Cetshwayo and what happened to him?

9. Contrast Early Modern (1450-1750) European motives for overseas expansion to the Modern (1750-1914) period. Early Modern Motivations Modern Motivations

THE SHIFT TO LAND EMPIRES IN ASIA. 10. Early European activities in Asia were not focused on gaining territory. What were they focused on?

11. Why did Europeans in Asia and Africa have so much freedom to act without regard for their nations’ wishes?

PROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE ON JAVA. 12. Early on, the Dutch were happy to serve the sultans in Java and pay tribute to them. Later the Dutch end up controlling most of Java (see map 24.2 and pay attention to the dates pieces of Java were gained by the Dutch). How did the Dutch come to gain so much of Java’s territories?

PIVOT OF WORLD EMPIRE: THE RISE OF THE BRITISH RULE IN INDIA. 13. How were the British and Dutch similar regarding how they were used by native peoples early on? What does this eventually lead to in both cases?

14. Who was Britain’s main rival for overseas territories?

15. Britain won all of its conflicts with this rival but one. Identify that single loss.

16. At what battle did the British secure a foothold in northeastern India?

17. Who was the leader of the British forces there?

18. The British had 3,000 troops versus 50,000 Indian troops under the nawab at this critical battle. Although the British had superior artillery, that is not the primary reason they were able to overcome the nearly 17 to 1 disadvantage. How did both religion and economics factor into their victory?

THE CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH RULE. 19. List the three key British trading towns/ports in India from which they expanded into the interior of India.

20. Why were Indians more interested in serving in the British army than in armies of Indian princes? 21. What was India’s main contribution in helping Britain conquer other parts of Asia and even Africa?

22. What role did India play in Britain’s industrialization? (HINT: they bought what and sold what?)

EARLY COLONIAL SOCIETY IN INDIA AND JAVA. 23. Where was the most likely place in the social hierarchy of Java or India to find a European? (HINT: the picture says it all)

24. What sort of settlement did the Dutch initially try to create (recreate?) in Java and why did it fail?

25. Cite several examples of European adaptations to living conditions in Asia.

26. Somewhat strangely, it can be said that Europeans were more tolerant or accepting of other races during early colonization efforts and grew increasingly intolerant as time went on. What evidence does your text provide to support this idea? Why do you think this was the case?

27. If you figured out #25, can you explain why Europeans became more intolerant as time went on? (HINT: think about WHO is marrying who above and then think who might get angry about it. Then turn to p. 554 and find the answer. You ladies are funny!)

IN DEPTH: WESTERN EDUCATION AND THE RISE OF AN AFRICAN AND ASIAN MIDDLE CLASS. 28. What social group, regardless of region, did Europeans seek to educate?

29. Why did they want to educate these young people?

30. What economic advantage did European countries gain by educating these young people?

31. The British promoted education in order to “Westernize” the people of India. France, however, promoted education in order to spread French culture and to boost what out of rivalry with Germany and Britain?

32. Why can it be argued that the French were more inclusive of non-Europeans?

33. How did English, French, and other European languages unite peoples in Asia and Africa?

34. What new social class was created in Africa and Asia thanks to European intervention?

35. These Western-educated Africans and Asians often did not fit in with their own peoples. This, combined with European arrogance and exploitation, led this new social group to do what?

SOCIAL REFORM IN THE COLONIES. 36. Spain and Portugal actively pushed non-Europeans to convert to Christianity at the behest of the Roman Catholic Church. The British wouldn’t even let Christian missionaries into their Asian colonies early on. The difference demonstrates that Britain was more clearly focused on what?

37. What caused the British parliament to become more involved in the way British companies conducted themselves overseas?

38. In American history, following the Civil War a number of Northern opportunists rushed to the South to seek political office and wealth after many Southern men were prevented from voting or holding office by the federal government. These men were called “carpet baggers” due to their habit of carrying light, cheap luggage. What group in English history somewhat resembles the carpet baggers of American history?

39. Cite Cornwallis’ main contributions to solving the problem the men above created.

40. How did the Evangelicals and Utilitarian philosophers attempt to improve Indian society?

41. Charles Napier is a man with a dark sense of humor (that I appreciate). Explain the meaning he hoped to convey to the Brahmans when he said “Let us all act according to our national customs.”

42. What will Indians eventually do with the knowledge and values the British taught them?

INDUSTRIAL RIVALRIES AND THE PARTITION OF THE WORLD, 1870-1914. 43. What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on areas outside of Europe and the United States?

44. What areas were the focus of European conquests?

45. What European country got a head start in empire building and what allowed it to jump out ahead of the others?

46. One political motivation for colonies was status – the more colonial possessions a country owned the greater its power. List two economic motivations.

47. How might colonies solve the problems of overproduction and unemployment in Europe?

48. What three factors prompted politicians to get more involved in foreign policy and territorial expansion?

UNEQUAL COMBAT: COLONIAL WARS AND THE APEX OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM. 49. List military technological innovations that allowed the Europeans to conquer most of Africa and Asia.

50. Examine the two maps of Africa on p. 551. What change occurred between 1870 and 1914 and what best accounts for it?

51. What were the only or best options left to Africans and Asians who wanted resist European domination?

52. How was religion used by those resisting European domination?

PATTERNS OF DOMINANCE: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE. 53. Identify the two types of European colonies.

54. The two circles below represent population groups in a tropical dependency. Label them as either “European” or “non-Western peoples” and then draw an arrow from one to the other indicating which controls which. 55. Explain what a “White Dominion” is, give one example, and then label the two figures below as either “European descendents” or “native inhabitants”.

56. Another type of settlement colony existed but has no label like “White Dominion.” Explain what that type was, give one example, and then draw a representation of it using stick figures and the same labels you used on question 54 above.

COLONIAL REGIMES AND SOCIAL HIERARCHIES IN THE TROPICAL DEPENDENCIES. 57. What group(s) was often favored by the Europeans and placed in positions of authority?

58. What group was often at the mercy of those the Europeans placed in control?

59. Where did European governments support education and where did they not?

60. Who did attempt to provide education to the area states neglected?

61. What was the impact of the lack of higher education on this area?

62. Why did Europeans intentionally NOT want to provide advanced education to this area (other than racism)?

VISUALIZING THE PAST: CAPITALISM AND COLONIALISM 63. Analyze the chart carefully. What is the only area that seems to be making more money from trade than Great Britain is making from them?

64. Why is it logical that the “Rest of Europe” would be such an important trading partner with Great Britain?

65. What non-European area seems to be Britain’s best trading partner, given the % of imports compared to % of British exports?

66. Does Africa seem crucial to Britain’s trade? Why or why not?

CHANGING SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN COLONIZER AND COLONIZED. 67. How did new medicines change the social makeup of the colonies? 68. What resulted from increasing numbers of women and clergy in the colonies?

69. Shortly after the start of early colonization, Europeans began adopting the dress and architectural styles of the natives. By end of the 19th century this trend had reversed and Europeans were wearing traditional European clothing despite the warmer climates. What explains this?

DOCUMENT - CONTRARY IMAGES: THE COLONIZER VERSUS THE COLONIZED ON THE “CIVILIZING MISSION.” 70. What does the phrase “being in a little way a king” refer to?

71. What can you conclude about a society that popularizes a book with a racist hero?

72. What impact would a children’s book like this have on children later in life as adults?

73. The message of Buchan’s story is that whites have to take care of non-whites because only whites are responsible. Contrast this with the message of Moran’s story.

74. How are Africans superior to Europeans, according to Batouala?

SHIFTS IN METHODS OF ECONOMIC EXTRACTION. 75. For what purpose did Europeans teach Africans and Asians new farming techniques?

76. How did the advent of mass journalism impact the Belgian Congo? (HINT: captions are your friend)

77. Despite the fact that European nations exploited African and Asian colonies for their raw materials, some benefit did accrue in those areas from European contact. List several positive results.

SETTLER COLONIES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE PACIFIC. 78. The United States, Canada, and Australia are separated from Europe by vast expanses of ocean yet they are considered to all be part of “the West”. Why?

79. Your text states that Africans were mostly resistant to diseases carried by Europeans BUT Pacific islanders were not. Nevertheless, New Zealanders and Hawaiians did not die out the way Native Americans did. Why?

SOUTH AFRICA. 80. Who were the Boers (farmers) descended from?

81. What group was enslaved by the Boers and what was the long term result of contact between those two peoples?

82. Why did the British have a problem with the Boers early on?

83. Who resisted Boer expansion in South Africa? 84. Identify the two republics established by the Boers and the commodity that was discovered which brought the British back into their lives.

85. Although the British won the Boer War, an argument can be made that the Boers won in the long run. How?

PACIFIC TRAGEDIES. 86. What group was indigenous to New Zealand?

87. War failed as a solution for this group’s problems with the British. What proved more successful?

88. How did nails play a role in Captain James Cook’s death?

89. How did the British play a role in the unification of Hawaii?

90. What economic export did Hawaii produce?

91. Why were Hawaiians not treated as inferiors by Westerners to the extent Africans and Native Americans were?

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: A EUROPEAN-DOMINATED WORLD ORDER. 92. What explanation for the West’s domination of the world is given here?

93. What aspects of Western culture were transported to the rest of the world?