Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus BI 231 Lab

Supplemental Package PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers. 2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab. 3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches. 4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose. 5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required. 6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor. 7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution. Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material. 8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners. 9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves. 10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill. 11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately. 12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines will be excluded from the Laboratory Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

 Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.  Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.  Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided. 2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves. 3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe. 4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor. 5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument. a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace. 6. At the end of an experiment: a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time. b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards! 7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory. 8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard. 9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench. 10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided. Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.

Any materials found in the lab manual can be used for extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator ([email protected]) Thank you! BI 231 Laboratory: Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Go over Laboratory Guidelines and Procedures, sign-up for microscopes and lab cabinet

From Lab Manual

Ex 1. Body Organizationn and Terminology

Ex 2. Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope: This chapter is review. You should already know how to use and care for a microscope. Please ask your instructor for help if you need help have forgotten how to use the microscope.

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Study focus: Anatomical terminology, organ systems and organ

DO NOT DO ACTIVITY 2.5 on page 22.

Lab resources: Dissectable models, muscle models

 Anatomical body regions, relationships, and planes (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)(Table 1.1)

 Organs and organ systems (Fig. 1.5)

 Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (Fig. 1.6)(Table 1.2)

 Body cavities (Fig. 1.7)(Table 1.3)

 Serous membranes (Fig. 1.7)

 Compound light microscopes: care and use thereof

 Superficial muscle groups, please label image below a. Sternocleidomastoid b. Deltoid c. Pectoralis major d. External abdominal oblique e. Rectus abdominis f. Biceps brachii g. Sartorius h. Rectus femoris i. Tibialis anterior j. Trapezius k. Deltoid l. Triceps brachii m. Latissimus dorsi n. Gluteus maximus o. Semitendinosus p. Biceps femoris q. Gastrocnemius BI 231 Laboratory: Week 2 Quiz 1 (material from previous week) Tissues – Histology Ex 5. Epithelial and Connective Tissues ______

Study focus: Be able to identify various epithelial and connective tissues and know locations in the human body where these tissues can be found.

Lab resources: Microscopes, slide boxes in designated cabinets, instructor scope

Epithelial Tissues: slides to use are outlined in parentheses (Know Table 5.1, 5.2)

 Simple squamous epithelium (artery, vein, capillaries, alveoli of the lung)

 Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized (skin) and non-keratinized (esophagus)

 Simple cuboidal epithelium (thyroid gland, kidney tubules, some glandular ducts)

 Stratified cuboidal epithelium (mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands)

 Simple columnar epithelium, ciliated (fallopian/uterine tube) and non-ciliated (GI tract)

 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (trachea, bronchi)

 Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder, ureters)

Mucous membranes: epithelial tissues that secrete mucus via goblet cells

Connective Tissues: slides are labeled with corresponding tissue (know Table 5.3)

 Embryonic CT: Mesenchyme (no slide in lab, please use laboratory manual)

 Connective tissue proper: Loose CT and Dense CT

o Loose CT: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue o Dense CT: Dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic tissue

 Solid connective tissues

o Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

o Bone. Structural components of compact bone (Fig. 5.16)

 Fluid connective tissues

o Blood. Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

o Lymph (no slide)

Matrix of CT = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

Terms to know:

Blast cells

Fibroblasts

Chondroblasts

Osteoblasts

Hemocytoblasts

Fibrocytes

Chondrocytes*

Osteocytes*

Collagen fibers*

Elastic fibers*

Reticular fibers*

Matrix Ground substance

Goblet cells*

Erythrocytes*

Leukocytes*

*Be able to identify these cells and fibers under the microscope

BI 231 Laboratory: Week 3 Quiz 2 (material from previous week) The Integument and its Accessory Structures Ex 6. The Integumentary System: Cutaneous membrane (skin) + accessory structures (pp69- 79) Ex 7. Part I: Introduction to the Skeletal System (pp. 83 - 88

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Study focus: Be able to identify organizational layers of the epidermis and dermis as well as identify accessory structures of the skin

Slides available: thick and thin skin slides and compact bone slides

Lab resources: Integument models, integument and finger nail models, microscope, slide boxes

 Microscopic structure of the skin

 Anatomical model of the skin, images

 Specialized cells of the skin

 Accessory structures of the skin

 The structure of nails

Terms to know: Stratum spinosum

Organ level Stratum granulosum

Organ system Stratum lucidum

Organ Stratum corneum

Curtaneous membrane Keratinocytes

Accessory structures of skin Papillary layer

Integumentary system Reticular layer

Epidermis Dermal papillae

Dermis Epidermal ridges

Thick skin Hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue Thin skin

Stratum germinativum Stratified squamous, keratinized Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles epithelium Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles Melanocytes Nail plate Hair follicles Nail bed Hair bulb Free edge Hair matrix Hyponychium Hair root Lunula Hair shaft Cuticle or eponychium Keratin Lateral nail folds Sebaceous glands Mail matrix Arrector pili muscle Nail root Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

Exercise 6 : Terms to know

Fig 7.1 Classification of bones by shape Fig 7.3 structure of compact and spongy bone (All) Lamellae Compact bone Osteon (Haversian system) Spongy (cancellous) bone Trabeculae Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals Arteries Osteocytes Lacunae Canaliculi Medullary cavity Diploe Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

BI 231 Laboratory: Week 4 Quiz 3 (material from previous week) Muscle Tissue – Histology & Nervous Tissue – Anatomy and Histology

Ex 10. Histology of Muscle Tissue Ex 13. Histology of Nervous Tissue (pages 249-255) Review for Lab Practical I ______Study focus: Muscle and nervous tissue histology taken from exercises 10 and 13

Lab resources: Model of neuron, model of muscle w/neuromuscular junction, microscope, slide boxes

Slides available: Neuron, nerve, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle slides

Terms to know from exercise 10:

Skeletal muscle Intercalated discs Cardiac muscle Actin (thin filaments) Smooth muscle Myosin (thick filaments) Skeletal muscle fibers Sarcoplasm Endomysium Action potentials Perimysium M line Fascicle Zones of overlap Striations Z lines Myofibrils Sarcomere I bands Sarcolemma A band Neuromuscular junction H band Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach) Motor end plate Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Motor unit Motor nerve fiber (axon) Synaptic terminal

Terms to know from Exercise 13

Table 13.1 Neuroglia cell types Central nervous system (CNS) Myelin sheath Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) Cranial nerves Oligodendrocytes Spinal nerves Myelinated fibers Receptors Unmyelinated fibers Motor (efferent) division Nodes (nodes of Ranvier) Sensory (afferent) division Interneurons or association neurons Somatic nervous system Multipolar neurons Autonomic nervous system Anaxonic neurons Somatic sensory receptors Bipolar neurons Visceral sensory receptors Unipolar neurons Special sensory receptors Pseudounipolar neurons Neuron or nerve cell Neuroglia or glial cells Chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies Cell body Nuclei (singular = nucleus) Axon hillock Ganglia (singular = ganglion) Synapses Dendrites axoplasm Axons Synaptic (axon) terminal (synaptic knob)

Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)!

The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab

 Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package  Models

 Images

 Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)

 75 questions

 Timed stations

 One bonus question – 2 points credit

BI 231 Laboratory: Week 6

No quiz this week!

The Axial Skeleton

Ex 7. Part 2, The Axial Skeleton (pp. 89-136)

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Study focus: Be able to identify all bones and landmarks on tables 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4

Lab resources: Skulls, bags of ribs, sternum, box of vertebrae, boxes of articulated spines. Also, there is a fetal skull and a model of disarticulated skull (please leave on the instructor bench)

For clarification: Zygomatic arch: Zygomatic process (temporal bone) + Temporal process (zygomatic bone) Nasal septum: Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone) + vomer

Terms to know: Along with the Tables listed above

Frontal sinus Anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel Sphenoidal sinus Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel Maxillary sinus Primary curvatures Ethmoid sinus Secondary curvatures Anterior (frontal) fontanel Intervertebral foramen Posterior (occipital) fontanel Atlas Axis False ribs Dens Vertebrochondral ribs Sternum Floating ribs Manubrium Vertebral end of rib Body Sternal end of rib Xiphoid process Head, tubercle, neck, shaft or body, angle Sternal angle and costal groove of ribs Costal cartilages True ribs

Study Tips and How to cope with the amount of material for the following labs

 Write out a list of terms

 Write out terms as many times as it takes you to get the spelling correct

 Test yourself …you can do this in many ways! Former successful students have

o Made up quizzes near the end of lab using models

o Had other students quiz them using models or – if not present – images

o Taken pictures of models/specimen and made up a PowerPoint quiz

o Drawn structures and named them

 If you do the above, test yourself randomly by using several models at once …remember that in the practical you will have to recall names of structures in a random fashion!

 If you do the above, write down the structures you are naming to practice spelling!

 If a name is hard for you to remember, it helps to know the meaning of root words and to make the connection to the structure… after all, they have a name for a reason

 Some student use mnemonics to remember names for structures

 Taking pictures of models always helps!

 There are also great web resources with labeled images of the models we use in lab

 Use a coloring book! Successful students have raved about them… BI 231 Laboratory: Week 7

Quiz on the Axial Skeleton

Ex 8. Part 2, The Appendicular Skeleton

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Study focus: Know all the bones and landmarks listed in Tables 8.1 and 8.2, fig. 8.9

Lab resources: Articulated skeletons, bone boxes

Terms to know:

Male and female pelvis characteristics (See fig 8.8) BI 231 Laboratory: Week 8

Quiz on the Appendicular Skeleton

Ex 11. Part 1, The Muscle System

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Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in Exercise 11 on pp. 166 - 187 of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet

Lab resources: Models, Muscle men

Table 9.2 Anatomical terms of movement

Flexion- Pronation- Extension Opposition- Abduction Reposition- Adduction Eversion- Supination- Inversion Protraction Plantar flexion Retraction Medial rotation Elevation Lateral rotation Depression Circumduction Dorsiflexion

Be able to identify the muscle and name the action for each muscle Head and trunk (thorax and abdomen)

Frontalis (Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle) Occipitalis (Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle) Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Nasal muscle (Nasalis) Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor Levator labii superioris Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Orbicularis oris Buccinator Masseter Mental muscle (Mentalis) Hyoglossus Geniohyoideus (Geniohyoid muscle) Mylohyoideus (Mylohyoid muscle) Anterior belly of the digastric muscle Posterior belly of the digastric muscle Stylohyoideus (Stylohyoid muscle) Omohyoideus (Superior and inferior belly of omohyoid muscle) Sternohyoideus (Sternohyoid muscle) Sternothyroideus (Sternothyroid muscle) Thyrohyoideus (Thyrohyoid muscle) Sternocleidomastoideus (Sternocleidomastoid muscle) Anterior scalene muscle (Scalenus anterior) Middle scalene (Scalenus medius) Posterior scalene (Scalenus posterior) Levator scapula(e) Splenius capitis Rhomboideus minor (Rhomboid minor) Rhomboideus major (Rhomboid major) Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Erector spinae (Iliocosatalis, longissimis, spinalis groups) Internal intercostal muscles (Internal intercostalis) External intercostal muscles (External intercostalis) Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Deltoideus (Deltoid muscle) Diaphragm Transversus thoracis Transversus abdominis Obliquus internus (Intenal oblique muscle) Obliquus externus (External oblique muscle) Rectus abdominis

BI 231 Laboratory: Week 9

Quiz on Muscle Group 1

Ex 11. Part 2, The Muscle System

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Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in exercise 11 on pp. 187 - 232 of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet

Lab resources: Models, Muscle men

Be able to identify the muscle and name the action for each muscle Superior Extremity

Biceps brachii (both long head and short head) Brachialis Coracobrachialis (labeled on muscle men only, but visible on all)) Triceps brachii (Lateral head, long head, medial head) Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi (labeled on large arm model only, but visible on all) Flexor digiti minimi (labeled on large arm model only, but visible on all) Extensor carpi ulnaris Anconeus (labeled on muscle men only, but visible on all) Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis (labeled on large arm model only, but visible on all) Extensor indicis Dorsal interossei (Dorsal interosseous muscles of hand) Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Adductor pollicis brevis Lumbricales (Lumbrical muscles of hand)

Inferior Extremity

Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Quadratus femoris (typo in book says “quadratus emoris” Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Sartorius Iliacus (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all) Psoas major (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all) Pectineus (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all) Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris (long head and short head) Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus longus (Fibularis longus) Peroneus brevis (Fibularis brevis) Gastrocnemius Soleus Tibialis posterior Popliteus Plantaris (labeled on large leg model only, visible on all) Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Flexor digitorum brevis Lumbricales Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis Dorsal interosseous muscles of the foot (Dorsal interossei)