Protocol CER 12-16 (Updated February 2014)

PROTOCOL CER 12-16 (UPDATED FEBRUARY 2014)

HGCA RECOMMENDED LIST

CEREAL TRIALS

PROTOCOL 2013/14

This protocol was believed to comply with relevant agrochemical, environmental and other regulations at the time of writing but it is the responsibility of the contractor to ensure that it continues to comply. In the event of non-compliance the protocol should not be followed but the Technical Manager should be notified at once of how the protocol requirements would breach regulations.

Any deviation from this protocol other than under the circumstances described above may result in a breach of contract and should be agreed in advance.

RL PROJECT CONSORTIUM. AHDB-HGCA, STONELEIGH PARK, KENILWORTH, WARWICKSHIRE, CV8 2TL

HGCA RECOMMENDED LIST TRIALS PROTOCOL 2013/14

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PART 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION...... 4

1.2 TRIAL DISTRIBUTION...... 5

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF TRIAL TYPES...... 5 1.4 SOIL TYPE DEFINITIONS...... 6 1.5 TRIAL SPECIFICATIONS...... 6 1.5.1 Trial specifications for winter wheat...... 6 1.5.2 Trial specifications for late autumn sown wheat...... 7 1.5.3 Trial specifications for spring sown spring wheat...... 7 1.5.4 Trial specifications for winter barley...... 7 1.5.5 Trial specifications for spring barley...... 7 1.5.6 Trial specifications for winter oats...... 8 1.5.7 Trial specifications for spring oats...... 8 1.5.8 Trial specifications for winter triticale...... 8 1.5.9 Trial specifications for winter rye...... 8 1.6 TRIAL DESIGN AND TREATMENTS...... 9 PART 2 - THE TRIALS SYSTEM...... 9

2.1 GENERAL...... 9 2.2 RANDOMISATION OF TRIALS...... 10 2.3 PLOT DIMENSIONS, DISCARDS AND SURROUND...... 10 2.4 TRIAL SEED...... 11 2.5 DRILLING...... 11 2.5.1 Target populations:...... 11 2.6 HUSBANDRY GUIDELINES...... 13 2.6.1 Site Selection...... 13 2.6.2 Timing of sowing...... 13 2.6.3 Herbicides...... 13 2.6.4 Fungicides...... 13 2.6.5 Fertilisers...... 13 2.6.6 Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)...... 14 2.6.7 Pest control...... 15 2.6.8 Pre-harvest desiccation...... 15 2.6.9 Harvesting of oats...... 15 2.7 COMPLETION OF RECORDS...... 15 2.7.1 Early data (Site data, location and plan details)...... 16 2.7.2 Disease data...... 16 2.7.3 Harvest data...... 17 2.7.4 Agronomic data recording...... 17 2.7.5 Disease assessment, recording and sampling for UKCPVS...... 23 2.8 TRIAL SAMPLES AND QUALITY TESTING...... 25 2.8.1 Introduction...... 25 2.8.2 Quality assurance...... 25 2.8.3 Sampling protocol...... 26 2.8.4 Sample types:...... 26 2.8.5 Taking samples...... 27 2.8.6 Storage and drying:...... 27 2.8.7 Packaging and transporting samples:...... 27 2.8.8 Instruction relating to specific sample types...... 27 2.8.9 Dispatch notification:...... 28 2.9 TRIAL INSPECTION...... 28

APPENDIX 1 FUNGICIDE PROTOCOL FOR CEREAL VARIETY TRIALS – 2014...... 29 APPENDIX 2 – PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR PROTOCOL FOR CEREAL VARIETY TRIALS 2014...... 34 APPENDIX 3 - GROWTH STAGE KEY...... 38 APPENDIX 4 - WINTER HARDINESS ASSESSMENT KEY...... 39 APPENDIX 5 - FOLIAR DISEASE ASSESSMENT KEY...... 40 APPENDIX 6 - EAR BLIGHT OF WHEAT KEY...... 41 APPENDIX 7 - WHEAT GLUME BLOTCH KEY...... 42 APPENDIX 8 - EYESPOT OF WHEAT KEY...... 43 APPENDIX 9 - DETERMINATION OF DRY MATTER ON CEREALS...... 44 APPENDIX 10 - DEADLINES AND MILESTONES...... 46 APPENDIX 11 – LIST OF CEREAL TRIALS 2012-16 WITH SOWING SPECIFICATIONS...... 47

Part 1 - General information

1.1 RL Team contact details

Office postal address: RL Project Consortium, AHDB-HGCA, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2TL

Workbooks and all other data should be e-mailed to [email protected]

Technical Manager (This is the primary technical contact and contract manager). Mr Bill Handley Tel: 01954 204458 Mobile: 07743 195581 E-mail: [email protected]

RL & Agronomy Trials Co-ordinator (technical contact) Mr Mark Bollebakker Tel: 01480 482989 Mobile: 07972 637899 E mail: [email protected]

RL Data Analyst (Primary contact workbooks and data handling) Ms Beatrice Rey Tel: 01480 482987 E mail: [email protected]

RL Data Analysis and Reports Manager Mrs Jane Ryall Tel: 01480 482982 Mobile: 07805 820243 E mail: [email protected]

RL Finance Administrator (primary contact: for purchase orders, invoices etc.) Ms Tara Nicol Tel: 024 7647 8744 Mobile: 07816171863 E mail: [email protected]

Senior Research & Knowledge Transfer Manager Dr Simon Oxley Tel: 02476 478866 Mobile: 07779 330853 E mail: [email protected]

1.2 Trial distribution

The list of trials and the specification to which they should be grown are listed in Appendix 11.

For winter wheat, winter barley and spring barley, individual trials may be specified to be grown for specific end uses e.g. bread-making, biscuit-making, malt for brewing, malt for distilling or for feed. If the intended trial end use is not specified, the contractor should agree the intended end-use with the Technical Manager before drilling.

1.3 Description of trial types

Winter wheat, winter barley and spring barley have two types of site; core and regional.

Core sites have two yield trials, plus and minus fungicide treatment (i.e. +F, +PGR & –F, +PGR). These sites may also have 2 rep lodging trials (not yield).

Regional sites have three replications, fungicide treated with PGR treatments that are specific to individual crops.

Winter oats have the treatments +F, +PGR and +F,-PGR. Spring oats have the treatments +F and –F with PGR applied to the +F trial if there is a high risk of severe lodging.

Disease Observation Plots (DOPs): These trials should receive no fungicide: the PGR programme should be as for the associated treated trial. DOPs are not taken to yield. They can be whole plots, short plots or untreated ends of plots (by prior arrangement - minimum length 4 metres). If using the ends of plots (strips) then rep 1 of the yield trial should be used for DOPs - contact the Technical Manager if this is not possible. Extra care should be taken to avoid fungicide spray drift from adjacent plots and records should be made at the end furthest from any fungicide treated area.

Lodging: These trials should receive a full fungicide programme but no PGR. Husbandry and management, such as nitrogen top dressing, should be adjusted to induce lodging in weaker strawed varieties and thus may be different to the neighbouring yield plots. The trials are not taken to yield. Observations can be made on whole plots, short plots or untreated ends of plots (by prior arrangement - minimum length 4 metres). If using the ends of plots (strips) then reps 2 and 3 of the yield trial should be used for lodging plots - contact the Technical Manager if this is not possible. Extra care should be taken to avoid spray drift from adjacent plots and records should be made at the end furthest from any PGR treated areas.

1.4 Soil type definitions

Descriptor Soil type Definition

Light sand soils Soils which are sand, loamy sand or sandy loam to 40 cm depth and are sand or loamy sand between 40 and 80 cm, or over sandstone rock. L Shallow Soils over chalk, limestone or other rock where the parent material is within 40 cm of the soil surface. Sandy soils developed over sandstone rock should be regarded as light sand soils. M Medium Medium textured soil that does not fall into other category. Deep clay soils Soils with predominantly sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay or clay topsoil overlying clay subsoil. Deep clay soils normally need artificial field H drainage. Deep fertile soils Soils of sandy silt loam, silt loam to silty clay loam textures to 100 cm depth or more. Silt soils formed on marine alluvium; warp soils (formed on river alluvium) and brickearth soils (formed on wind blown material) will be in this category. Organic soils Soils that are predominantly mineral with between 6 and 20% organic matter. These can O be distinguished by darker colouring that stains the fingers black or grey and gives the soil a silty feel. Peaty soils Soils that contain more than 20% organic matter derived from sedge or similar peat material. C (L) Chalky soil. Specific chalky soil within the L group described above. B (L) Limestone brash Specific limestone brash within the L group described above. soil. W (L) Wold Wold soil over chalk within the L group described above. F (O) Black Fen soil. Black fen within the O group described above. S (H) Silts Silty soils that are within the H group described above.

1.5 Trial specifications

1.5.1 Trial specifications for winter wheat

Sowing date:

E Early sown before the end of September with first cereals to be sown as soon as seed availability allows (usually from 17 September). There is a special set of very early sown trials (see separate protocol) that are sown between 20th August and 13th September.

M Medium sowing date in the first half of October.

L Later sowing in the second half of October to the middle of November with a preference for trials to be drilled in November. Trials sown after the middle of November because late autumn sown wheat trials (details below).

Rotational position:

1 First wheat crop after a non-cereal break crop, set aside or oats.

2 Second or later cereal crop excluding oats.

1.5.2 Trial specifications for late autumn sown wheat

Sowing date: to be sown in the second half of November or in December, as specified by the Technical Manager. Trials should be drilled before the end of January. Contact the Technical manager if this proves impossible. The trials contain spring wheat varieties plus suitable winter wheat varieties.

Late-sown Disease Observation Plots: should include all spring wheat varieties only. Management is as described under winter wheat.

1.5.3 Trial specifications for spring sown spring wheat

Sowing should be after the beginning of February. Where defined, rotational position should be as described for winter wheat above. In some trials, Recommended List varieties are grown together with National List ones and the data analysed by BioSS.

1.5.4 Trial specifications for winter barley

End use specification:

Malt Trial to be grown to produce 1.65% to 1.8% grain nitrogen with maximum yield. Feed Grown to produce the maximum yield for feed.

Sowing date:

E Early sowing in the first half of September. M Medium sowing in the second half of September or in early October.

1 First cereal crop after a non-cereal break crop or oats. 2 Second or later cereal crop excluding oats.

1.5.5 Trial specifications for spring barley

End use Specification:

M - D Trial to be grown to produce quality samples for malt distilling. Target grain nitrogen is 1.45% to 1.6% with maximum yield. M - B Trial to be grown to produce quality malt samples for export and brewing. Target grain nitrogen is 1.65% to 1.75% with maximum yield. Page 7 Feed Grown to produce the maximum yield for feed.

Sowing date:

Drilling date is of major importance in parts of the UK. Depending on soil type and workload, farmers are drilling from December onwards. In order to get data from a range of sowing dates, it is important that the trials are drilled at the designated timings. The Technical Manager should be advised if this is not possible due (for example) to adverse weather conditions.

E Early sowing in December, January or February. L Sowing from the end of February.

1 First cereal crop after a non-cereal break crop or oats. 2 Second or later cereal crop excluding oats. N To be agreed.

1.5.6 Trial specifications for winter oats

Three replications separate +F, +PGR and +F,-PGR trials, both taken to yield. In some trials, Recommended List varieties are grown together with National List ones and the data analysed by BioSS.

1.5.7 Trial specifications for spring oats

Three replications separate +F and -F trials, both taken to yield. PGR may be applied to the +F trial only if there is a high risk of severe lodging. In some trials, Recommended List varieties are grown together with National List ones and the data analysed by BioSS.

1.5.8 Trial specifications for winter triticale

Trials are fungicide treated but an extra, untreated replicate or plot area ‘DOP’ should be sown for disease assessment.

Note that Recommended List, National List and Common Catalogue varieties are grown in these trials and the data analysed by HGCA.

1.5.9 Trial specifications for winter rye

Trials are fungicide treated but an extra, untreated replicate or plot area ‘DOP’ should be sown for disease assessment.

Note that Recommended List, National List and Common Catalogue varieties are grown in these trials and the data analysed by HGCA.

1.6 Trial design and treatments

Trial plans will be generated by the Trials Data Analyst and transferred to the appropriate trial centres in electronic format as Excel workbooks (one for each trial). Instructions concerning the recording and transfer of data are available separately. In exceptional circumstances, additional varieties may be added to trials with the prior approval of RL Project Consortium.

Fungicide and PGR treatments are described under each crop specification above and/or in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. These form part of the trial contract and may constitute a breach of the contract if not adhered to.

Treated trials will be treated with a standard fungicide programme. The fungicide protocol for use until January 2015 is given in Appendix 1, after which a revised version will be circulated for use.

The PGR protocol for use until January 2015 is given in Appendix 2, after which a revised version will be circulated for use. These should be applied unless, in the opinion of the trial manager, the lodging risk is negligible or where their use may have a deleterious effect on yield e.g. if plants are showing symptoms of stress. Any decision not to treat should be made after consultation with the Technical Manager.

Replication Yield trials will normally have at least 3 replications, lodging trials two reps and DOPs one rep.

Part 2 - The Trials System

2.1 General

The trial manager will be responsible for the choice of site, and for the establishment, supervision, recording and harvesting of the trial. There are no GM varieties in Recommended List trials and RL trials must not be grown adjacent to any trial or crop containing genetically modified (GM) plants without the express permission of RL Project Consortium. Trials should also not be grown on or close to land previously used for GM trials.

Any decision to abandon the trial must be taken in consultation with the Technical Manager.

In principle, the husbandry of the trial should be appropriate to achieve highest quality and yield. All records should be clear and self-explanatory so that the trial can be carried on "at a moment's notice" by another manager without difficulty.

The seed has been supplied for trial purposes only, and must not be used for further multiplication or any purpose other than that specified by RL Project Consortium, unless special permission has been obtained. It is frequently supplied for testing on the condition that it is not multiplied for other purposes and it is the responsibility of the trial manager to ensure that this does not occur.

2.2 Randomisation of trials

In an alpha-lattice (incomplete block) design, any splitting within superblocks must ensure that blocks stay complete. Any movement of varieties to avoid clustering should be within sub-blocks and not between. If there are any problems with the plan or adjusting it to fit to the field, the Technical Manager should be consulted.

If changes to the supplied randomisation are made, the trial manager must advise the Trials Data Analyst of the changes within two days of sowing. This should be done by clearly highlighting the changes in sheet ‘Trial plan 2’ within the workbook and returning it to the Trials Data Analyst. On receipt of the returned workbook the Trials Data Analyst will ensure that the stored plan is correct and that the de-randomising features of the workbook is working correctly. A modified version will be returned if necessary.

2.3 Plot dimensions, discards and surround

It is essential that the plot size suits the intended plot equipment and contractors should discuss their plans with the Technical Manager prior to drilling to ensure that this is the case.

Plots should have a minimum drilled width of 1.1 m (row width * number of rows) and an inter-plot gap of a maximum 0.55 m to give a total width of not less than 1.65m.

Plot length should be not less than 9.0 m after trimming back for harvest but may have to be longer depending on the harvesting equipment available.

In winter barley and winter oats, the space between each replication/block should be such that early maturing varieties may be harvested without damaging neighbouring plots. This may be necessary especially where there are large maturity differences between varieties. The Trials Data Analyst may design the trial so that early varieties are grown together.

For all other crops, the space between replications/blocks and plots should be such that individual treatments (e.g. untreated) may be harvested without damaging neighbouring plots. This may be necessary especially where there are large maturity differences between treatments.

At least one discard plot should be sown on the outside edge of the trial. The trials manager must ensure that there is no drift of fungicide or PGR onto plots that should be untreated. The following is a guide as to the distances found to be required in practise:

From the end of one plot to the beginning of the plot in the next bank:

1.5 m minimum gap either of discard material or pathway but 2 m is to be preferred. However, where plot ends are being left unsprayed for disease or lodging evaluation it is permissible for the total length to be 4 m to allow a 2 m "gap" and 2 m to record.

From the side of a plot to the side of the first plot of another treatment:

Two plots (one sprayed and one unsprayed) when spraying by hand up and down the plots. Three plots (the first sprayed) when spraying by machine across the plots. Page 10 All plots should be measured for length before harvest.

2.4 Trial seed

Seed standards:

Seed for trials should be equivalent to certified seed of first generation (C1) or basic seed. The seed supplier must advise the Technical Manager if over-yeared seed is being supplied. Only seed received without chemical seed dressing will accepted for trials. A note of the thousand seed weight and germination % of the seed lot should accompany the seed.

Seed should be supplied to the seed processor specified by the Technical Manager. In order to meet requirements for early sowing, it is essential that seed is supplied by deadlines specified in the seed order. Seed received after these deadlines may be omitted from trials.

Supply of seed to trial managers:

Seed supplied by RL Project Consortium should be used only for trials and tests specified by them. The seed will be treated with a standard seed dressing to give protection against seed-borne disease. An insecticide dressing may also be applied where appropriate. Full details of the chemical treatment will accompany the seed. Variety names, codes, thousand seed weight and germination information will be sent to trial managers, usually by e-mail.

Bulks of seed sufficient to sow the specified trials will be sent to trial managers. It is the responsibility of each trial manager to prepare plot packets from the bulk of seed supplied and to ensure that the correct plant population is achieved.

Surplus seed may be used for discard and buffer plots or filling in but for no other purpose without the prior consent of the Technical Manager.

Note that in oats, special plots are required for the setting of the combine (see husbandry guidelines, section 2.6.9).

It is the responsibility of individual trial managers to obtain seed for the area immediately surrounding the trial.

2.5 Drilling

The amount of seed sown per plot must be adjusted according to the thousand seed weight and germination for each individual seed lot.

2.5.1 Target populations:

The following table gives the target population in plants per m2. These are the final plant population per m2 after any losses due to poor germination or establishment. It is the responsibility of the trial manager to decide the seed rate required to achieve these target populations.

Population plants/m2 Crop England, Wales and N. Ireland Scotland Winter wheat *September sowings: 200 (hybrids 140) *October sowings: 250 (hybrids 175) Nov/Dec sowings: 300 (hybrids 210)

Winter barley 275 (hybrids 193) 320 (hybrids 225)

Winter oats 275 320 – 350

Spring wheat 300 - (autumn sown) Spring wheat 320 - (spring sown) Spring barley 300 – 325 300 - 350

Spring oats 300 – 325 300 - 350

Triticale 300 – 325 300 - 350

Rye 300 - 325(hybrids 210-230) 300 - 350

Hybrids seed numbers are 70% of conventional. * If drilling is delayed more than 2 weeks outside of the drilling window then the trial should be repackaged to provide the higher target population.

2.5.2 Seed rate calculation:

Experience has shown that in many situations the following establishment assumptions are appropriate:

Winter wheat, barley and oats 90% Spring wheat, late autumn sown 80% Spring sown trials 90%

However, establishment may be higher or lower than this depending on factors such as time of sowing, soil type and weather conditions. Trial managers should use an establishment figure that they feel is appropriate to their situation.

The following formulae may be used to calculate the amount of seed to be sown.

Weight of seed per plot = Seed rate (kg/ha) x Drilled plot area / 10

Seed rate (kg/ha) = ((target population * thousand seed weight) * 100) / (establishment % * germination %) Drilled plot area = drilled plot length (m) x drilled plot width (number of drilled rows x inter row dimension (m)).

2.6 Husbandry guidelines

2.6.1 Site Selection

This should deliver a site to the required specification. Care should be taken in the selection of the site, which should be away from headlands and trees with uniform soil slope and drainage and free from perennial weeds. When a site has been selected the pH should be checked under dry conditions and the soil type identified using Fertiliser Manual (RB 209) guidelines.

2.6.2 Timing of sowing

Target sowing dates are given in the trial specification. It is important that these times are achieved particularly for early sown trials. If it proves impossible to sow in the target window the Technical Manager should be consulted but do not miss a sowing opportunity while waiting to hear from him. The Technical Manager will expect to receive documentary evidence of why a sowing window was missed and failure to provide such evidence will be regarded as a breach of contract.

2.6.3 Herbicides

Chemicals should not be used to which any variety is known to be sensitive. If in doubt, the Technical Manager should be consulted (see address Page 3).

2.6.4 Fungicides

Fungicides should only be applied to those trials designed for fungicide treatments. The fungicide protocol is reviewed annually and circulated at the beginning of the calendar year (the protocol for use until January 2015 is given in Appendix 1). The schedules comprise a core of 'compulsory' applications with one 'optional' application. All compulsory applications should be made at the prescribed growth stage and dose rate, irrespective of disease levels in the trial. The optional autumn application for winter barley should be made unless weather conditions do not permit.

In exceptional circumstances it may be necessary to deviate from the programme, e.g. additional sprays may be required during periods of extremely high disease pressure, or reduced rates may be required for drought stressed trials under low disease pressure. The Technical Manager must be notified before taking such a decision and given at least one working day to respond.

If additional or optional sprays are used, please notify the Technical Manager.

2.6.5 Fertilisers

Fertiliser applications should take into account inherent fertility, previous cropping, winter rainfall, the best local practice and advisory guidelines (e.g. The Fertiliser Manual (RB 209)). Care should be taken to provide adequate P, K and S taking into account local circumstances. Nitrogen applications should be tailored to give maximum yield within the constraints of obtaining the appropriate grain protein contents for intended use e.g. bread-making or malting. In England and Wales PLANET software is a useful tool for determining the nutrient requirements of individual fields. See www.planet4farmers.co.uk.

Winter wheat and spring wheat:

Six winter wheat trials are pre-selected to be managed to produce samples for bread-making and three for biscuit-making milling and baking tests. These trials should be managed accordingly, i.e. trials managers at bread-making sites should aim to produce samples with grain protein content of 13% or more whereas at biscuit-making sites the target is around 11-11.5%. In most circumstances an application of sulphur in early spring would be beneficial.

Bread sites: 506, 510, 514, 520, 523 and 524. Biscuit sites: 508, 512 and 529

In order to boost grain protein content at the bread-making sites ONLY, an additional 80 kg/ha of nitrogen should be applied at GS 37 for granular nitrogen or up to growth stage 73 for foliar urea. It should be applied to all trials unless agreed to the contrary with the Technical Manager. Trial managers should contact the Technical Manager if they feel that they are unlikely to make a bread- making specification of 13% protein to discuss whether or not the late treatment should be applied. This late application is not required for other sites.

Winter barley and spring barley malting management:

Some trials are designated for the production of malting barley and applications should be tailored to achieve the highest yield possible within the specified grain nitrogen range.

The timing and rates of application of nitrogen fertiliser to malting barley is critical and trials operators should consult advisory publications and advisors in order to produce the best possible samples for the assessment of malting quality. Early N application is advisable - by mid March for winter barley and by the 3-leaf stage (GS 13) for spring barley (application to the seedbed is commonly practised for spring barley). To delay beyond these timings may increase grain nitrogen to unacceptable levels.

For all other trials, not designated as malting the application of nitrogen should be the optimum for yield and physical grain quality following advisory guidelines.

Disease Observation Plots (DOPs):

These should be managed to create high disease levels.

Lodging trials:

These should be managed (by adjusting the N applied) such that varieties with weaker straw will lodge.

2.6.6 Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)

The PGR protocol is reviewed annually and circulated at the beginning of the calendar year (the protocol for use until January 2015 is given in Appendix 2). There are restrictions on the use of plant growth regulators in ALL crops, as well as special directions for their use specifically in variety trials. The manufacturer’s instructions should be followed. Any departure from the protocol should be reported to the Technical Manager. Page 14 2.6.7 Pest control

If the trial is in jeopardy, effective control measures e.g. netting, insecticides, molluscicides must be applied to the whole trial.

Wheat blossom midges:

Wheat blossom midges seek plants that are at specific growth stages and, for this reason, the validity of wheat variety trials can quickly be compromised by relatively low numbers of the pest. Trial managers should use commercially available traps and/or monitor in the early evening to detect the activity of egg-laying adults. Trial managers should use the professional monitoring and risk assessment services that are available and seek advice on methods of control.

Gout fly:

Gout fly is an increasing problem (especially for early-sown trials) and the risk of attack should be assessed and insurance treatments made if the risk is judged to be high.

2.6.8 Pre-harvest desiccation

Pre-harvest desiccation should not be used. In exceptional circumstances and on a case-by-case basis, desiccation may be allowed but this must be discussed and agreed in advance with the Technical Manager.

2.6.9 Harvesting of oats

Premature de-skinning of husked oats can occur if the combine drum-speed is set too high, which can affect yield as well as quality. Visual inspection alone will not reveal the extent of the problem and counts should be undertaken on samples from discard plots specially grown for the purpose. Discard plots should be sown with varieties that tend to be susceptible to skinning. The winter oat variety Mascani is one such variety.

The number of de-hulled grains in a sample of 100 grains should be counted. Combine settings should be adjusted if over 5 de-hulled grains per 100 grains are observed.

2.7 Completion of records

The trial workbook should be used to record all data. A detailed user-guide for the workbooks is available separately.

Completed data should be returned to the Trials Data Analyst in three batches:

Report Deadline Sheets to be returned (return only these sheets: DO NOT return the whole workbook) 1) Early data Autumn sown trials: Site data. within 2 months of Map of area. sowing. Field layout sketch. Spring sown trials: as Trial layout. Page 15 soon as possible and Trial diary. within one month of sowing. 2) Disease data 11th July. Data submitted Disease data recording sheet. by this date will be used Trial diary update. in the calculation of disease ratings but if disease develops after this date, records should be taken and submitted as soon as possible and will be used when practicable. 3) Harvest data Within 5 days of harvest. Harvest data recording sheet. Agchem details. Trial diary update.

Plots data sheets contain columns for records likely to be undertaken during the recording period and which may or may not be required by the protocol. Any additional recording columns will be supplied in a separate file: these additional recording columns should be pasted whole into the relevant data sheet using the ‘Copy/paste’ function (i.e. select, copy and paste the whole column).

2.7.1 Early data (Site data, location and plan details)

For autumn-sown trials this information should be returned shortly after full establishment and within two months of sowing. The information for spring-sown trials should be returned as soon as possible and within a month of sowing.

This report should include:

 Confirmation of sowing to plan or full details of any changes to plan.

This should be done by clearly highlighting the changes in the sheet ‘Trial plan 2’ contained in the workbook. On receipt of the returned workbook the Trials Data Analyst will ensure that the plan has been modified correctly and that the de-randomising features of the workbook are working. If necessary, a modified workbook will then be returned for use by the trial manager.

 Completed site data 1 sheet.  Map of area. Site location details i.e. how to get to the field by road.  Field layout sketch. Sketch showing the layout of the trial(s) in the field, in relation to other trials and showing access roads, gates etc.  Trial layout. Trial sketch showing plot numbers and variety IDs.  A short post-establishment report of the condition of the trial in the diary sheet.

2.7.2 Disease data

To be submitted no later than 11th July. This should contain all disease data recorded to date. Disease records must be returned in this report to allow their inclusion in the database for new ratings, which are calculated shortly after this date. Any disease records taken after this date should be returned with harvest data: they will be included in the database for future use.

Any notes made since the first submission of data should be shown on the trial diary sheet, which should also be returned.

2.7.3 Harvest data

This sheet will contain:

 All plot data, including yield, dry matter and all remaining agronomic data (see 2.7.4).  Trial treatments and agrochemical inputs.  Trial diary comments. Note any factors that may affect the validity of the trial.

2.7.4 Agronomic data recording

The list below details the records required and the scales that should be used. Data should be recorded in the Excel recording sheets within the trial workbooks. “De-rand”: a de-randomising facility will allow you to conduct an initial validation of the data.

The growth stage should be recorded for each observation. The correct growth stage key is given in Appendix 3.

Plot numbers and variety codes must correspond to those on the trial plan within the workbook.

In order to make records comparable across sites, it is essential that the names and units used should be as indicated in capital letters below. Records of other characters will be processed and stored but may not be used.

Data should be taken from all plots unless noted to the contrary.

Characters and Scales:

Characters to be recorded are listed below. They are listed as:-

1. Obligatory, where the trials should be scored routinely even though the character may be scored at zero for the whole trial - particularly useful in characters such as lodging. 2. Selected sites, where records are required from a sub-set of the UK trials only. The list of trial sites from which data are required are listed below. 3. If present, e.g. disease. 4. Optional, at the discretion of the trials manager.

Agronomic characters:

WINTER HARDINESS (1-9)

Obligatory, from all autumn sown plots. After any period of cold weather, varieties should be scored on a 1-9 scale where 9 = no damage. See Appendix 4.

STRAW LENGTH(cm) Obligatory. Record all plots in Lodging (L) trials where available and in the control plots only in the co-located T and U yield plots. Straw length records are not required from DOP plots.

Crop Record in trial number:

Wheat trials: All plots: 501L, 504L, 506L, 519L, 522L, 523L, 524L, 531L. Control plots only: all yield trials (T & U). No records required from DOPs.

Late sown WW/SW – all plots: 401T, 402T, 536T, 537T

Spring sown spring wheat – all plots: 403T, 404T, 538T

Winter barley trials: All plots: 602L, 604L, 606L, 611L, 612L, 616L, 618L Control plots only: all yield trials (T & U). No records required from DOPs.

Spring Barley trials: All plots: *621T, 624L, 634L, *635T, *636T, 638T, 639L, 641T (* If PGR is applied to these trials record controls only.) Control plots only: all other yield trials (T & U) Record DOPs if no PGR has been applied.

Other crops Record all plots in all trials

Using a graduated rod the general height of the plot should be measured from one point in the plot chosen at random (but avoiding abnormal areas). The measurement should be from ground level to the top of the ear, ignoring awns.

LEANING%

Obligatory, from all plots

Where areas of the plot are leaning to not more than 45º to the vertical.

An additional record should be made at harvest even if the character has been recorded previously.

LODGING%

Obligatory, from all plots

Where areas of the plot have gone down, from the base of the plant to an angle greater than 45º to the vertical. Leaning and lodging should be recorded immediately it occurs, as there may be observable differences at this stage that cannot later be seen. Later assessment may be considered valuable and an assessment at harvest should always be made even where no lodging is observed (i.e. all values are 0).

An additional record should be made at harvest even if the character has been recorded previously.

Lodging and leaning should be assessed at the same time. Trial managers should routinely check for eyespot during recording and note whether or not it is present in the plots recorded.

STEM LODGING% *obligatory, from all plots ROOT LODGING% *obligatory, from all plots

There are two types of lodging, stem lodging and root lodging. Root lodging is the result of a failure below ground. The whole root structure moves as forces acting on the plant above ground overcome the plants anchorage, allowing the plant to fall. Where lodging and/or leaning has occurred examine the plots and assess what proportion of the lodging is above ground (stem) or below ground (root) lodging. This record does not replace the standard lodging and leaning scores and the sum total of root and stem lodging should equal the total lodging score. *The differentiation between these two types of lodging may not be possible where both types are present within plots. Advice the Technical Manager if this is the case.

BRACKLING%

If present, from all plots

This term refers to buckling of the straw at a point well above ground level. It occurs particularly in barley and oats, when the crop has become over-ripe but varietal differences may occur at an earlier stage. An additional record should be made at harvest even if the character has been recorded previously.

RIPENING DATE

Obligatory. Records for this character should be taken from all yield plots. Assessed when the grain is first hard, difficult to divide by thumbnail (Growth stage 91). The crop may not necessarily be ready to cut at this stage.

For oats it may be necessary to use straw colour as the criterion for ripeness.

The date should be given numerically as day, month, and year and written in full for each plot. Example: 02/07/12.

Ripening date can be assessed as described below.

 The assessment should take place where the earliest variety is at growth stage 91. Use a 1-9 scale to record maturity:

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Ripe 2 days 4 days 6 days 8 days 10 days 12 days 14 days 16 days later later later later later later later later

 Record each plot in the trial on the 1 to 9 scale. A second visit to confirm the earlier observation would be advisable.

 Convert the 1 to 9 scale to dates. PLEASE SEND IN THE RIPENING DATES NOT THE 1-9 ASSESSMENTS.

Example

Plot Score (2/8/14) Estimated ripening date 1 9 02/08/14 2 8 04/08/14 3 5 10/08/14 4 4 12/08/14 5 2 16/08/14 6 7 06/08/14

NECKING%

Creasing of the straw just below the ear in the mature plant. A record should be made at harvest even if the necking is the character has been recorded previous

EAR LOSS(1-9)

If present, from all plots, 9 = no ear loss.

Usually occurs in barley as a result of necking. This is an important field character and should be assessed if present at the time of harvest. Estimate the number of ears lost per m2 for the plot(s) with the most losses so that the approximate yield loss can be estimated. A record should be made at harvest even if the character has been recorded previously.

BIRD DAMAGE(1-9)

If present. Assessments should be made wherever it occurs in a trial since decisions have to be made on the validity of each plot affected. A record should be made at harvest even if the character has been recorded previously.

%WHITEHEADS WHOLE PLOTS

Record the occurrence of whiteheads within the trial. Note the likely cause(s) of the whiteheads.

SHEDDING(1-9)

If present, from all plots, 9 = no shedding

Occurs mainly in wheat and oats in the mature plant. Estimate the number of grains lost per m2 for the plot(s) with the most losses so that the approximate yield loss can be estimated. A record should be made at harvest even if the character has been recorded previously.

SPROUTING%

If present in the ear or harvested grain. If sprouting is seen in harvested samples, the quality analysis co-ordinator should be informed so that the reference samples from the trial can be scored for sprouting damage.

COMBINE LOSSES(1-9)

If present, from all plots. 9 = no losses.

Combine losses should be assessed if the losses are thought sufficient to exclude the yield data from results. Estimate the number of grains lost per m2 for the plot(s) with the most losses so that the approximate yield loss can be estimated.

HARVEST DATE

Obligatory, from all plots where the trial is not harvested on one day. Record in the format dd/mm/yyyy.

YIELD(KG) and DRY MATTER% Page 21 Obligatory from yield plots. Notify the Technical Manager that harvest has taken place on the day of harvest, or first thing the following day. Yield with dry matter should be returned in report 4 within 5 days of the harvest of the trial, together with any outstanding other data.

Plot dimensions

Plot length The plot length harvested, in metres Plot width The width of the harvested plot in metres from outer row to outer row plus half of the inter plot gap. If the inter-plot gap varies it should be measured for each plot

Growth stage: usually 92 at harvest

Record all plots. The fresh yield should be recorded in kg. Any tare weight should be subtracted before submitting the data. Any factors which may have affected the yield of the trial or individual plots should be noted and accompany the yield data. If, within the harvested plot area, any drill rows, or part of rows are missing the following information should be supplied:

i.) The plot number containing the missing row(s). ii.) The length of row(s) missing. iii.) Whether the missing row is internal or one of the two outer ones. iv.) The number of rows normally drilled. v.) The dimension between drilled rows (in metres)

The dry matter % of each plot must be determined. This can be assessed electronically by the oven method, moisture analyser (within a specified moisture range), or NMR (see Appendix 9).

2.7.5 Disease assessment, recording and sampling for UKCPVS

Diseases to be assessed:

The trials manager has a duty of care to ensure that the disease present is the one recorded. If in any doubt expert diagnosis should be obtained.

Winter Spring Winter Winter Winter Spring Winter Spring wheat wheat barley triticale rye barley oats oats

Mildew + + + + + + + + Yellow Rust + + + + + + Brown Rust + + + + + + Crown Rust + + *Septoria nodorum + + + *Septoria tritici + +(ASW) + + Rhynchosporium + + Net Blotch + + Fusarium ear blight + + Green leaf area + + + + + + + Eyespot + +(ASW) Whiteheads % + +

ASW: spring wheat sown in the late autumn. * In mixed infections of S.nodorum and S.tritici:- either: if one species is clearly dominant (75% or more of lesions) record all symptoms as that species. or: if the two species are approximately equal, record all symptoms as 'Septoria spp%'

Other diseases (e.g. eyespot, sharp eyespot, ear infection by Septoria nodorum) must be assessed if there are clear varietal differences.

Timing of assessments:

At or slightly Record foliar disease if moderate infections (around 5%) occur in any plot. before GS 31 GS 30-45 WINTER BARLEY ONLY. Check carefully for Rhynchosporium infection and record all plots if any infection is seen within a treatment (i.e. there is no need to record treated plots if disease has been controlled by an earlier fungicide application). GS 31-60 An assessment of foliar disease is required if moderate infections (around 5% in untreated plots or 2% in treated plots) develop in any plot. GS 60-80 Assess all foliar diseases that reach 5% infection in any one plot during this period. The precise timing is best judged by the Trial Manager in relation to disease development. It may be appropriate to assess different diseases at different stages within this period (e.g. mildew might be better assessed relatively early and brown rust late). When assessing diseases, also record the percentage green leaf area (GREEN LEAF AREA%) remaining on the leaves being assessed.

Assessment keys:

The following keys should be used:

Foliar diseases - NIAB-TAG Key No 11. (APPENDIX 5) Fusarium ear blight - NIAB-TAG Key No 13. (APPENDIX 6) Ear infection by Septoria nodorum - ADAS Key No 1.6.3. (APPENDIX 7) Eyespot - NIAB-TAG Key No 12 (APPENDIX 8)

Disease may be recorded on a 1-9 scale but the data must be submitted as a percentage score. Both scales are given in the assessment keys. For diseases or disorders for which no standard key exists, a scale which increases with severity should be used. Values may not exceed 100. The character and units used in assessment must be clearly recorded (e.g. Black speckling % leaf area).

General Assessment Procedures:

i) Only assess diseases which reach a minimum of 5% infection in any one untreated plot. Where disease is present in fungicide treated trials, please see (vii) ii) Each time a trial is assessed for disease, please enter a comment on the status of diseases which have not been assessed e.g. that they are absent or less than 5%. iii) Assess disease in the plots in all replicates of the trial (even if all values are 0, e.g. in treated plots). iv) Assess foliar diseases on a 'whole-plot' basis, i.e. make an overall assessment of the average percentage infection on all tillers in a small area of the plot and repeat at a minimum of 4 points in each plot. Do not restrict examination to individual tillers or individual leaves. v) Where primary foci of high infection occur, these should be averaged over the plot as a whole - % infection in focus x % plot area of focus e.g. a primary focus of 50% leaf area infection occupying 5% of the plot area should be recorded as 2.5% (50% x 5% = 2.5%). When foci exist for rusts and Rhynchosporium also record the maximum percentage infection seen on each plot. vi) For foliar diseases, examine the top 4 leaves. As the lower leaves senescence naturally at later growth stages it will become necessary to examine only the top 3 or 2 leaves or, in the case of very late assessments, the flag leaves alone. Also record the percentage green leaf area (GREEN LEAF AREA%) remaining on the leaves being assessed. vii) Fungicide treated trials must be inspected for failure to control disease. A full record must be taken if the infection level for any disease reaches 5% or greater. A comment on the disease levels in treated trials should accompany all disease records from the corresponding untreated trials.

Disease names:

Only the accepted disease names and units may be used, exactly as specified below:

MILDEW% SEPTORIA NODORUM% CROWN RUST% SEPTORIA NODORUM EAR% SEPTORIA TRITICI% CROWN RUST MAX% YELLOW RUST% SEPTORIA SPP% FUSARIUM EAR% YELLOW RUST MAX% RHYNCHOSPORIUM% EYESPOT DI BROWN RUST% RHYNCHOSPORIUM MAX% SHARP EYESPOT DI BROWN RUST MAX% NET BLOTCH% BYMV (0-5) BYDV%

Disease data should be returned in report 2, within 5 days of harvest.

If no disease assessments have been made on untreated trials during the period GS 60 (beginning of anthesis) and GS 80 (late milk/early dough), the fact should be recorded and an e-mail message sent to the co-ordinators by the deadline.

Sampling for UKCPVS

The United Kingdom Pathogen Virulence Survey (UKCPVS) is a Defra and HGCA funded project, which seeks to provide early detection of virulence to specific disease resistance factors in varieties and plant breeding programmes. It also provides information for variety diversification schemes and monitors fungicide insensitivity in some pathogens.

The survey is dependent on the return of diseased leaf samples from crops and trials around the country and variety trial plots that are untreated with fungicide are an ideal source of such samples. It is therefore now a contract requirement that all trials contracted since April 2004 must provide samples where specified disease is found on nominated varieties. It is hoped that the managers of trials under existing contracts will also provide samples.

Each spring, trial managers will be sent a list of cereal varieties from which disease samples are required, together with full instructions and contact details. The lists will be despatched direct from the UKCPVS Co-ordinator.

2.8 Trial samples and quality testing

2.8.1 Introduction

Samples for the assessment of quality and moisture content will be required from all yield trials. Full instructions with the appropriate labels and bags will be sent by the Technical Manager prior to harvest.

All samples should be despatched by the deadlines specified in Appendix 10.

2.8.2 Quality assurance

The quality work undertaken contributes important data to the process of variety evaluation. Small differences between the quality characteristics of varieties may have serious implications for their Page 25 commercial prospects. The integrity of the quality tests and of the samples provided by trial managers to collaborating laboratories is under continuing scrutiny.

Quality assurance checks will be carried out on parameters such as:

 The time taken to deliver samples to their destination following harvest (making allowances for drying times etc.)  Varietal identity and purity  Moisture content  Damage caused during the harvest or by over heating during drying  Infestation of grain by volunteers, weed seeds and pests  Disease infection (the amount of damage caused by blossom midge must be recorded if present).

Please take every care in the harvest of your samples and give them the highest possible priority.

It is essential that all samples are truly representative of the variety from which they are taken.

2.8.3 Sampling protocol

Labels and bags:

Labels and bags will be supplied by the Technical Manager prior to harvest. Please check that you have been sent all the labels you require BEFORE HARVEST BEGINS, checking against the sampling protocol.

The labels supplied are pre-printed with details of the trial from which the samples are being taken together with the plot number and/or variety identity.

2.8.4 Sample types:

Dry matter samples:

Moisture content should be determined from every harvested plot in a trial. There are three accepted methods for determining moisture content:

1) Oven drying, 2) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), for wheat and barley only. 3) Moisture meters. These can only be used for trials where all samples are in the range of 12% to 18% dry matter. Trials with dry matters outside this range must be assessed by the oven or NMR methods.

For details of these techniques see Appendix 9.

Quality samples:

Use the cloth bags supplied by the Technical Manager. The size of these bags varies and sufficient numbers of the appropriate size should be sent prior to harvest. Please advise the Technical Manager if this is not the case.

Each sample must have a label both inside and outside the bag.

Each sample bag should be secured tightly using good quality string. Do not use baler string, elastic bands, wire or plastic ties. As much space as possible should be left within the bag to allow for air movement when drying/conditioning.

2.8.5 Taking samples

It is essential that all samples:

 except for dry matter, are taken from non-lodged plots.  are representative of the variety/plot from which they are taken with minimal contamination. When sampling on-combine, it is essential to minimise the risk of contamination by grain of the previous plot. Samples should not be taken until several seconds after grain has started flowing fully from the combine elevator.  are taken from the same source. If many samples are required from a trial you should mix the produce from all replicates and sub sample the bulk. However any replicate with lodging in any variety should not be included in the bulk without first consulting the Technical Manager.  contain the weight of grain requested.

Moisture samples must always be taken at the time of plot weighing. Where a variety is in both fungicide treated and untreated trials, all samples except those for dry matter should be taken from the treated plots only. Quality samples may not be required from every variety - refer to the sample requirement spreadsheet sent before harvest for details.

2.8.6 Storage and drying:

Grain deteriorates extremely quickly if it is stored when damp and under certain conditions can be rendered useless within hours. Malting samples are especially prone to damage because the grain has to germinate to be of any value. It is essential, therefore, that samples are dried to 15% moisture content or below before they are stored OR transported. This should be done on site using a cold/warm air dryer. The drying temperature should not exceed 45°C for barley and 60°C for any other cereals.

Where it is necessary to store samples, it is very important that they are stored in good conditions, dry and vermin free.

2.8.7 Packaging and transporting samples:

All samples of a similar type should be packaged together and separate from other samples. Strong sacks should be used to hold the samples, which should be clearly labelled with the contents (i.e. the sample type). 25 kg per item is normally the carriers’ weight limit.

2.8.8 Instruction relating to specific sample types Page 27 Full details will be sent prior to harvest.

2.8.9 Dispatch notification:

At the time of despatch of samples please notify the following people that they are in transit by e- mail:

 The addressee  The Technical Manager

The Technical Manager must be consulted before discarding any samples.

2.9 Trial inspection

All trials will be inspected by the Trial Inspection Operator and, in some cases, it may be necessary to visit on more than one occasion.

The requirements for Trials Operators in respect of inspections are as follows:

1. To give reasonable access to trials to inspectors and provide full location and site details If not already given with site data 1). 2. To supply the inspector with information (for example sprays applied etc) within seven days of a request. 3. To co-operate with the inspector in making any non-routine assessments required to establish the validity of the trial (for example population counts). 4. To carry out any action agreed in consultation with the inspector. In particular it is important that any requirement to shorten plots is undertaken and that missing values are returned on any plots which have been dropped from the trial.

The trials inspection also provides an opportunity for feed-back to RL Project Consortium about any problems with the trials protocol and Trials Operators are encouraged to make any points to the inspector so that these can be considered for future revisions to the protocol.

Appendix 1 Fungicide Protocol for Cereal Variety Trials – 2014

December 2013

Recommendations by Dr Simon Oxley, BASIS registration number: 20024819

RL Technical Manager: Bill Handley 01954 232071 NL Co-ordinator: Jeremy Widdowson 01353 653846

This programme is for use on HGCA Recommended List and National List cereal trials in 2014 (spring and summer applications to 2013/14 trials and autumn applications to 2014/15 trials). It is an experimental protocol and is designed to meet the protocol aim of keeping disease levels in treated plots below 5% infection in all varieties and in all trials. It is not intended to follow commercial practise.

Please note that most treatments are compulsory and the rates and timings specified should be adhered to as closely as possible. The protocol is robust and, if applied correctly, should be effective: if, however, disease levels rise above 5% (e.g. if weather conditions do not allow optimal application), please contact Bill Handley (RL) or Jeremy Widdowson (NL) to discuss an appropriate course of action.

Fungicides should be applied at the stated dose rates unless agreed otherwise with the RL Technical Manager or NL Coordinator. Changes to dose rates will only be sanctioned in exceptional circumstances, such as drought-stressed trials under low disease pressure.

Please contact the RL Technical Manager or NL Coordinator if you have any difficulty in sourcing a particular product.

In some cases, two or more products may be available from a company with the same active substances and formulation; if you wish to use such a product and it is not listed in this protocol, contact the RL Technical Manager or NL Coordinator. Generic products should be avoided as they may contain the same active substances but in a different formulation.

Important

Every care has been taken to ensure that all mixtures, rates and timings are approved, meeting COSSH regulations and manufacturer’s guidelines. However, it is the responsibility of the trial manager to ensure that they meet all current regulations at the time of application. The Technical Manager or NL Co-ordinator should be notified of any conflict between the protocol and current regulations.

In accordance with FRAC guidelines, only two applications of strobilurin fungicides and two SDHI fungicides are to be applied to any crop.

Products, active substances and manufacturers

Amount of active Product Active substance Manufacturer substance Adexar fluxapyroxad + epoxiconazole 62.5g/l + 62.5 g/l BASF Bravo 500 chlorothalonil 500 g/l Syngenta chlorothalonil + cyproconazole + Cherokee 375+50+62.5 g/l Syngenta propiconazole Comet 200 pyraclostrobin 200 g/l BASF Corbel fenpropimorph 750 g/l BASF Cyflamid cyflufenamid 50 g/l Certis Folicur tebuconazole 250 g/l Bayer Ignite epoxiconazole 83 g/l BASF Kayak cyprodinil 300 g/l Syngenta Proline 275 prothioconazole 275 g/l Bayer Prosaro prothioconazole + tebuconazole 125 + 125 g/l Bayer Siltra Xpro bixafen + prothioconazole 60 g/l + 200 g/l Bayer Talius/Justice proquinazid 200 g/l DuPont Torch spiroxamine 500 g/l Bayer Tracker boscalid + epoxiconazole 233 g/l + 67 g/l BASF

Winter wheat (including very early sown trials and late autumn sown winter/spring wheat)

Optional if rusts present in the autumn Ignite (0.75 l/ha)

Optional if mildew present in the autumn Corbel (0.5 l/ha) or Torch (0.7 l/ha) T0 GS 30 (as earliest varieties reach GS30) Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha) + Cherokee (1.5 l/ha)

T1 GS 32 (most varieties at GS32) but no later than 4 weeks Tracker (1.5 l/ha) after application T0. + Bravo 500 (1.0 l/ha) + Talius/Justice ( 0.15 l/ha)

Optional in high risk septoria situations Ignite (0.3 l/ha) Optional if rust developing Comet 200 (0.4-0.6 l/ha)

T2 GS 39-45 and no later than 4 weeks after application T1. Adexar (1.5-2.0 l/ha) + Bravo 500 (1.0 l/ha)

Optional, if mildew established + Cyflamid (0.25-0.5 l/ha)

T3 GS 55-61 Proline 275 (0.72 l/ha) + *Comet 200 (0.4-0.6l/ha)

*Apply higher rate in high risk brown rust situations

Spring wheat (spring sown)

If there is disease infection prior to GS 30, consult the Technical Manager/Coordinator. T1 GS 30-31 Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha) + Bravo 500 (1.0 l/ha) + Ignite (1.0 l/ha)

T2 GS 37 and no later than 3 weeks after application T1. Adexar (1.0-1.5 l/ha) + Bravo 500 (1.0 l/ha) + Talius/Justice (0.15 l/ha)

Optional, if rust established but note risk of crop stress + *Comet 200 (0.4-0.6 l/ha) T3 GS 51-61 Proline 275 (0.72 l/ha)

Optional, in high brown rust situations + *Comet 200 (0.4–0.6 l/ha)

*Apply higher rate in high risk brown rust situations

Winter Barley

Optional if disease present in the autumn Torch (0.7 l/ha)

T0 GS 26-30 at the start of spring growth. †Kayak (0.6-1.0 l/ha) + Torch (0.7 l/ha)

T1 GS 30/31 but no later than 4 weeks after application T1. Siltra Xpro (0.5-0.75 l/ha) + Bravo (1.0 l/ha) + Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha)

T2 GS 39-59 (earliest varieties should not exceed GS 59). If any Siltra Xpro (0.5-0.75 l/ha) variety has passed the GS59 timing, contact the Technical + Bravo 500 (1.0 l/ha) manager.

† Apply the lower rate if plants are under stress.

Spring barley

T0 GS 13-15 Optional if disease present Torch ( 0.6 l/ha)

T1 GS 25-31 Applications at the earlier end of this range may Siltra Xpro (0.4-0.6 l/ha) be necessary if Rhynchosporium or mildew is developing. + Bravo (1.0 l/ha) + Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha)

T2 GS 39-59 (earliest varieties should not exceed GS 59) but no Siltra Xpro (0.4-0.6 l/ha) later than 3 weeks after application T1. If any variety has + Bravo 500 (1.0 l/ha) passed the GS59 timing, contact the Technical Manager.

Winter oats

T0 Mid to late tillering Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha) + Ignite (0.75 l/ha)

T1 GS 31 Ignite (0.75 l/ha) + Talius/Justice (0.15 l/ha)

Optional if crown rust pressure is high + Comet 200 (0.5 l/ha)

T2 GS 39-45 Siltra Xpro (0.4-0.6 l/ha) + Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha)

Optional if crown rust pressure is high + Comet 200 (0.5 l/ha)

T3 Optional if crown rust remains a problem before GS61 Prosaro (0.8l/ha)

Spring Oats

T1 Mid to late tillering Ignite (0.75 l/ha) + Talius/Justice (0.15 l/ha)

Optional if crown rust remains a problem + Comet 200 (0.5 l/ha)

T2 GS 39-45 Siltra Xpro (0.4 l/ha) + Cyflamid (0.25-0.35 l/ha)

Optional if crown rust remains a problem + Comet 200 (0.5 l/ha)

Winter rye and winter triticale

T0 GS 30 (may be applied earlier if rust is present) Folicur (0.75 l/ha) + Torch (0.9 l/ha)

T1 GS 31-32 Adexar (1.0 l/ha) + Torch (0.9 l/ha)

T2 GS 39-45 Adexar (1.5 l/ha)

T3 Optional (rye only) if rust remains a problem before GS61 Prosaro (0.8l/ha)

Appendix 2 – Plant growth regulator protocol for Cereal Variety trials 2014

Recommendations by Dr Simon Oxley, BASIS registration number: 20024819 RL Technical Manager: Bill Handley 01954 232071

The following notes are given for guidance in the use of plant growth regulators on Recommended List trials. The full manufacturer instructions should be consulted prior to the storage, handling or use of any agrochemical product. The instructions and advice given on product labels should be followed at all times. There should be no conflicting advice between that given in this protocol and on the product label; if there appears to be any conflict, inform the Technical Manager before the application is made.

Table 1: Summary of applications for RL trials: Crop Fungicide treated plots Plots or DOPs without ‘Lodging’ fungicide treatment trials Winter wheat Yes Yes No Spring wheat Yes Yes N/A (late autumn or spring sown) Winter barley Yes unless the crop is stressed Yes unless the crop is No and the risk of lodging is stressed and the risk of negligible. lodging is negligible. Spring barley Yes unless the crop is stressed No No and the risk of lodging is negligible. Winter oats Yes. To +F/+PGR plots only N/a No Spring oats Yes. To +F/+PGR plots only No N/A Winter rye Yes Yes N/A Winter triticale Yes Yes N/A

Plant growth regulators should not be applied to trials grown specifically for the assessment of lodging.

There are important restrictions relating to the use of plant growth regulators. Crop damage can occur if the manufacturer’s guidelines are not followed.

Common restrictions are those relating to crops that:

 are sited on soils of low fertility  are suffering from herbicide damage  are under stress from drought, waterlogging or any other cause  were sown in the very late spring

Trial managers should consult the manufacturer’s instructions to see if any of these restrictions apply.

IN ALL CASES, PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DESIGNATED PLOTS ONLY AS SPECIFIED IN THE HGCA RECOMMENDED LIST CEREAL TRIALS PROTOCOL.

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 34 General guidance and notes specific to the use of PGRs on variety trials

Products should be used according to current manufacturer’s instructions. It is the responsibility of the trial manager to ensure that the growth stages of all of the varieties in the trial are within the manufacturer’s guidelines for use. The following notes are intended to highlight matters of particular relevance to the use of PGR products on variety trials and timings are relevant to earliest varieties. The Terpal doses in this protocol are below full rate. Consult the Technical Manager if you feel that a higher dose is needed e.g., if there is a risk of severe lodging but be aware that late applications of Terpal (e.g. at around the flag leaf emergence stage) at higher doses can lead to crop damage or stimulate the production of secondary tillers.

Winter wheat and late autumn sown spring wheat

Product Rate & timing

Moddus Moddus at 0.1-0.2 l/ha before GS30 for increased rooting and tiller survival.

SINGLE DOSE BASF 1) BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 @ 2.25 l/ha OR New 5C Cycocel @ 3C Chlormequat 720 or 2.5 l/ha at GS30-31 (in the North and North-west regions this can New 5C Cycocel be delayed to GS32) PLUS Moddus †Moddus at 0.1-0.2 l/ha Do not apply if any variety is beyond the GS32 timing. or

SPLIT DOSE BASF 3C 1) BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 at 1.6 l/ha OR New 5C Cycocel at 1.75 Chlormequat 720 or New l/ha at GS25-30 5C Cycocel PLUS Moddus †Moddus at 0.1-0.2 l/ha

followed at GS31-32 by

BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 at 0.7 l/ha OR New 5C Cycocel at 0.75 l/ha. Do not apply if any variety is beyond the GS32 timing.

Terpal Either single-dose of 1.0-1.75 l/ha (depending on lodging risk and *condition of the crop) at GS32-37 OR a split dose of 1.0 at GS33 plus 0.75 at GS37

*Terpal should not be applied if, on any variety in the trial, the leaf sheaths have split and the ears are visible. Do not apply Terpal if the crop is suffering from herbicide damage or physical stress caused (e.g.) by waterlogging, drought, take-all. Do not apply in temperatures above 21 oC

† Moddus. Apply unless the crop is stressed or the lodging risk is negligible.

Spring sown spring wheat trials Product Rate & timing

Single half dose at GS30-31. Consult the Technical Manager if the crop is BASF 3C Chlormequat late sown and/or under stress. Do not apply if any variety is beyond the 720 or New 5C Cycocel GS31 timing.

Terpal and Moddus should not be applied to spring sown spring wheat trials.

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 35 Winter barley trials

Moddus Moddus at 0.2 l/ha before GS30 for increased rooting and tiller survival.

BASF 3C BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 at 2.25l/ha OR New 5C Cycocel at 2.5 Chlormequat 720 or l/ha at GS25-30 (in high lodging risk situations and if applied at New 5C Cycocel GS30) PLUS Moddus Moddus at 0.1-0.2 l/ha, unless the crop is stressed or the lodging risk is negligible

Terpal 1.0 l/ha at *GS32-37

* Terpal should not be applied if, on any variety in the trial, the leaf sheaths have split and the ears are visible. Do not apply Terpal if the crop is suffering from herbicide damage or physical stress caused (e.g.) by waterlogging, drought, take-all. Do not apply in temperatures above 21 oC

Spring barley trials

Terpal Terpal 0.5 l/ha at GS32-37, unless the crop is stressed and the risk of lodging is negligible.

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 36 Winter & spring oat trials

Moddus Optional: Moddus at 0.1-0.2 l/ha, in high lodging risk situations and if applied at GS30, BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 or Single dose: BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 at 2.25l/ha OR New 5C Cycocel at 2.5 New 5C Cycocel l/ha at GS 32. A non-ionic wetting agent should be used: see product label.

Apply routinely as a single application to all appropriate trials unless it is felt that the application is inadvisable, in which case the Technical Manager should be consulted. Do not apply to ‘lodging’ trials. Terpal should not be used on oat trials.

Winter rye & triticale trials

BASF 3C Single dose: BASF 3C Chlormequat 720 at 2.25l/ha OR New 5C Chlormequat 720 or Cycocel at 2.5 l/ha before GS 31 (triticale) or at GS 31 (rye) New 5C Cycocel PLUS Moddus at 0.1-0.2 l/ha.

Terpal Terpal 1.5-2.0 l/ha at GS32-37 (use lower rate if crop is stressed).

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 37 Appendix 3 - Growth stage key

SEEDLING GROWTH TILLERING 10 first leaf through coleoptile 20 main shoot only 11 first leaf unfolded 21 main shoot and 1 tiller 12 2 leaves unfolded 22 main shoot and 2 tillers 13 3 leaves unfolded 23 main shoot and 3 tillers 14 4 leaves unfolded 24 main shoot and 4 tillers 15 5 leaves unfolded 25 main shoot and 5 tillers 16 6 leaves unfolded 26 main shoot and 6 tillers 17 6 leaves unfolded 27 main shoot and 7 tillers 18 8 leaves unfolded 28 main shoot and 8 tillers 19 9 or more leaves unfolded 29 main shoot and 9 or more tillers STEM ELONGATION BOOTING 30 Ear at 1 cm 41 flag leaf sheath extending 31 1st node detectable 43 boots just visibly swollen 32 2nd node detectable 45 boots swollen 33 3rd node detectable 47 flag leaf sheath opening 34 4th node detectable 49 first awns visible 35 5th node detectable 36 6th node detectable 37 flag leaf just visible 39 flag leaf ligule/collar just visible INFLORESCENCE (EAR EMERGENCE) ANTHESIS 51 First spikelet of inflorescence just visible 60 beginning of anthesis 52 ¼ of inflorescence emerged 61 55 ½ of inflorescence emerged 64 anthesis half-way 57 ¾ of inflorescence emerged 65 59 inflorescence completed 68 anthesis completed 69 MILK DEVELOPMENT DOUGH DEVELOPMENT 71 caryopsis watery ripe 83 early dough 73 early milk 85 soft dough 75 medium milk 87 hard dough 77 late milk RIPENING 91 caryopsis hard (difficult to divide by thumb-nail) 92 caryopsis hard (can no longer be dented by thumb-nail) 93 caryopsis loosening in daytime Reference: Tottman D R, Broad H (1987), Decimal Code for the Growth stages of Cereals Annals of Applied Biology 100, 683-687

Appendix 4 - winter hardiness assessment key

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 38 1-9 scale

A high figure shows good resistance to winter hardiness.

1 76% to 100% of plants dead. 2 Very severe leaf damage, 51% to 75% of plants dead. 3 Very severe leaf damage, 26% to 50% of plants dead. 4 Severe leaf damage, up to 25% of plants dead. 5 Severe leaf damage and a few dead plants. 6 Severe leaf tipping 7 Moderate leaf tipping 8 Slight to very slight leaf tipping 9 No damage

Note: Damage is frequently not apparent until several days after the end of a cold period.

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 39 Appendix 5 - Foliar disease assessment key

1) Examine top 4 leaves. If top leaf has been fully expanded for less than 14 days, refer to 2nd leaf as 'top leaf'. 2) Ignore all naturally senescent leaf tissue. 3) Include all chlorosis and necrosis attributable to disease. 4) Record % infection; use interpolated values (e.g. 3%) if necessary. Disease may be recorded on a 1-9 scale but the data must be submitted as a percentage score. Both scales are given in the assessment keys. 5) If foci present, record average over the plot as a whole.

1-9 scale % MILDEW YELLOW RUST BROWN RUST Infection 1 0 No infection observed 2 0.1 3 pustules per tiller 1 stripes per tiller 25 pustules per tiller 3 1 5 pustules per leaf 2 stripes per leaf 100 pustules per leaf 4 5 2 lower leaves Most tillers infected but Top leaf - numerous appear ¼ infected some top leaves pustules but leaves uninfected appear green overall 5 10 2 lower leaves All leaves infected but Top leaf - pustules appear ½ infected leaves appear green sufficiently dense to give overall brown appearance in patches 6 25 Leaves appear ½ infected ½ green 7 50 Leaves appear more infected than green 8 75 Very little green leaf tissue left 9 100 Leaves dead - no green tissue left

1-9 scale % SEPTORIA RHYNCHOSPORIUM NET BLOTCH Infection 1 0 No infection observed 2 0.1 1 lesion per 10 tiller 1 lesion per 10 tillers 1 small lesion per 10 tillers 3 1 2 small lesions per tiller 1 lesion per tiller 1 small lesion per tiller 4 5 Small lesions beginning to Discrete lesions on 2 lower leaves appear form areas of dead tissue most tillers, about ¼ infected. Other across width of leaf 2 per leaf leaves - few lesions 5 10 2 lower leaves - large Lesions coalescing 2 lower leaves appear ½ areas of diseased tissue but leaves appear infected. Other leaves - some covering 1/3 of leaf green overall numerous lesions 6 25 Leaves appear ½ infected ½ green 7 50 Leaves appear more infected than green 8 75 Very little green leaf tissue left 9 100 Leaves dead - no green tissue left NIAB-TAG, Cambridge CB3 OLE

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 40 Appendix 6 - Ear blight of wheat key EAR BLIGHT OF WHEAT (Fusarium spp.) KEY No. 13

Notes of assessment 1) Carry out the assessment between GS 80-90. 2) Select 20 ears at random from each plot. 3) Estimate the percentage area infected on individual ears using the illustrations above as a guide. 4) Record the mean value from the 20 assessments.

For further details see Parry D W, Bayles R A & Priestley R H (1984). Resistance of winter wheat varieties to Ear Blight (Fusarium culmorum). Journal the National Institute of Agricultural Botany 16, 465-468.

NIAB-TAG, Cambridge CB3 OLE

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 41 Appendix 7 - Wheat glume blotch key

Wheat Glume Blotch (Septoria nodorum Berk.) Key No. 1.6.3

______

Percentage of ear affected

Notes: 1. Crops may be examined at any growth stage after GS 60 if glume blotch has appeared. 2. Assess 30 ears selected at random from each plot. 3. Assess the % ear affected on both sides of the ear and record a mean figure for that ear. Interpolate if necessary, e.g., if an ear falls between 10 and 25% give it a score in between, say, 15-20%.

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Tolcarne Drive, Pinner, Middlesex HA5 2DT

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 42 Appendix 8 - Eyespot of wheat key

Key No. 12

Eyespot of Wheat (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides)

______

Infection category Disease severity description ______

0 Uninfected.

1 Slight eyespot (one or more small lesions occupying less than half the circumference of the stem).

2 Moderate eyespot (one or more lesions occupying at least half the circumference of the stem)

3 Severe eyespot (stem completely girdled with lesions; tissue softened so that lodging would readily occur). ______

Notes of assessment

1) Examine 20 tillers per plot.

2) Assign each tiller to one of the infection categories above.

3) Write the number of tillers in each category on the record sheet.

4) An index will be calculated from the data as follows:

Disease index = (0 x a) + (1 x b) + (2 x c) + (3 x d) x 100 (a + b + c + d) 3

Where a, b, c and d are the number of tillers examined which fall into the categories 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

For further details, see Scott, P R and Hollins, T W (1975). Effects of eyespot on the yield of winter wheat. Annals of Applied Biology 78, 269-279.

NIAB-TAG, Cambridge CB3 OLE 1985

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 43 Appendix 9 - Determination of Dry Matter on Cereals

Oven Method

Principle:

Samples are dried until constant mass is achieved. For expediency it is permissible to dry samples for a fixed time provided it can be demonstrated that this is sufficient to reliably achieve constant mass for samples even when the chosen apparatus is fully loaded with samples.

Apparatus and Equipment:

Oven. Electrically heated and controlled in such a way that, during normal working, the mean temperature of the air and of the shelves carrying the test samples is 100°C and operates within the range 96 - 104°C.

The oven should be regularly maintained and regularly checked for correct operation.

Sample drying trays. Durable under test conditions and being of a size which enables the test sample to be distributed evenly within the tray and at depth which does not protract the drying time.

Balance. Accuracy 0.1g ± 0.05g. The balance should be regularly serviced and calibrated. Frequent checks on its correct operation should be made during the period when the balance is in use.

Method:

The test samples are received direct from the combine in hermetically sealed bags or containers. Weigh a fully representative 100g sub-sample or an accurately recorded catch-weight between 100- 110g and place into the drying tray with an identifying label. Place the drying trays containing the test samples into the pre-heated oven. Dry the test samples for the pre-determined period or until constant mass is achieved (see below).

Remove the test samples from the oven and record the dry weight of the test sample to 0.1g.

If achievement of constant mass is to be directly measured, five check samples should be removed from a range of positions within the oven after a period of about 16 hours. The dry weight of these samples should be recorded as above. The check samples should be returned to the oven and dried for a further 2 hours and the dry weight again recorded. A dry matter content of less than 0.3% between the two determinations will be accepted as representing constant mass. If constant mass has not been achieved, the check samples should be returned to the oven for further periods of two hours until constant mass is observed.

Results:

The dry matter content of the test sample is calculated as follows;

Dry Matter (%) = Dry test sample weight X 100 Original test sample weight

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 44 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

An alternative method for wheat and barley is the use of an NMR instrument. The instrument must be calibrated against the standard oven method detailed in 1 and 2 above.

Each year following the year of calibration, at least 100 samples must be analysed by both NMR and the standard oven method to confirm the calibration. If the standard error or prediction of oven values by NMR exceeds 0.2, the NMR instrument must be re-calibrated for that season.

Electronic moisture analyser (moisture meter)

Principles:

Moisture analysers, either separate instruments or probes on combines, may be used for determining the dry matter of harvested grain. There are no restrictions on the make or model of moisture analyser that may be used, provided the conditions described below are met.

The manufacturer's recommendations for use must be followed. On-combine analysis must only be carried out on equipment specifically manufactured for this purpose. 'Desk-top' analysers should not be used on the combine because it has been shown that heat and vibration can cause inaccuracy.

Equipment:

The analysing equipment must:

 be regularly calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions using check samples (see reference below) and have a moisture content accuracy of plus/minus 0.5%. The calibration data should be retained for a minimum of 1 year.  be serviced regularly, especially just prior to harvest, according to manufacturer recommendations. The action taken should be documented and the information held for a minimum of 1 year.  be fit for use in accordance with manufacturer instructions. It should have an adequate power supply throughout operation. Instructions should be held with the machine and all operators adequately trained in its operation.

In the field:

 The determination of dry matter should be the same for all plots in a trial replicate. For this reason, there should be minimal risk of rainfall during the harvest of a replicate. If there is a significant risk then backup samples should be taken from all plots to allow comparison through the oven method or NMR.  The grain samples to be analysed must be between 83 and 88% dry matter (12 to 17% moisture content). If it is possible that samples in a replicate may fall outside this range, samples must be taken from all plots so that the oven method or NMR may be used should it be necessary. Suitable polythene bags or plastic pots and labels should be obtained locally and made available at all times during the harvest to allow this to be carried out.  The grain to be analysed must be fully ripe with no green ears/grains in any sample. In these cases the samples for the oven method or NMR should be used.  The data sent to NIAB-TAG must be in the form DRY MATTER%.

References: BS 4317-24:1990, ISO 7700/1-1984 Method of checking the calibration of moisture meters for cereals.

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 45 Appendix 10 - Deadlines and milestones

HGCA RECOMMENDED LIST TRIALS - DEADLINES AND MILESTONES

It is required that RL Project Consortium trials will be grown to the highest standards and that contractors will give them priority. Failure to meet the trial specification without good reason will be a breach of the contract and could result in reduced or no payment of the agreed fee for that trial.

If any operation, for example drilling, disease recording or harvesting, are delayed or carried out in poor conditions, it is the responsibility of the contractor to inform the Technical Manager and to explain the reasons for the delay/ problem. Failure to inform the Technical Manager will constitute a breach of the contract.

Failure to return data and / or samples by these deadlines without good reason will constitute a breach of contract.

Report Deadline

Notification of Within 2 days of sowing. Trial plan sheet, clearly showing changes changes to plan

Site data Autumn sown trials: Early data plot recording sheet. Early plot data within 2 months of Site data. sowing. Map of area. Spring sown trials: within Field layout sketch. 1 month of sowing. Trial layout. Trial diary.

Disease data 11th July. Disease data recording sheet. Trial diary update.

Harvest data Within 5 days of harvest. Harvest data recording sheet. Agchem details. Trial diary update.

Responses to trial queries Response to email or 7 days after the request or by harvest if this is sooner telephone queries from the Technical Manager during the season Response to email or 1 working day telephone queries from the Technical Manager after the trial has been harvested Quality samples Grain quality samples To be received by laboratory (as designated by the Technical Manager) within 3 days of harvest unless drying is required when they should be sent within 5 days. Physical quality (wheat) To be received by laboratory (Campden BRi) within 3 days of harvest All other samples To be received by laboratory designated by the Technical Manager within 3 days of notification that they are required.

Protocol CER 12-16 Page | 46 Appendix 11 – List of cereal trials 2012-16 with sowing specifications

HGCA RL trials specifications 2012-2016

Trial ID Trial type(s) Contractor Location Rotation AW2014AG536 Yld T & D Agrii Essex 1st AW2014EL401 Yld T & D Elsoms Lincs 1st AW2014KW402 Yld T & D KWS Suffolk N/s AW2014SS537 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset N/s RY2014SS425 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset N/s RY2014SU065 Yld T & D Saaten Union Suffolk N/s RY2014SU424 Yld T & D Saaten Union Suffolk N/s SB2014BE627 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG North (Yorks) Teesside 2nd+ SB2014CW634 Yld T, D & L Cropworks Dundee N/s SB2014DV624 Yld T, D & L NIAB-TAG South-west Devon 2nd+ SB2014ES641 Yld T & U SRUC Edinburgh E. Lothian 2nd+ SB2014HA636 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG W. Mids Cheshire 2nd+ SB2014HC637 Yld T & D HAUC Shrops 2nd+ SB2014HE632 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG West Herefordshire 2nd+ SB2014LM631 Yld T & D Limagrain Norfolk 1st SB2014MR630 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG East Norfolk 1st SB2014NI638 Yld T & U AFBI NI, Strabane 1st SB2014NI639 Yld T, U & L AFBI NI, Crossnacreevy N/s SB2014SA623 Yld T & D Scottish Agronomy Fife 2nd+ SB2014SA626 Yld T & U Scottish Agronomy Sc. Borders N/s SB2014SA640 Yld T & D Scottish Agronomy Ross 2nd+ SB2014SG633 Yld T & D SGS Oxon 2nd+ SB2014SS635 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset N/s SB2014SY622 Yld T & D Syngenta Lincs 2nd+ SB2014TF621 Yld T & D Trials Force Angus 2nd+ SO2014IB401 Yld T & U IBERS Aberystwyth N/s SO2014NI412 Yld T & U AFBI NI, Crossnacreevy N/s SO2014SA410 Yld T & U Scottish Agronomy Sc. Borders N/s SO2014SA707 Yld T & U Scottish Agronomy Fife N/s SO2014SG708 Yld T & U SGS Oxon N/s SO2014TF409 Yld T & U Trials Force Angus N/s SW2014AG403 Yld T & D Agrii Essex 1st SW2014SG538 Yld T & D SGS Oxon 1st SW2014SU404 Yld T & D Saaten Union Suffolk 1st WB2014AG615 Yld T & U Agrii Essex 2nd+ WB2014BE606 Yld T, D & L NIAB-TAG North (Yorks) Teesside 2nd+ NIAB-TAG N. Mids WB2014BE608 Yld T & U Lincs N/s (Lincs) WB2014DV614 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG South-west SW England 1st WB2014ES602 Yld T, D & L SRUC Edinburgh E. Lothian 2nd+ WB2014ES611 Yld T, U & L SRUC Edinburgh Dundee 2nd+ WB2014HA617 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG W. Mids Cheshire 2nd+ WB2014HE612 Yld T, U & L NIAB-TAG West Herefordshire 2nd+ WB2014HH607 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG North (Yorks) N Yorks Wolds 1st WB2014LM610 Yld T & D Limagrain Norfolk 1st WB2014NI618 Yld T, D & L AFBI NI, Limavady N/s WB2014SA601 Yld T & D Scottish Agronomy Aberdeen 2nd+ WB2014SA604 Yld T, U & L Scottish Agronomy Sc. Borders 2nd+ WB2014SG616 Yld T, D & L SGS Warks 2nd+

WB2014SS619 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset N/s WB2014SU613 Yld T & D Saaten Union Suffolk 2nd+ WB2014SY609 Yld T & D Syngenta Lincs 2nd+ WO2014AG422 Yld T & Yld L Agrii Essex 2nd+ WO2014DV704 Yld T & Yld L NIAB-TAG South-west SW England N/s WO2014IB420 Yld T & Yld L IBERS Shrops 2nd+ WO2014NI706 Yld T & Yld L AFBI NI, Crossnacreevy 2nd+ WO2014SA411 Yld T & Yld L Scottish Agronomy Fife N/s WO2014SA703 Yld T & Yld L Scottish Agronomy Sc. Borders N/s WO2014SS701 Yld T & Yld L NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset N/s WO2014WY702 Yld T & Yld L NIAB-TAG SE (Kent) Kent N/s WT2014SS427 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset N/s WT2014SU426 Yld T & D Saaten Union Suffolk N/s WW2014AG516 Yld T & D Agrii Suffolk 2nd+ WW2014AG521 Yld T & D Agrii Essex 2nd+ NIAB-TAG N. Mids WW2014BE512 Yld T & U Lincs 1st (Lincs) WW2014CW503 Yld T & D Cropworks Fife 2nd+ WW2014DL569 Yld T & D DLF Trifolium Gloucs 1st WW2014DV528 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG South-west SW England 2nd+ WW2014EL519 Yld T, D & L Elsoms Lincs 1st WW2014ES504 Yld T, U & L SRUC Edinburgh E. Lothian 1st WW2014HA532 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG W. Mids Cheshire 2nd+ WW2014HC523 Yld T, U & L HAUC Shrops 1st WW2014HH506 Yld T, D & L NIAB-TAG North (Yorks) Yorkshire 1st WW2014HH508 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG North (Yorks) Teesside 1st WW2014HH510 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG North (Yorks) N Yorks Wolds 1st WW2014KW520 Yld T & D KWS Suffolk 1st WW2014KW524 Yld T, D & L KWS Leics 1st WW2014LM514 Yld T & D Limagrain Norfolk 1st WW2014LM517 Yld T & D Limagrain Suffolk 2nd+ WW2014MR513 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG East Norfolk 1st WW2014NI531 Yld T, D & L AFBI NI, Limavady 1st WW2014RA515 Yld T & D RAGT Cambs 2nd+ WW2014SA502 Yld T & D Scottish Agronomy Aberdeen 2nd+ WW2014SA505 Yld T & D Scottish Agronomy Sc. Borders 1st WW2014SA533 Yld T & U Scottish Agronomy Fife N/s WW2014SG526 Yld T & U SGS Warks N/s WW2014SS527 Yld T & U NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset 1st WW2014SS529 Yld T & D NIAB-TAG South Wilts/Hants/Dorset 2nd+ WW2014SU509 Yld T & D Saaten Union Ulceby 1st WW2014SY511 Yld T & D Syngenta Lincs 2nd+ WW2014TF501 Yld T, D & L Trials Force Angus 1st WW2014WY522 Yld T, D & L NIAB-TAG SE (Kent) Kent N/s

Key: Yld T: Yield trial (fungicide treated). 3 reps. Yld U: Yield trial (untreated). 3 reps. Yld L: Yield trial oats (treated with fungicide but not PGR). 3 reps. D: Disease Observation Plots (not taken to yield). Single rep. L: Lodging trial (treated with fungicide but not PGR; not taken to yield). 2 reps. 1st: First cereal after a break crop 2nd+: Second or later cereal after a break.