Lesson8: the Progressive Paradox

T R A N S F O R M I N G A M E R I C A F I N A L S C R I P T

TITLE: Lesson 12 - A New Deal

PREPARED FOR: Dallas Telelearning

WRITER: Stephen Dyer

PRODUCER: Julia Dyer

DRAFT: FINAL

DATE: 12 January, 2004 Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  1

V I S U A L A U D I O

FADE IN: Introduction (2:00)

1. Archival motion picture, if PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: I available 1933 State of the Union pledge myself to a new deal for the American

people.

Music Up 2. Archival: Images of Great NARRATOR: Newly elected President Franklin Depression – bread lines, workers outside closed factories Delano Roosevelt faced the greatest economic

crisis in American history. Three years into the

Great Depression, unemployment stood at a

staggering 25%, the nation’s banking system 3. The Dust Bowl, soldiers chasing WWI Vets out of Washington was on the verge of bankruptcy, and public (Bonus March) confidence was zero. 4. Archival motion picture footage PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: This if available. great nation will endure as it has endured, will

revive and will prosper. 5. Pics of FDR and his cabinet (the NARRATOR: Aided by an energetic and forward- “Brain Trust”) thinking cabinet known as the “Brain Trust”,

FDR’s administration launched a head-on assault

on the Depression. 6. Archival: Harold Ickes Actor as HAROLD ICKES: It’s like quitting a

morgue for the open woods. Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  2

CAMPAIGN SONG: Happy days are here

again…

The skies above are clear again…. 7. Archival: motion picture or still NARRATOR: During Roosevelt’s first hundred photographs of the CCC, signing FERA or people cooking days in office, emergency banking legislation a simple family meal reopened stable banks and for the first time

guaranteed deposits. Work relief programs

created jobs for the unemployed and the Federal

Emergency Relief Act provided funds for the 8. Archival motion picture footage of the TVA building dams, destitute. Farm subsidy legislation sought to erecting power lines, etc. stabilize and raise crop prices, and the

Tennessee Valley Authority promised jobs and

electric power to a great swath of the rural South. 9. Archival: men at work on NARRATOR: Perhaps Roosevelt’s greatest Federal projects (including Mt. Rushmore) accomplishment was to give hope to the

American people. He brought a vast reservoir of

confidence to the presidency, a positive outlook

and a reassuring voice to a troubled nation. 10.Archival motion picture footage PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: Let me if available--FDR assert my firm belief that the only thing we have

to fear is fear itself.

Crowd Cheers Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  3

Segment #1 – A Direct Connection (9:52)

Learning Objective: Explain the evolution of New Deal policies, especially those affecting businesses, the unemployed, laborers, farmers, and minorities. 11.Stills – depression era Music Up 12. Dianne Swann-Wright on DIANNE SWANN-WRIGHT (10:03:52:00): My camera Super: Dianne Swann-Wright parents loved Franklin Roosevelt. Not because

13.Pics of Dianne’s parents the New Deal affected them so much in any

special way, but because of the fact that they

had the impression that he was not against

African-Americans. They felt that he liked and

respected black people. 14. Edward Archuleta on Camera EDWARD ARCHULETA (02:03:43:00): My

Super: Edward Archuleta grandfather, who was a staunch Republican, did

not like FDR whatsoever. When I would talk to 15.Pic of Ed’s grandfather my grandfather and he would tell me stories

about working for the CCC and working in the

CCC camp, I’d say, “Well, you know, FDR is the

one who gave you this job and you don’t like

him.” He said, “Oh no, he was a Communist.” 16.Actor silhouette Actor as WINSTON CHURCHILL: Meeting him

was like uncorking a bottle of champagne. Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  4

17.Archival: Churchill and FDR PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: I am

an exceedingly mild-mannered person. A

practitioner of peace, both domestic and foreign.

A believer in the capitalistic system, and for my

breakfast, a devotee of scrambled eggs. 18.Joan Hoff on Camera JOAN HOFF (07:24:42:00): He was a

Super: Joan Hoff, Montana State charismatic aristocrat. In other words there was University very little, if you looked at his background, that 19.mix with images of Roosevelt would allow you to think that he was going to be

able to relate to the common person.

RADIO ANNOUNCER: Ladies and Gentleman,

the President of the United States.

PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: My

friends, I want to talk for a few minutes with the

people of the United States about banking… 20.David Kennedy on Camera DAVID KENNEDY (01:08:14:00): Among the

Super: David Kennedy, Stanford things that he had was the ability to University communicate, through this brand new mass 21. mix with images of families electronic medium called the radio, a sense of listening to the radio, CU radio (from prog. 10), FDR delivering intimacy with millions of ordinary Americans. Fireside Chats, the mail room at the White House After Roosevelt’s first Fireside Chat, in the

22.Audio clips of FDR’s fireside following week, one week, the White House Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  5

chats received 450,000 letters from just ordinary

Americans, just responding at will to this

presidential talk. And the White House mailroom

had to hire something like 115 or 120 people to

handle this volume of mail.

23.Joan Hoff on camera JOAN HOFF (07:25:24): He could be flexible.

Where Hoover was rigid, he would consider all

kinds of ideas. It was said that he usually agreed

with the last person who talked with him on any

given day. So he was willing to experiment. 24.Kevin Boyle on camera KEVIN BOYLE (6:04:16): Almost immediately

Super: Kevin Boyle, Ohio what he starts to do is institute a series of State University programs that are designed simply to get people 25.Footage/pics of work relief programs (WPA, CCC, National temporary work. And if that means putting them Theater Project, etc.) on programs that the federal government will pay

for, building programs around the country, or

even direct relief programs, he’s willing to do

that. And the object is pretty simple – when you

get people working, what they have is income.

And when you have income, what you can do is

you can start to, not only provide for your family,

but you can start to build back up an economy Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  6

that is in a death spiral.

BANK EMPLOYEE: I got a position at this bank

after being out of work for two years and am I

happy.

BUSINESS OWNER: I don’t know whether it’s

Roosevelt, beer, or this good old summer

weather, but business is sure booming.

EMPLOYEE (John Wayne?): I’m beginning to

make a little money and thinking very seriously of

paying off a few of my old 1929 debts. 26.David Kennedy on Camera DAVID KENNEDY (01:13:18:00): The priority

agenda was not simply ending the depression or 27.Depression/New Deal-era pics focusing on children alleviating the effects of the depression. The

priority agenda was to restructure the American

society and the American economy in such a

way that future depressions would be far less

likely and that what wealth there was in the

society would be more equitably distributed and

more Americans would participate in what we

might broadly call the mainstream of American

social and economic life. Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  7

28. Archival footage: 1930’s era NARRATOR: To this end, in 1935 Roosevelt workers backed the National Labor Relations Act, or

29.Photo or footage: NY senator Wagner Act, that put the power of the federal Robert Wagner government behind workers’ right to organize. 30.Nelson Lichtenstein on Camera NELSON LICHTENSTEIN (10:13:19): The

Super: Nelson Lichtenstein, UC Wagner Act made illegal many of the anti-union Santa Barbara and discriminatory and violent activities of 31. Archival ftg./pics of strike- managers against workers. It said that it was in breaking, anti-union violence (e.g., IWW or Wobblies) the national interest to form trade unions and that

the rights of workers to free speech, to assembly,

will be protected within the bosom of the

corporation itself, within the bosom of the

workplace itself. This is, in fact, a very radical

extension of government power. Think about it 32.Footage/pics: black and white industrial workers in the south, for a moment. If you have a factory in union organizing in the south Birmingham, Alabama, imagine the racial

divisions that exist there. Imagine the difficulties

of black and white workers in Birmingham voting

anywhere outside the factory in it, and imagine

federal officials coming to that steel plant in

Birmingham and having a ballot box in which

blacks and whites themselves are voting secretly Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  8

and are voting against their traditional, you know,

foremen and superintendents who have been

running that show for sixty years. That has a

tremendously democratic potential. 33.Archival: John L. Lewis, the Actor as JOHN L. LEWIS: All we wanted was CIO meetings, labor in the streets a president who would hold the light for us while

we went out and organized.

LABOR FOLK SONG: Come all of you good

workers, good news to you I’ll tell…

of how the good old union has come in here to

dwell…

Which side are you on… 34.Archival: rallies and/or NARRATOR: With corporations and politicians leadership of the American Federation of Labor wary of the new Wagner Act, organized labor

itself reached a defining moment. Long

dominated by the skilled craftsmen of the

American Federation of Labor, a new mandate

was proposed to organize all workers together,

skilled and unskilled. 35.Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (06:14:26:00): It’s one of the

famous moments in American organized labor Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  9

history – 1935 convention, John L. Lewis is this

big, burly guy with this wild hair and kind of one 36.Archival: John L. Lewis; footage/pics of 1935 AFL giant eyebrow across his forehead…gets up at convention? the convention and he says, “The time has come

to organize the working people of America.” The

president of the carpenter’s union gets up and he

says, “John, nice speech. We’re not gonna do

that. We’ve never done that. We’re not doing it

now.” Now, John L. Lewis is a reasonable kind

of guy. He just hears an opposing opinion,

throws himself at the president of the carpenter’s

union, hits him in the face. They start swinging

away at each other, they’re rolling around on the

floor of the AFL convention. The other delegates

rush over and separate them. John L. Lewis

gets up. He brushes himself off. He walks out of

the AFL convention and he never comes back.

He then forms a new labor federation, the

Congress of Industrial Organization, the CIO.

Their sole purpose is to organize the major

industries of America, which means organizing

unskilled workers. Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  10

LABOR FOLK SONG: This union maid was

wise to the tricks of company spies…

She couldn’t be fooled by a company stool…

She’d always organize the guys, she’d always

get her way… 37.Archival: Flint, Michigan, 1936 NARRATOR: Though the first strikes were

planned for the steel industry, workers at the

General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan jumped

the gun.

FOLK SONG (cont.): ….I’m sticking to the

union… 38.Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (06:19:45:00): What they

decided to do is stage a sit-down strike. In other

words what they did, instead of leaving the plant, 39.Footage/pics: GM sit-down strikes of the 30’s they sat down right inside the plant and they said

we’re not leaving until we get the union

recognition from General Motors that the federal

government says we have a right to have. And

that’s a dramatic thing to do but it also is, it’s an

incredibly good tactic, because it means that

General Motors can’t run its plant. And suddenly Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  11

this huge General Motors empire that stretched

all around the United States was starting to

creak. It was having a hard time maintaining

production. And finally General Motors had no

choice and so in February 1937, they recognized

the right of these workers to form a union called

the United Automobile Workers. That was the

largest industrial corporation in the world,

brought to its knees by a handful of guys inside

their plant. When that happened, the floodgates

were opened for the CIO.

RALLY SPEAKER: Fellow workers, we want

peace and prosperity in this country here. That’s

what we’re fighting for and that’s what we’re

gonna have!

Crowd cheers 40. Archival: UAW celebrates the NARRATOR: Chrysler, US Steel, and General victory Electric soon followed, and though there were

notable holdouts, by 1939 the core of industrial

America was organized. For many workers who

remained outside union protection, Congress Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  12

passed the Fair Labor Standards Act, which set a

minimum wage, maximum hours, and finally

curbed the use of child labor. 41.Archival: Images of labor, NARRATOR: These worker protections were business in the New Deal era; images of black and Latino farm protested on both sides – by those who thought laborers and domestic workers; Huey Long? they went too far and those who thought they

didn’t go far enough in covering all workers. But

for all its flaws, New Deal labor legislation forever

altered the landscape between labor and

business, and the government’s role in their

relationship. 42. Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (07:15:18): When there’s no

question anymore that it’s going to stay,

American working life was utterly different.

43. Pics of ordinary people Ordinary people for the first time feel a direct

connection to their government. They feel it’s

their government. This was a moment in time

when the working class felt they had a stake in

their government and their government had a

stake in them.

Segment #2 – Making Life More Secure (5:11) Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  13

Learning Objectives: Explain the evolution of New Deal policies, especially those affecting businesses, the unemployed, laborers, farmers and minorities. 44.B-roll – depression footage Music Up 45.ARCHIVAL: images of worried, NARRATOR: One constant aspect of the Great desperate, or forlorn Americans from the Great Depression Depression was the public’s high level of fear –

fear of economic insecurity, mainly, but also fear

that the government could not cope with the

crisis, that the American way of life could not be

sustained. 46.Archival: closed banks, lines of Roosevelt sought to diminish this fear by passing people withdrawing money, the system in crisis legislation that provided psychological as well as

financial relief. The FDIC insured bank deposits.

The Securities and Exchange Commission

brought oversight to the stock markets. New

Deal labor legislation protected workers from

their employers. 47.Copystand: Social Security Act NARRATOR: But no single piece of legislation

identified the New Deal like the Social Security 48.Footage/pics: old people, poor people during Depression Act. Vast, complicated, contentious, and

incomplete, it nevertheless changed Americans

and their relationship with the federal

government forever. Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  14

49.David Kennedy on camera DAVID KENNEDY (1:15:36) We remember that

Super: David Kennedy, Stanford as probably the single most lasting and University consequential achievement of the New Deal.

And it’s very title, Social Security Act, is a

reminder of what the core agenda of the New

Deal was - to make life more secure for more

people. That is the alpha and the omega, it

seems to me, of what the New Deal is all about.

PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: We

can never insure 100% of the population against

100% of the hazards and vicissitudes of life, but

we have tried to frame a law which will give

some measure of protection to the average

citizen and to his family against the loss of a job

and against poverty stricken old age. 50.Roosevelt signs the Social NARRATOR: Social Security had to accomplish Security Act two real economic objectives – to make old age

more secure and to protect against

unemployment. Accepted today, it was radical at

the time. 51.Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (06:24:31:00): It’s an act set up

Super: Kevin Boyle, Ohio to transfer money from those who have jobs to State University Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  15

retirees. The vast majority of Americans had no

52.Juxtapose healthy younger way to retire on pensions. By the time they could workers with old folks, retirees no longer work, they had no means of support 53.Copystand: period paycheck and so it was addressing that social problem. stubs showing Social Security deduction? What it was also doing was setting up

mechanisms, a mechanism that made it possible

for people to retire at a reasonably young age

and open up jobs for younger people. Because

once people stepped out of a job at 65, knowing

that they had some way to support themselves,

well of course a job would open up and you

would get younger workers in. And just in the

same way that unions were meant to get income

into the hands of working people, Social Security

was going to get income into the hands of

retirees. And of course, again, that basic idea is

– then they’ll have something to spend and you’ll

spend your way out of depression. 54.Possible political cartoon here NARRATOR: Social Security neither covered

everyone, nor satisfied everyone. As with labor

legislation, political compromise had given the bill

an awkward shape. Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  16

55.Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (06:26:57): Most women were

excluded. Most African-Americans, male and

female, were excluded. The dominant reason is

really nothing more than discrimination.

Throughout the 1930’s, the Southern Democratic

bloc had veto power over an awful lot of New 56. Pics/ftg. of congressional debates, southern democratic Deal legislation. Franklin Roosevelt depended congressmen meeting with FDR on southern politicians on Capitol Hill to get his

programs through. And what they did not want to

see was a program that provided economic

security to African-Americans who were living

under a system of racial domination in the south.

It excluded job categories that were

predominantly African-American. So farm

laborers, they were excluded. So, too, were an

awful lot of Latino Americans. And it would take

years to make sure that coverage extended out

to all those people. But the basic premise, once

that premise was in place, then it could be

expanded and that was hugely important. 57.Archival: Frances Perkins NARRATOR: New Deal labor legislation,

including the Social Security Act, owed much to Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  17

Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, the first

female cabinet member in American history. A 58.Archival: the Shirt Waist factory fire, early Frances Perkins social worker from New York state, she had been

instrumental in early legislation designed to

protect immigrant factory workers. 59.Nelson Lichtenstein on camera NELSON LICHTENSTEIN (10:09:38:00): She Super: Nelson Lichtenstein, UC Santa Barbara had a tremendous credibility. She presided over

the expansion of the welfare state and over the

expansion of the laws which gave workers the

right to self-organization and so she came to be

a symbol and a sort of moral force, symbolizing

that sort of New Deal spirit. The Department of

60.B-roll: Frances Perkins Bldg. in Labor building in Washington D.C. is called the Washington DC Frances Perkins building, because she

symbolized its strength and its concern.

Segment #3 – The New Deal Coalition (7:21)

Learning Objectives: Analyze the effects of FDR and the New Deal on the presidency and American politics. 61.1930s animation symbolizing SONG: Happy days are here again, the skies industrious workplace above are clear again…

Let us sing a song of cheer again, Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  18

Happy days are here again… 62.Archival: the new democratic NARRATOR: The New Deal greatly expanded coalition: variety of people voting, politically active the role of the federal government in the

economy and in the working lives of Americans,

and in that way alone changed the course of U.S.

politics in the twentieth century. It also forged an

unlikely yet powerful political coalition, merging

the traditionally Democratic south with new

elements of the population just coming into their

political maturity. 63.David Kennedy on Camera DAVID KENNEDY (01:21:16) Roosevelt puts

Super: David Kennedy, Stanford together an electoral coalition which dominated University American political life for a long generation

thereafter. It’s a coalition that brings together

various European-based ethnic communities

whose political participation had not been

particularly high before the 1930s – Polish

Americans, Italian Americans and so on, so forth. 64.Joan Hoff on Camera JOAN HOFF (08:00:40:00): People who had

Super: Joan Hoff, Montana State been just on the verge of making it into the University American middle class (sometimes they’re

referred to as the working class elite), the Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  19

immigrant groups, some segments of the black

community, women – it was a coalition waiting to

be organized basically, and waiting to follow

someone who looked like he might lead them out

of the Depression. And so it came together very

naturally by 1936. 65.Archival: the depression NARRATOR: Most of these groups were

adversely affected by the Depression, but each

had its own reasons for turning to Roosevelt and

the Democrats. 66.Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (07:11:41:00): Organized labor

Super: Kevin Boyle, Ohio State becomes critical to the New Deal and the University Democratic party almost immediately after the

Wagner Act is passed. They needed to support

the Democratic party, both to reward the

Democratic party for the Wagner Act and to

make sure that those protections stayed there. 67.Archival: American Indians with NARRATOR: Native Americans also saw some John Collier concrete benefits from the New Deal. 68.Don Fixico on Camera DONALD FIXICO (06:05:01:00): An interesting

Super: Donald Fixico, University person who became a champion of the Indians, of Kansas but even though he had his own critics too, was

John Collier. What he did as Commissioner of Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  20

Indian Affairs was to introduce something called

the Indian New Deal, the Indian Reorganization

Act of 1934. And so what this did was to develop

tribal constitutions and charter their communities. 69.Vine Deloria on Camera VINE DELORIA, JR. (14:00:40:00): It

Super: Vine Deloria, Jr. recognized the self-government that was there,

increased education, increased health benefits.

Overall, it was the most progressive period of

Indian history. 70. Actor silhouette Actor - Blacks for Roosevelt campaign

slogan: Let Jesus lead you and Roosevelt feed

you. 71.Archival: Black Americans; NARRATOR: In a major political shift, African- Archival: Turning Lincoln’s picture to the wall Americans en masse abandoned the party of

Lincoln and aligned themselves with the

Democrats and the New Deal. 72. Joan Hoff on Camera JOAN HOFF (08:03:10:00): Part of it can be

explained by these direct relief programs which

did filter down to the black community, especially

in urban areas. But also, to a certain degree,

credit I think has to be given to Eleanor 73. Eleanor Roosevelt reaching out to African-American community Roosevelt who reached out to the black

community and black organizations in ways that Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  21

her husband never did and in ways that most of

her husband’s advisors never did. She was

really crucial in building that bridge, I think,

between the upper class WASPs and the lower

class blacks and lower class immigrant groups. 74. Actor silhouette Actor as ELEANOR ROOSEVELT: I hope the

day will come when all the people of this country 75.Archival: Eleanor Roosevelt will understand that cooperation will bring us

happiness. 76.Archival: Eleanor and FDR; NARRATOR: Eleanor Roosevelt was the Eleanor out among the people, etc mortar in the New Deal coalition and a woman of

tremendous influence throughout her husband’s

presidency. With Roosevelt’s blessing, she

forged a leadership role for the first lady. 77.David Kennedy on Camera DAVID KENENDY (01:25:29:00): I think

Eleanor Roosevelt is a deeply intriguing figure.

She used to tell a story on herself, I believe it

was her honeymoon trip actually to Europe,

when she first married Franklin. At some event,

she was asked the question about American

politics and she had no clue what the answer

was and she was embarrassed by this. So she Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  22

set out to learn something about the life of the

society of which she was a part and its politics

especially. 78.Joan Hoff on Camera JOAN HOFF (08:04:08:00): Her role during the

New Deal was absolutely singular and very

important. Not only did she try to look after the

79. Image of Eleanor and FDR, interests of women, and the interests of blacks, showing his wheelchair? and the interests of workers, and to visibly go

around the country because FDR couldn’t go

around the country because of his own disability,

she became the eyes, the ears and the legs of

the New Deal. And she humanized the New

Deal, even though most of them didn’t alleviate

the problems of the poor. Eleanor was out there

looking like they were going to and talking like

they were going to. 80.Archival motion picture footage PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: In that if available. complete stagnation of business, of mines and of

bombs, there was only one agency capable of

starting things going again – the government. 81.Archival: political cartoons NARRATOR: In 1937, flush with re-election and

backed by a solid majority in both houses of Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  23

Congress, Roosevelt overreached his power in

an attempt to change the composition of the

Supreme Court. 82.Joan Hoff on Camera JOAN HOFF (08:06:48) In 1934 and ‘35, the

Supreme Court began to strike down some of the

early New Deal legislations and that enraged

Roosevelt. So he came into office for his second 83.Pics of New Deal-era Supreme Court term with this landslide behind him, feeling his

oats so to speak, and looked at that court and 84. B-roll: Supreme Court exterior said, “I’m not going to have this happen again. and bench I’m going to pack it. Every Supreme Court

justice who doesn’t resign within six months after

turning 70, I’m going to add a member to the

court.” It was really a stupid idea,

unsophisticated at every level, unconstitutional at

every level.

Actor as HERBERT LEHMAN, Governor of

New York: I feel that the end which you desire

to attain does not justify the means which you

recommend.

JOAN HOFF: Nobody was going to buy it. The Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  24

liberals weren’t going to buy it. The

conservatives weren’t going to buy it. And then it

was unnecessary, as it turned out, because the

court started to approve, in 1936, major New

Deal legislation. 85.Pics: Roosevelt appointees to NARRATOR: Although frustrated in his attempt the Supreme Court—or, full Roosevelt Court in 1940s to pack the Court, Roosevelt ultimately appointed

an entire Supreme Court bench through

constitutional means. His long and powerful

tenure in the White House marked the beginning

of the modern presidency. 86.Joan Hoff JOAN HOFF (08:11:05): Before the modern

presidency, before FDR, Congress really ran

87.Final pics of FDR, emphasizing things in terms of both domestic and foreign his power; and/or, b-roll from FDR memorial policy. And the modern presidency puts the

president in control. And the only control, really,

over the power of the modern presidency is the

control a president has over himself, which puts

us in kind of a scary situation sometimes.

Summary Analysis: A Big Deal (2:50)

Learning Objective: Assess the short Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  25

and long term consequences of New Deal reforms. 88.Archival: Buildings, roads, art, Music Up etc built as part of the New Deal. (AIP) NARRATOR: Like a national museum exhibit,

America is dotted with the buildings, roads,

murals, sculptures and dams of the New Deal

era. Taken together they tell a story of great

strife and hunger, lost hope buttressed by a man

and an administration committed to lifting a

country up out of misery, forever altering the path

of the American journey. 89.David Kennedy on Camera DAVID KENNEDY (01:23:56:00): Theodore

Super: David Kennedy, Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson signal the Stanford University expansion, the amplification, of the role of the

president in the American political system. But 90.Reprise images from program Franklin Roosevelt is clearly the person who

makes that a reality in quite a measurable way.

And the presidency becomes an enormously

important institution, not least of all because the

Executive Branch now administers an

institutional apparatus that is umpteen times

larger than it was before the New Deal. 91.Nelson Lichtenstein on Camera NELSON LICHTENSTEIN (10:20:50:00): I think Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  26

Super: Nelson Lichtenstein, UC the New Deal set the terms for political debate in Santa Barbara the United States in every election, every political

dispute, since then, because we still debate

issues that were raised in the New Deal – that is

the nature of taxation, the nature of employment,

the nature of regulation. 92.Kevin Boyle on Camera KEVIN BOYLE (07:15:57:00): It made people

Super: Kevin Boyle, Ohio State see their world in a new way. What one auto University worker said was that the major transformation for

him at work was that now he could tell his

foreman that he thought he was a son-of-a-bitch.

And that was something you didn’t dare do in the

1930’s. And that’s a big deal because suddenly

you don’t feel anymore that you’re a second

class citizen. That’s what the New Deal and

welfare state legislation and the union movement

did for millions and millions of people. 93.David Kennedy David Kennedy (01:13:18) If the test of the

New Deal’s success was its effectiveness in

doing battle against the Depression, on that

score it flunks badly. But if the test of the New

Deal’s effectiveness is, did it leave in place Transforming America • TA112 – FINAL • A New Deal  1/12/05  27

thereafter an institutional structure that prevented

another catastrophe of this sort and that ushered

more Americans into the mainstream of

American life and that made American life, in all

ways and across the board, more secure, more

safe, more predictable, then I think it has to be

judged an enormous success. The New Deal has

to be recognized as an instance of truly

consequential political creativity of the sort that

happens very rarely in this or any other society.