Distribution and Diversity of Cytotypes in Dianthus Broteri As Evidenced by Genome Size Variations
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Phylogeny, Ecology and Plant Features in Tropical and Mediterranean Communities
Research Interspecific variation across angiosperms in global DNA methylation: phylogeny, ecology and plant features in tropical and Mediterranean communities Conchita Alonso1 ,Monica Medrano1 , Ricardo Perez2, Azucena Canto3 ,Vıctor Parra-Tabla4 and Carlos M. Herrera1 1Estacion Biologica de Donana,~ CSIC, Avenida Americo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; 2Instituto de Investigaciones Quımicas, Centro de Investigaciones Cientıficas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC-US, Avenida Americo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; 3Centro de Investigacion Cientıfica de Yucatan, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97205, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico; 4Departamento de Ecologıa Tropical, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Km. 15.5 Carretera Merida-Xtmakui, 97000, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Summary Author for correspondence: The interspecific range of epigenetic variation and the degree to which differences between Conchita Alonso angiosperm species are related to geography, evolutionary history, ecological settings or Tel: +34 954 466 700 species-specific traits, remain essentially unexplored. Genome-wide global DNA cytosine Email: [email protected] methylation is a tractable ‘epiphenotypic’ feature suitable for exploring these relationships. Received: 16 April 2019 Global cytosine methylation was estimated in 279 species from two distant, ecologically dis- Accepted: 28 June 2019 parate geographical regions: Mediterranean Spain and tropical Mexico. At each region, four distinct plant communities were analyzed. New Phytologist (2019) Global methylation spanned a 10-fold range among species (4.8–42.2%). Interspecific dif- doi: 10.1111/nph.16046 ferences were related to evolutionary trajectories, as denoted by a strong phylogenetic signal. Genomes of tropical species were on average less methylated than those of Mediterranean Key words: DNA methylation, epigenetics, ones. -
Pucciniomycotina: Microbotryum) Reflect Phylogenetic Patterns of Their Caryophyllaceous Hosts
Org Divers Evol (2013) 13:111–126 DOI 10.1007/s13127-012-0115-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Contrasting phylogenetic patterns of anther smuts (Pucciniomycotina: Microbotryum) reflect phylogenetic patterns of their caryophyllaceous hosts Martin Kemler & María P. Martín & M. Teresa Telleria & Angela M. Schäfer & Andrey Yurkov & Dominik Begerow Received: 29 December 2011 /Accepted: 2 October 2012 /Published online: 6 November 2012 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2012 Abstract Anther smuts in the genus Microbotryum often is a factor that should be taken into consideration in delimitat- show very high host specificity toward their caryophyllaceous ing species. Parasites on Dianthus showed mainly an arbitrary hosts, but some of the larger host groups such as Dianthus are distribution on Dianthus hosts, whereas parasites on other crucially undersampled for these parasites so that the question Caryophyllaceae formed well-supported monophyletic clades of host specificity cannot be answered conclusively. In this that corresponded to restricted host groups. The same pattern study we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was observed in the Caryophyllaceae studied: morphological- region of members of the Microbotryum dianthorum species ly described Dianthus species did not correspond well with complex as well as their Dianthus hosts. We compared phy- monophyletic clades based on molecular data, whereas other logenetic trees of these parasites including sequences of anther Caryophyllaceae mainly did. We suggest that these different smuts from other Caryophyllaceae, mainly Silene,withphy- patterns primarily result from different breeding systems and logenies of Caryophyllaceae that are known to harbor anther speciation times between different host groups as well as smuts. Additionally we tested whether observed patterns in difficulties in species delimitations in the genus Dianthus. -
The Evolution of Dianthus Polylepis Complex (Caryophyllaceae) Inferred from Morphological and Nuclear DNA Sequence Data: One Or Two Species?
Plant Syst Evol (2013) 299:1419–1431 DOI 10.1007/s00606-013-0804-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE The evolution of Dianthus polylepis complex (Caryophyllaceae) inferred from morphological and nuclear DNA sequence data: one or two species? Mohammad Farsi • Maryam Behroozian • Jamil Vaezi • Mohammad Reza Joharchi • Farshid Memariani Received: 3 December 2012 / Accepted: 22 March 2013 / Published online: 6 April 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Wien 2013 Abstract Dianthus polylepis complex consists of two Keywords Caryophyllaceae Á Dianthus polylepis already known endemic species, Dianthus polylepis and complex Á Morphology Á Molecular phylogeny Á Iran D. binaludensis, in Khorassan-Kopetdagh floristic prov- ince. The taxonomic position of these species has long been debated. The aim of the present study is to shed light Introduction on the evolutionary relationships of the members of the complex using morphological and molecular data. In One of the fundamental problems in plant taxonomy con- morphological study, firstly, 56 vegetative and floral cerns with the plant identification, especially for distin- characters were measured on 33 specimens of the both guishing closely related or recently evolved species species. Multivariate analyses were performed on 25 (out (Rieseberg et al. 2006; Fazekas et al. 2009; Yan et al. of 56) significantly discriminating morphological traits. In 2011). molecular study, we sequenced alleles obtained from a Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) with over 300 species region between 2nd and 6th exons of the gene coding for worldwide is characterized by its extensive morphological the enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase copy1 (DFR1). variability at both inter- and intraspecific levels (Erhardt Morphological results show that most of a priori identified 1990, 1991; Friedman et al. -
Lenka Šafářová POLYPLOIDNÍ KOMPLEX ALLIUM OLERACEUM L
UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI PŘÍRODOV ĚDECKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA BOTANIKY Lenka Šafá řová POLYPLOIDNÍ KOMPLEX ALLIUM OLERACEUM L. V EVROP Ě POLYPLOID COMPLEX OF ALLIUM OLERACEUM L. IN EUROPE DOKTORSKÁ DISERTA ČNÍ PRÁCE Studijní obor botanika Školitel: RNDr. Martin Duchoslav, Ph.D. Olomouc 2011 Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a p říjmení autora: Lenka Šafá řová Název práce: Polyploidní komplex Allium oleraceum L. v Evrop ě Typ práce: doktorská Pracovišt ě: Katedra botaniky – UP Olomouc, Východo české muzeum v Pardubicích Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Botanika Školitel: RNDr. Martin Duchoslav, PhD. Rok obhajoby: 2011 Abstrakt: Polyploidie je p řírodní proces, hrající významnou úlohu v evoluci rostlin, většina z nich ve své minulosti pravd ěpodobn ě prod ělala genovou duplikaci následovanou procesem diploidizace. S využitím metody pr ůtokové cytometrie významn ě stoupla možnost studia polyploidie, struktury polyploidních komplex ů i cytotypové variability jednotlivých rostlinných druh ů. Jako modelový organizmus pro zkoumání polyploidie byl zvolen česnek planý (Allium oleraceum L). Jedná se o polyploidní komplex, u n ěhož byly na po čátku výzkumu známé čty ři ploidní úrovn ě: triploidní (2n=3x=24), tetraploidní (2n=4x=32), pentaploidní (2n=5x=40) a hexaploidní (2n=6x=48). Sb ěr vzork ů probíhal na t řech odlišných prostorových škálách – na úrovni populací, na úrovní p řibližného st ředu rozší ření druhu (Česká Republika, Slovensko) a na úrovni Evropy. Celkem bylo studováno 620 populací a metodou pr ůtokové cytometrie analyzováno 7354 rostlin. Byly potvrzeny všechny doposud známé ploidní úrovn ě, nov ě byly zjišt ěny heptaploidní populace (2n=7x=56) a jedenkrát byla nalezena populace oktoploidní (2n=8x=64). -
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES LIST of TABLES 1 List of Primers
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES LIST OF TABLES 1 List of Primers . .1 2 List of Reference Plant Accessions (lemongrass and carnation) . .1 3 Genbank sequence Accessions (cytoplasmic) . .2 4 Genbank sequence Accessions (nuclear) . .3 5 Anatomical diagnostic key . .5 Table 1. List of universal and diagnostic (ARMS) primer used in the current study. Name Sequence (5’...3’) Tm (◦C) Design rbcLa fu ATGTCACCACAAACAGAGACTAAAGC 62.2 ? rbcLa revu GTAAAATCAAGTCCACCRCG 74.7 ? rbcLb-Sfu AGACCTTTTTGAAGAAGGTTCTGT 62.2 ? rbcLb-Sru TCGGTCAGAGCAGGCATATGCCA 74.7 ? 1R KIM ru ACCCAGTCCATCTGGAAATCTTGGTTC 72.1 Ki-Joong Kimp 3F KIM fu CGTACAGTACTTTTGTGTTTACGAG 60.6 Ki-Joong Kimp ITS5u GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG 58.4 ? ITS4u TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC 61.5 ? Bbo-C-407-rd AGGBGGRCCTSGRAAAGTTTTCGA 58.7 current study Dian-T-223-rd CGGGCTCGATGTGGTAGTAA 64.9 current study Cym-A-254-rd AGCTACATAACAGATATATTGATCAGG 59.5 current study d diagnostic primer (ARMS), destabilizing nucleotide underlined u universal primer p unpublished Table 2. Reference plant accessions (Acc) of lemongrass (Cymbopogon, Panicoideae) (L1 - L2) and carnation (Dianthus, Caryophyllaceae) (D1 - D10) their taxon names and Genbank sequence accessions of three plastid DNA regions (rbcLa, rbcLb and matK-KIM) and for carnation accessions also for one nuclear DNA region (ITS). Acc Taxon rbcLa rbcLb matK-KIM ITS Panicoideae L1 Cymbopogon citratus KU722908 KU748525 KU722906 - L2 Cymbopogon citratus KU722907 KU748524 KU722905 - Caryophyllaceae D1 Dianthus caryophyllus KU722895 KU722853 KU722867 KU722881 D2 Dianthus chinensis KU722896 KU722854 KU722868 KU722882 D3 Dianthus deltoides KU722898 KU722856 KU722870 KU722884 D4 Dianthus deltoides KU722897 KU722855 KU722869 KU722883 D5 Dianthus gratianopolitanus KU722899 KU722857 KU722871 KU722885 D6 Dianthus imereticus KU722900 KU722858 KU722872 KU722886 D7 Dianthus longicalyx KU722901 KU722859 KU722873 KU722887 D8 Dianthus superbus KU722902 KU722860 KU722874 KU722888 D9 Dianthus superbus KU722903 KU722861 KU722875 KU722889 D10 Dianthus turkestanicus KU722904 KU722862 KU722876 KU722890 1/5 Table 3. -
Monitoring Report for Gmo Uses Other Than Cultivation
Monitoring report 2019 - 2020 CNL060101 FLO-4Ø689-6 Florigene®Moonaqua™ MONITORING REPORT FOR GMO USES OTHER THAN CULTIVATION CNL060101 FLO-4 Ø689-6 Florigene®Moonaqua™ Page 1 of 46 Monitoring report 2019 - 2020 CNL060101 FLO-4Ø689-6 Florigene®Moonaqua™ Page Content Completed form 2 1. General information 3 2. Executive summary 4 3. Uses of GMOs other than cultivation 10 4. Summary of results and conclusions 11 5. Adaptation of the monitoring plan and associated methodology for future years Attachments 12 Attachment 1. Breeders and experts contacted 13 Attachment 2. Mail out summary 2020 20 Attachment 3. Importer questionnaire response 21 Attachment 4. Summary of survey data provided by experts 23 Attachment 5. Summary of response to mail out 27 Attachment 6. Peer-reviewed articles 39 Attachment 7. Database information 46 Attachment 8. Brochure 1. General information 1.1 Crop/traits Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) with modified flower colour, variety Florigene®Moonaqua™. 1.2 Decision authorisation number pursuant to Directive 2001/18/EC and number and date of consent pursuant to Directive 2001/18/EC Florigene®Moonaqua™ Decision authorisation number; C/NL/06/01 Number of consent; C/NL/06/01.abb1 Date of consent; July 14, 2009 Renewal decision authorisation number; C/NL/06/01_001 Number of renewal consent; C/NL/06/01_001.ab.2 Date of renewal consent; Nov 22, 2018 Consent holder; Suntory Flowers Limited, 4-17-5 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 Japan 1.3 Decision authorisation number and date of authorisation pursuant to Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003 Not applicable. 1.4 Unique identifier FLO-4Ø689-6 Page 2 of 46 Monitoring report 2019 - 2020 CNL060101 FLO-4Ø689-6 Florigene®Moonaqua™ 1.5 Report period from July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020 1.6 Other monitoring reports have been submitted in respect of: Cultivation YES □ NO ■ 2. -
First Updated Checklist of the Vascular Flora of Andalusia (S of Spain), One of the Main Biodiversity Centres in the Mediterranean Basin
Phytotaxa 339 (1): 001–095 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Monograph ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.339.1.1 PHYTOTAXA 339 First updated checklist of the vascular flora of Andalusia (S of Spain), one of the main biodiversity centres in the Mediterranean Basin MIGUEL CUETO1,*, MANUEL MELENDO2, ESTHER GIMÉNEZ1, JULIÁN FUENTES3, ENRIQUE LÓPEZ CARRIQUE4 & GABRIEL BLANCA5 1 Departamento de Biología y Geología, CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, Crta. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de S. Urbano, ES- 04120 Almería, Spain; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 2 Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, ES-23071 Jaén, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 3 C/ Castillo 5, bajo F, ES-18140 La Zubia, Granada, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 4 Departamento de Educación, CECOUAL, Universidad de Almería, Crta. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de S. Urbano, ES-04120 Almería, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, ES-18001 Granada, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] *author for correspondence Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by Manuel B. Crespo: 24 Dec. 2017; published: 20 Feb. 2018 MIGUEL CUETO, MANUEL MELENDO, ESTHER GIMÉNEZ, JULIÁN FUENTES, ENRIQUE LÓPEZ CARRIQUE & GABRIEL BLANCA First updated checklist of the vascular flora of Andalusia (S of Spain), one of the main biodiversity centres in the Mediterranean Basin (Phytotaxa 339) 95 pp.; 30 cm. -
Additional Information for Efsa
Copies of literature review This document contains copies of three recent literature reviews. Hyperlinks to each review are provided in the table below Scope of review EU agency to Date Related which literature dossiers review sent A literature search on information relevant for EFSA August C/NL/09/01 the safety of GM carnation to humans, 2014 and including the safety of delphinidin and C/NL/09/02 potential allergenicity⃰. Updated assessment of the probability of gene Bureau GGO, NL October C/NL/13/02 dispersal from cut-flowers of the cultivated 2013 carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) imported into Europe Updated review of potential toxicity and Bureau GGO, NL October C/NL/13/02 allergenicity of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) 2013 protein ⃰ Copies of the papers cited in this review are provided. Copies of literature review An assessment of the probability of gene dispersal from cut-flowers of the cultivated carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) imported into Europe CONTENTS Section Page 1. Baseline information; Dianthus biology 1 1.1 Taxonomy 2 1.2 Distribution 3 1.3 Reproductive biology 7 1.4 Inter- and intra-specific hybridisation 8 1.5 Weediness of Dianthus 10 2. Baseline information: carnation 11 2.1. Types of cultivated carnation 11 2.2. Carnation cultivation methods 12 2.3. Carnation utilization in Europe 13 2.4. Carnation import and distribution in Europe 13 3. Probability of gene dispersal from carnation 14 3.1. Introduction 14 3.2. Probability of gene dispersal by vegetative propagation 14 3.3. Probability of gene dispersal by seed set and seed distribution 14 3.4. -
Are Endemic Species Necessarily Ecological Specialists? Functional
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Are endemic species necessarily ecological specialists? Functional variability and niche diferentiation of two threatened Dianthus species in the montane steppes of northeastern Iran Maryam Behroozian1, Hamid Ejtehadi1*, Farshid Memariani2, Simon Pierce3 & Mansour Mesdaghi4 Endemic species are believed to converge on narrow ranges of traits, with rarity refecting adaptation to specifc environmental regimes. We hypothesized that endemism is characterized by limited trait variability and environmental tolerances in two Dianthus species (Dianthus pseudocrinitus and Dianthus polylepis) endemic to the montane steppes of northeastern Iran. We measured leaf functional traits and calculated Grime’s competitor/stress-tolerator/ruderal (CSR) adaptive strategies for these and co-occurring species in seventy-fve 25-m2 quadrats at 15 sites, also measuring a range of edaphic, climatic, and topographic parameters. While plant communities converged on the stress-tolerator strategy, D. pseudocrinitus exhibited functional divergence from S- to R-selected (C:S:R = 12.0:7.2:80.8% to 6.8:82.3:10.9%). Canonical correspondence analysis, in concert with Pearson’s correlation coefcients, suggested the strongest associations with elevation, annual temperature, precipitation seasonality, and soil fertility. Indeed, variance (s2) in R- and S-values for D. pseudocrinitus at two sites was exceptionally high, refuting the hypothesis of rarity via specialization. Rarity, in this case, is probably related to recent speciation by polyploidy (neoendemism) and dispersal limitation. Dianthus polylepis, in contrast, converged towards stress-tolerance. ‘Endemism’ is not synonymous with ‘incapable’, and polyploid neoendemics promise to be particularly responsive to conservation. Endemic species (taxa unique to a defned geographic area) are characteristic elements of local biodiversity. -
Molecular Systematics and Character Evolution in Caryophyllaceae
TAXON 60 (6) • December 2011: 1637–1652 Greenberg & Donoghue • Molecular systematics of Caryophyllaceae Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae Anne K. Greenberg & Michael J. Donoghue Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208105, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Anne K. Greenberg, [email protected] Abstract The aim of the present study was to infer a substantially larger, more evenly sampled, phylogenetic tree for Caryo- phyllaceae in order to more confidently resolve relationships within this clade. This would allow us to evaluate previous clas- sification schemes and to infer the evolution of a number of characters that have figured prominently in higher-level taxonomic treatments. We have inferred a 630-tip phylogeny (ca. 30% of the 2200 species) using maximum likelihood analyses of data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and five chloroplast genes and intergenic spacers: matK, ndhF, trnL-trnF, trnQ-rps16, and trnS-trnfM. Our results confirm that subfamily Paronychioideae is paraphyletic at the base of Caryophyllaceae. Alsinoideae and Caryophylloideae together form a clade, within which neither subfamily is monophyletic. With only a few exceptions, our results support the tribal classification presented by Harbaugh & al. (2010). In agreement with other recent studies, it appears that many of the larger genera are not strictly monophyletic. Our results imply that the first Caryophyllaceae had stipules, free sepals, small apetalous flowers with few stamens, and single-seeded indehiscent or irregularly dehiscing utricles. Stipules were lost along the branch to the Alsinoideae-Caryophylloideae clade, and the evolution of a tubular calyx marks Caryophyl- loideae. -
Thesis Eduardo Cires
Universidad de Oviedo Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas TESIS DOCTORAL Unravelling the polyploid complex Ranunculus parnassiifolius L. (Ranunculaceae) A combined morphologic and molecular-genetic approach Eduardo Cires Rodríguez Oviedo, 2011 Director de la Tesis Doctoral: Dr. José Antonio Fernández Prieto (Universidad de Oviedo) Codirectora de la Tesis Doctoral: Dra. María Ángeles Matilde Revilla Bahillo (Universidad de Oviedo) Miembros del Tribunal: Presidente: Dr. Ricardo Sánchez Tamés (Universidad de Oviedo) Secretario: Dr. Miguel Álvaro Bueno Sánchez (Universidad de Oviedo) Vocal: Dr. Pedro Sosa Henríquez (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) Vocal: Dra. Mercedes Herrera Gallastegui (Universidad del País Vasco) Vocal: Dra. Marie-Stéphanie Samain (Ghent University) Suplente: Dra. María Carmen Acedo Casado (Universidad de León) Suplente: Dra. Itziar García Mijangos (Universidad del País Vasco) Revisores externos para la obtención de la mención “Doctorado Europeo”: Dr. Christoph Neinhuis (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany) Dr. Jan Suda (Charles University / Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic) Dra. Judita Zozomová-Lihová (Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic) Páginas Web: Universidad de Oviedo: www.uniovi.es Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas: www.unioviedo.es/BOS/ Homepage Eduardo Cires Rodríguez: http://cireseduardo.moonfruit.com/ Citación de la Tesis: Cires, E. (2011). Unravelling the polyploid complex Ranunculus parnassiifolius L. (Ranunculaceae): A combined morphologic and molecular-genetic approach. Memoria de Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Oviedo, 212 pp. Diseño: Eduardo Cires Rodríguez & Candela Cuesta Moliner Fotografías e Imágenes: Eduardo Cires Rodríguez (páginas: 1, 21, 85, 125, 165); Candela Cuesta Moliner (página: 51); Miguel Álvaro Bueno Sánchez (página: 143); Tomás Emilio Díaz González (página: 207. Imagen modificada de: Fernández Prieto, J.A., Díaz González, T.E., Nava Fernández, H.S. -
Distribution and Diversity of Cytotypes in Dianthus Broteri As Evidenced by Genome Size Variations
Annals of Botany 104: 965–973, 2009 doi:10.1093/aob/mcp182, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Distribution and diversity of cytotypes in Dianthus broteri as evidenced by genome size variations Francisco Balao*, Ramo´n Casimiro-Soriguer, Marı´a Talavera, Javier Herrera and Salvador Talavera Departamento de Biologı´a Vegetal y Ecologı´a, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain Received: 20 April 2009 Returned for revision: 26 May 2009 Accepted: 15 June 2009 Published electronically: 25 July 2009 † Background and Aims Studying the spatial distribution of cytotypes and genome size in plants can provide valu- Downloaded from able information about the evolution of polyploid complexes. Here, the spatial distribution of cytological races and the amount of DNA in Dianthus broteri, an Iberian carnation with several ploidy levels, is investigated. † Methods Sample chromosome counts and flow cytometry (using propidium iodide) were used to determine overall genome size (2C value) and ploidy level in 244 individuals of 25 populations. Both fresh and dried samples were investigated. Differences in 2C and 1Cx values among ploidy levels within biogeographical pro- vinces were tested using ANOVA. Geographical correlations of genome size were also explored. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ † Key Results Extensive variation in chromosomes numbers (2n ¼ 2x ¼ 30, 2n ¼ 4x ¼ 60, 2n ¼ 6x ¼ 90 and 2n ¼ 12x ¼180) was detected, and the dodecaploid cytotype is reported for the first time in this genus. As regards cytotype distribution, six populations were diploid, 11 were tetraploid, three were hexaploid and five were dodecaploid. Except for one diploid population containing some triploid plants (2n ¼ 45), the remaining populations showed a single cytotype.