Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Cancer Health Ed. 100 M. Collins, MPH
The Cardiovascular System
Heart attacks and strokes are the most common life-threatening types of heart diseases
Characteristics of the Heart Diagram:
4 chambered pump (atria, ventricles) Size of a fist Weighs about 1 pound Function - creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body Blood enters via the Vena Cava into the right atrium
Heart Beat Stimulation
Signal sends impulses from the heart
Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed
Contributing Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed
High Triglyceride Levels Chronic hostility and Anger
Heart Disease Risk Factors for Students YOUR AGE Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with hypertension or taking hypertension medications= Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with high blood cholesterol = Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with physician–diagnosed diabetes= Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older who are obese= Percentage of adults aged 18 years and older who are current cigarette smokers (2003)= Percentage of adults aged 18 years and older who engage in no leisure–time physical activity (2003)=
Major Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed
Atherosclerosis
Atheroschlerosis is a form of ______(hardening of the arteries) Arteries become narrow due to ______buildup This process deprives blood and vital oxygen to specific organs, such as the heart, brain, etc. Results in the following:
Hypertension
Blood pressure exceeds a systolic (pressure at contraction) over ______mm/hg and/or a diastolic (pressure between contraction) over ______mm/hg Symptoms – the “silent killer” (no symptoms) Diagnosis – regular checks of resting blood pressure (average blood pressure < 120/80) Treatment – medication, exercise, dietary changes) A cause of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease What Does High Blood Pressure Really Mean? Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body in blood vessels called ARTERIES Deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart in VEINS The pressure on the walls of the ARTERIES is measured in blood pressure Measured as Systolic/Diastolic (125/83) Systolic= Diastolic=
Heart Attack
Damage to vessels of the coronary artery Principal cause – Myocardial infarction: heart attack Caused by a coronary thrombosis When the need for oxygen exceeds the supply, the result is chest pain called angina pectoris Recognizing and Treating a Heart Attack
Symptoms –
Diagnosis – ECG, angiogram, MRI Surgical Treatment – bypass, angioplasty, heart transplant Non-surgical Treatment- platelet inhibitors, aspirin, alcohol Most die within 2 hours from time of first symptoms. CALL 911!! DON’T WAIT!!! CPR- 15 chest compressions + 2 breaths
Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
Types –ischemic strokes (blockage), hemorrhagic strokes (ruptures) Diagnosis – CT scan, MRI Treatment – clot dissolving drug therapy High blood pressure leads to ruptures
Congestive Heart Failure
Swollen heart due to the lack of strength known as Pulmonary edema Causes – various causes from other illnesses to damaging heart to existing injury to the heart Treatment – drugs, modified lifestyle Pooling and swelling of the ankles and feet Your grandparents may have congestive heart failure
Other Forms of Heart Disease Congenital Heart Disease-malformation of the large blood vessels near the heart- FROM BIRTH Peripheral Artery Disease- diseases of the arteries close to the heart and brai Heart Valve Disorders- examples
Protecting Yourself against Cardiovascular Disease
Decrease Fat and Cholesterol Intake Decrease Sodium and increase Potassium Intake DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Know and manage your Blood Pressure
Cancer Cells Most cancers take the form of tumors: a mass of tissues that serve no physiological purpose Benign:
Malignant:
2006 Estimated US Cancer Deaths*
How Cancer Spreads: Metastasis
Metastasis is the spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesiveness They break away and pass through the lining of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissues These new tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases
Types of Cancer
Carcinomas –
Sarcomas – 1% of all cancers Lymphomas –
Leukemia –
Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, by Site, Men, 2000-2002* Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, by Site, Women, US, 2000-2002* The Incidence of Cancer
Each year, ______people in the United States are diagnosed with cancer Cancer death rates have dropped more than _____since 1990 The American Cancer Society believes that thousands of cases of colon, breast, and uterine cancer could be prevented by lifestyle changes
Lung Cancer
Risk Factors: Prevention: Treatment: Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy, Medications
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Considered the second leading cause of cancer deaths (could arise from pre- existing polyps) Risk Factors: Detection and Treatment: Removal of polyps, Yearly stool blood test, Sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, Surgery
Breast Cancer
Most common cancer in Women Risk factors
Prevention:
Treatment: Lumpectomy, Drug therapy, Chemotherapy/radiation treatments
Testicular Cancer
Risk factors: Family history, environmental factors Most prevalent in men age ______ Prevention: Self exams Early Detection: Observations and self exams Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
Prostate Cancer
Risk factors: Prevention: Early Detection: PSA screenings, ultrasound rectal exam Treatment: Surgery, radiation, implantation of radioactive seeds
Cervical Cancer
Risk factors: Prevention: Treatment: Surgery (minor or major), Radiation/chemotherapy
Uterine Cancer
Risk Factors: Early menopause, late menopause, lack of ovulation, never having given birth, use of tamoxifen, and also in diabetics, obese, and hypertensive women Prevention: Minimize high levels of estrogen and regular physician care Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone treatment
Ovarian Cancer
Prevention: Similar to what is recommended for breast cancer, Prophylactic oophorectomy Early Detection: Treatment: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Drug therapy
Skin Cancer
Considered the most common cancer of all Risk factors:
Prevention: Early Detection: Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2
The Causes of Cancer The Role of DNA Role of inheritance of certain genes DNA mutations such as oncogenes Cancer promoters Dietary Factors Dietary Fat and Meat Alcohol Fiber intake Fruits and Vegetables Inactivity and Obesity Microbes Carcinogens in the Environment Ingested chemicals Industrial pollution Radiation
Detecting Cancer: Identify the 7 warning signs of cancer
C= A= U= T= I= O= N=
Diagnosing Cancer
Exploratory surgery or a biopsy may be performed to identify a cancer’s stage or the following: Ultrasonography have been used to view tumors and is considered completely safe