<p>Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Cancer Health Ed. 100 M. Collins, MPH</p><p>The Cardiovascular System</p><p>  Heart attacks and strokes are the most common life-threatening types of heart diseases </p><p>Characteristics of the Heart Diagram:</p><p> 4 chambered pump (atria, ventricles)  Size of a fist  Weighs about 1 pound  Function - creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body  Blood enters via the Vena Cava into the right atrium </p><p>Heart Beat Stimulation</p><p> Signal sends impulses from the heart   </p><p>Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed</p><p>     </p><p>Contributing Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed</p><p> High Triglyceride Levels   Chronic hostility and Anger   </p><p>Heart Disease Risk Factors for Students YOUR AGE  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with hypertension or taking hypertension medications=  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with high blood cholesterol =  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with physician–diagnosed diabetes=  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older who are obese=  Percentage of adults aged 18 years and older who are current cigarette smokers (2003)=  Percentage of adults aged 18 years and older who engage in no leisure–time physical activity (2003)=</p><p>Major Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed</p><p>   </p><p>Atherosclerosis</p><p> Atheroschlerosis is a form of ______(hardening of the arteries)  Arteries become narrow due to ______buildup  This process deprives blood and vital oxygen to specific organs, such as the heart, brain, etc.  Results in the following:   </p><p>Hypertension</p><p> Blood pressure exceeds a systolic (pressure at contraction) over ______mm/hg and/or a diastolic (pressure between contraction) over ______mm/hg  Symptoms – the “silent killer” (no symptoms)  Diagnosis – regular checks of resting blood pressure (average blood pressure < 120/80)  Treatment – medication, exercise, dietary changes)  A cause of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease What Does High Blood Pressure Really Mean?  Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body in blood vessels called ARTERIES  Deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart in VEINS  The pressure on the walls of the ARTERIES is measured in blood pressure  Measured as Systolic/Diastolic (125/83)  Systolic=  Diastolic= </p><p>Heart Attack</p><p> Damage to vessels of the coronary artery  Principal cause –  Myocardial infarction: heart attack  Caused by a coronary thrombosis  When the need for oxygen exceeds the supply, the result is chest pain called angina pectoris Recognizing and Treating a Heart Attack</p><p> Symptoms – </p><p> Diagnosis – ECG, angiogram, MRI  Surgical Treatment – bypass, angioplasty, heart transplant  Non-surgical Treatment- platelet inhibitors, aspirin, alcohol  Most die within 2 hours from time of first symptoms.  CALL 911!! DON’T WAIT!!!  CPR- 15 chest compressions + 2 breaths</p><p>Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)</p><p>  Types –ischemic strokes (blockage), hemorrhagic strokes (ruptures)  Diagnosis – CT scan, MRI  Treatment – clot dissolving drug therapy  High blood pressure leads to ruptures</p><p>Congestive Heart Failure</p><p> Swollen heart due to the lack of strength known as Pulmonary edema  Causes – various causes from other illnesses to damaging heart to existing injury to the heart  Treatment – drugs, modified lifestyle  Pooling and swelling of the ankles and feet  Your grandparents may have congestive heart failure</p><p>Other Forms of Heart Disease  Congenital Heart Disease-malformation of the large blood vessels near the heart- FROM BIRTH  Peripheral Artery Disease- diseases of the arteries close to the heart and brai  Heart Valve Disorders- examples</p><p>Protecting Yourself against Cardiovascular Disease</p><p>  Decrease Fat and Cholesterol Intake    Decrease Sodium and increase Potassium Intake   DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)   Know and manage your Blood Pressure </p><p>Cancer Cells  Most cancers take the form of tumors: a mass of tissues that serve no physiological purpose  Benign: </p><p> Malignant: </p><p> 2006 Estimated US Cancer Deaths*</p><p>How Cancer Spreads: Metastasis</p><p> Metastasis is the spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesiveness  They break away and pass through the lining of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissues  These new tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases</p><p>Types of Cancer</p><p> Carcinomas –</p><p> Sarcomas – 1% of all cancers  Lymphomas – </p><p> Leukemia – </p><p>Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, by Site, Men, 2000-2002* Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, by Site, Women, US, 2000-2002* The Incidence of Cancer</p><p> Each year, ______people in the United States are diagnosed with cancer  Cancer death rates have dropped more than _____since 1990  The American Cancer Society believes that thousands of cases of colon, breast, and uterine cancer could be prevented by lifestyle changes</p><p>Lung Cancer</p><p> Risk Factors:  Prevention:  Treatment: Surgery, Radiation, Chemotherapy, Medications</p><p>Colon and Rectal Cancer</p><p> Considered the second leading cause of cancer deaths (could arise from pre- existing polyps)  Risk Factors:  Detection and Treatment: Removal of polyps, Yearly stool blood test, Sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, Surgery</p><p>Breast Cancer</p><p> Most common cancer in Women  Risk factors</p><p> Prevention: </p><p> Treatment: Lumpectomy, Drug therapy, Chemotherapy/radiation treatments</p><p>Testicular Cancer</p><p> Risk factors: Family history, environmental factors  Most prevalent in men age ______ Prevention: Self exams  Early Detection: Observations and self exams  Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation</p><p>Prostate Cancer</p><p>  Risk factors:  Prevention:  Early Detection: PSA screenings, ultrasound rectal exam  Treatment: Surgery, radiation, implantation of radioactive seeds</p><p>Cervical Cancer</p><p> Risk factors:  Prevention:  Treatment: Surgery (minor or major), Radiation/chemotherapy</p><p>Uterine Cancer</p><p> Risk Factors: Early menopause, late menopause, lack of ovulation, never having given birth, use of tamoxifen, and also in diabetics, obese, and hypertensive women  Prevention: Minimize high levels of estrogen and regular physician care  Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone treatment</p><p>Ovarian Cancer</p><p> Prevention: Similar to what is recommended for breast cancer, Prophylactic oophorectomy  Early Detection:  Treatment: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Drug therapy</p><p>Skin Cancer</p><p> Considered the most common cancer of all  Risk factors: </p><p> Prevention:  Early Detection:  Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2</p><p>The Causes of Cancer  The Role of DNA Role of inheritance of certain genes DNA mutations such as oncogenes Cancer promoters  Dietary Factors Dietary Fat and Meat Alcohol Fiber intake Fruits and Vegetables  Inactivity and Obesity  Microbes  Carcinogens in the Environment Ingested chemicals Industrial pollution Radiation</p><p>Detecting Cancer: Identify the 7 warning signs of cancer</p><p> C=  A=  U=  T=  I=  O=  N=</p><p>Diagnosing Cancer</p><p>  Exploratory surgery or a biopsy may be performed to identify a cancer’s stage or the following:    Ultrasonography have been used to view tumors and is considered completely safe </p>