Chapter 26: the Sun and the Solar System

Chapter 26: The Sun and the Solar System

26-1 The Sun’s Size, Heat, and Structure .1 The sun’s ______is 1,400,000 km and its ______is 300,000 times the mass of ______. .2 ______use specialized ______instruments to study the ______. Looking directly at the sun can ______your ______!

.A The Sun’s Energy .1 All ______get their ______from ______: the ______of the nuclei of lighter ______to form a ______element. .2 In 1905, the physicist Albert ______, proposed that a small amount of ______yields a large amount of ______:

E = m c2

E = Energy produced m = Mass c = Speed of light (300,000 km/s)

.3 In the intense ______and ______of stars, atoms are torn apart into ______and ______forming plasma: fourth state of matter consisting of ______particles (nuclei and electrons). .4 During the nuclear ______of hydrogen, 4 ______nuclei ______to form 1 ______nucleus and a lot of ______. .5 The ______nucleus has about 0.7%______mass than the ______nuclei. This lost mass is converted into ______. The energy ______causes the sun to ______and gives the sun its high ______.

.B The Sun’s Layers .1 The force of ______that pushes inward ______the ______produced inside the sun that pushes outwards. .2 The ______is at the center of the______: )a It consists mostly of ______and ______in the ______state. )b The______in the core is about ______ºC. )c It is more than ______times as ______as water. .3 ______Zone: The zone of the sun’s ______that is between the ______and the ______zone and in which energy moves by ______. )a ______: about 2,000,000 ºC - ______ºC. )b ______moves outward in the form of ______.

Earth and Space Science Chapter 26 Page 1 .4 ______zone: The zone of the sun’s ______that is between the ______zone and the ______and in which energy is carried upward by ______. )a ______: about 1,500,000 ºC. )b Energy moves outward through ______. Convection is the ______of ______by moving ______: hot ______carry energy to the sun’s surface where they ______, lose energy, and get denser. These ______gases sink, are______, and______again. .5 ______: visible surface of the sun and the______layer of the solar ______. )a Made of ______that have risen from the ______zone. )b ______: 6,000 ºC. )c Much of the ______given off form the ______is visible light. .6 The sun’s ______is made up of two ______: )a ______: thin layer above the ______that emits a distinctive ______color. ()1 Temperature: About ______ºC. ()2 ______move away from the ______regularly forming narrow ______of hot gas that shoot ______to form the ______(solar ______). Some of these jets reach heights of ______km. )b The sun’s outer ______consists of the ______. It is a huge region of ______that has a temperature from 1,000,000 ºC to ______ºC. The ______becomes ______when the moon moves between the ______and the ______and blocks the light of the ______.

.C Features of the Sun .1 ______Unit: Distance between the _____ and the ______(=1 _____). .2 ______: Dark spots on the______. The dark spots are ______areas in relation to the surrounding ______. ______can last from a few ______to a few______. .3 The ______of the ______from left to right was the first indication that the sun______on its axis. .4 Because the sun is not a solid, it ______quicker near the ______(every 25 days) than near the______(every 34 days). .5 Sometimes more than 100 ______can be counted on the sun’s______. Sometimes none. The sunspot ______averages about ____ years from one period of ______activity to the next. .6 Solar______: A constant______of electrically ______particles given off by the ______. The solar ______reaches Earth in a few ______. .7 Solar ______can also be produced by solar______. Solar flares are ______of ______that rise up suddenly in areas of ______activity.

Earth and Space Science Chapter 26 Page 2 .8 Earth’s ______field shields the Earth from the solar ______. Some particles may ______with the ______field and the upper ______and produce the ______. ______are displays of color and ______near Earth’s ______. .9 Magnetic ______occur when solar______and ______thrown out by ______holes add to the solar______. .10 ______surges disrupting ______service and ______electrical appliances may be caused by magnetic ______.

26-2 Observing the Solar System: A History

.A The Movements of Planets and Stars .1 ______Model: Model of the ______that stated that ______stood at the ______of the Universe (______-centered model). .2 Early ______noticed that the same ______became visible at the same time every______and used this as the basis for a ______. .3 Some ______seem to change ______when viewed from Earth and move ______instead of east for a short period of time (______motion).

.B Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model .1 During the ______century, the ______astronomer ______developed the first ______predicting the ______of the ______. In his model planets moved in small ______, called ______, as they revolved in larger circles around ______, explaining why some planets appeared to move ______. .2 Because______planets pass ______planets, planets that are slower than ______appear to move ______when overtaken (like a car being passed on the ______). .3 ______model was used till the 16th ______.

.C Copernicus’s Heliocentric Model .1 In the ______century, the ______astronomer ______proposed a sun-centered, or______, model of the solar system: the planets ______around the ______in the same direction but at different ______and ______from the sun.

.D Tycho, Kepler, and Planetary Motion .1 The ______nobleman Tycho ______developed his own ______to observe the orbits of the moon, planets, and other objects in the _____ century. His assistant Johannes ______built on Tycho’s ______. .2 ______discovered that the ______of planets is ______rather than round and developed three ______that explain ______motion:

Earth and Space Science Chapter 26 Page 3 )a Law of ______: states that each planet ______the sun in a path called an ______, not a circle. A planet’s ______from the sun will ______throughout its orbit. )b Law of Equal ______: describes the ______at which objects travel at different ______in their ______. Kepler calculated that a ______from the ______of the sun to the center of an ______sweeps through equal ______in equal periods of ______. Equal ______are covered in______amounts of______as an object orbits the sun. )c ______Law: describes the______between the average ______of a planet from the ______and the orbital ______of the planet. ______period: the ______required for a body to complete a single ______.

a3 = p2

a = average ______of planet from the______(astronomical units (AU). p = ______(Earth years).

The above ______points out that with an ______in ______from the sun, ______take longer to ______the sun. When the ______is known, the ______can be calculated and vice versa.

.E Isaac Newton and the Law of Gravitation .1 ______hypothesized that a moving ______will remain in ______and resist a change in ______or ______until an outside ______acts on it. This is called______and describes Newton’s first law of ______. .2 In addition ______discovered that the ______causing curving orbits is ______. ______is an ______force that exists between any two ______in the______and which depends on the ______of the objects and the ______between them. .3 While ______pulls an object toward the ______, ______keeps the object moving ______in a straight line. .4 The ______of the outer ______are larger and ______more gently because the outer ______are farther away from the ______causing the ______pull of the sun to be ______.

.F Science and Society .1 The Italian Galileo ______was the first person to use ______to build ______. He taught himself how to ______lenses to build stronger ______. .2 He used the new ______of the ______to study the sky and made numerous ______: )a The ______had ______. Earth and Space Science Chapter 26 Page 4 )b The moon had ______and ______. )c There were more ______than once believed and they were ______away from Earth than the ______. )d ______had four ______. .3 Through his ______and his practices, Galileo became marked as the ______of modern ______.

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