Ecology assessment 1 CLE 3255.6.1 Investigate the role of public lands in sustaining biodiversity. (7-13) CLE 3255.6.2 Examine state, national, and international efforts to sustain native species and ecosystems. (1-6- 11-12-14-15-17-18-20-21-23-25-26-27-28-30 CLE 3255.6.3 Evaluate the impact of personal actions on the environment. (2-3-4-5-8-19-29-32) CLE 3255.6.4 Identify and explain choices you can make to lessen your impact on the environment. (7-8-9-10- 22-35) CLE 3255.T/E.1 Explore the impact of technology on social, political, and economic systems. (11-12-16-17-31 34-36)

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Dust storms, volcanoes, and wildfires are all a. causes of pollution due to human activities. b. natural events that do not cause pollution. c. causes of pollution people can control. d. natural causes of pollution. ____ 2. Each year, most of the cases of organophosphate poisoning occur in people who are a. applying the chemical to crops. b. eating fruit and vegetables with chemical residues. c. inhaling the chemical while working in gas stations. d. working in factories with various chemicals. ____ 3. Worldwide, nearly three-fourths of infectious diseases are transmitted through a. water. c. soil. b. air. d. people. ____ 4. Which of the following is an environmental change that may result in more pathogens making a cross-species transfer to humans? a. polluting water with lead c. destroying habitats b. soil erosion d. global warming ____ 5. Human immune deficiency virus is considered an emerging virus because it a. had been controlled until recently. c. developed from two other viruses. b. was previously unknown. d. has become resistant to antibiotics. ____ 6. Which of the following pollutants is found in vehicle exhaust, burning waste, fires, and tobacco smoke? a. particulate matter c. coal dust b. lead d. pesticides ____ 7. The environment is an important factor in the spread of cholera and dysentery because a. air can carry the pathogens. b. water provides a habitat in which the pathogens breed. c. the pathogens reproduce in soil. d. the disease is transmitted by mosquitoes. ____ 8. People’s actions cause some disease-causing bacteria to become a. unaffected by radiation. c. resistant to antibiotics. b. extinct. d. emerging viruses. ____ 9. Which of the following environmental changes is most likely to lead to the spread of parasites such as hookworm? a. overuse of pesticides c. overuse of antibiotics b. resistance to antibiotics d. contaminated soil ____ 10. An estimate of the probability of a negative effect caused by a substance is a(n) a. educated guess. c. risk assessment. b. response assessment. d. dose-response curve. ____ 11. Why has the International Whaling Commission found it difficult to limit whale harvesting? a. Some countries disagree with the policies and practices and refuse to comply. b. There is not one governing body that controls international waters, and rule enforcement is difficult. c. There are loopholes in the regulations that countries are using to opt out of IWC rules. d. All of the above ____ 12. A government offers low-interest loans to people who build solar homes. This is an example of a(n) a. economic failure. c. marketing ploy. b. economic incentive. d. regulation. ____ 13. A government restricts the production of a certain chemical. This is an example of a(n) a. economic failure. c. marketing ploy. b. economic incentive. d. regulation. ____ 14. If you wanted to convince your elected leaders that steps should be taken to reduce soil erosion along the bank of the creek that runs through your neighborhood, you would probably be most effective working with your a. local government. c. United States Senator. b. state representative. d. Congressional Representative. ____ 15. Which of the following is not true of the Law of the Sea? a. It calls for monitoring the health of marine organisms. b. It declares that deep-sea resources are commonly shared. c. It addresses ocean pollution from land runoff. d. It calls for monitoring of ocean dumping. ____ 16. Which field of study should be taken into account when planning for a sustainable society? a. economics c. political science b. environmental science d. All of the above ____ 17. An event that demonstrated the need for new soil conservation practices and policies was when a. the Grand Canyon was damaged by erosion. b. there was widespread drought and soil erosion in the 1930s. c. Abraham Lincoln was elected President. d. U.S. delegates signed the Kyoto treaty. ____ 18. The action that is best initiated at the local level of government is a. setting vehicle emissions standards that exceed federal requirements. b. restricting the location of landfills in which solid waste is disposed. c. determining operating standards for open-pit and surface mines. d. issuing guidelines regarding toxicity and use of synthetic pesticides. ____ 19. In general, sustainability is more of a concern now than it was 100 years ago. Why? a. People live differently and use more resources. b. The human population is growing. c. People are more educated. d. All of the above ____ 20. Which of these would not represent a government incentive? a. a tax on actions that have a social cost b. a reward for actions that benefit society c. the elimination of the “energy star program” d. All of the above ____ 21. In 1992, representatives at the Earth Summit agreed upon a plan called Agenda 21, which strove to balance a. economic and environmental concerns. b. local and state laws. c. voting rights and animal rights. d. None of the above ____ 22. Which term describes the condition in which humans can survive indefinitely as their needs are being met? a. globalization c. sustainability b. environmental awareness d. economics

______23. Which of the following is not a true statement about the effects of pollution on health? a. It is a difficult to determine how pollution affects health because many factors often contribute to a disease. b. The toxic effects of a pollutant depend upon the dose to which you are exposed. c. Many pollutants cause chronic disease that result from exposure to the pollutant over the course of many years. d. Persistent chemicals are less toxic than chemicals that break down rapidly.

______24. Which of the following statements about environmental pollutants is true? a. Our environment contains fewer toxic chemicals than it did 50 years ago. b. Horomone mimics in our water supply pose no danger to humans. c. There is no health risk from pollutants in indoor air. d. The bodies of people who live in the United states contain lower levels of some toxic chemicals than they did 20 years ago.

______25. At the 1992 Earth summit, representatives from around the world a. created the Kyoto Protocol. b. tried to balance economic development with environmental sustainability c. could not reach agreement on anything important d. talked about environmental problems for the first time ever.

______26. International environmental agreements include a. the Montreal Protocol on Ozone. b. always balance the costs and benefits of every action. c. should not include the costs of pollution with the costs of an action. d. most operate within the environment.

______27. State and local environmental regulations a. cannot be influenced by individuals b. simply enforce federal standards. c. do not have to follow federal standards d. are often more strict than federal standards

______28. The main function of an Environmental Impact Statement is a. to predict the effect of a federal project might have on the environment. b. to produce a record of environmental change throughout history. c. to satisfy the requirements of international agreements. d. to limit real estate development and the activities of businesses.

Read the passage below, and then answer the questions that follow. Theodore Roosevelt was a unique and memorable president. A 1902 photograph shows him riding a moose across a river. Roosevelt thought of public lands as economic assets, to be used for timber harvesting, mining, and recreation. He felt that natural resources should be regulated and managed for the public benefit. He did not see these lands as refuges for threatened plants and animals. Roosevelt was considered to be the first conservationist president. Roosevelt had some conflicts with preservationists such as John Muir. Preservationists believe in preserving public lands as untouched wilderness for future generations to study and enjoy. These conflicting views over how to use U.S. public lands continue today.

29. According to the passage, what is meant by the term conservationist? a. the same thing as preservationist b. one who believes in managing natural resources for the public benefit c. one who believes nature should be preserved untouched d. the same thing as environmentalist

30. According to the passage, which of these ideas about the uses of U.S. public lands was debated about 100 years ago? a. Mining should be legal. b. Wolves should be reintroduced into Yellowstone. c. Motors should be allowed in parks. d. Public lands should be preserved.

31. With which of the following opinions did both Roosevelt and Muir most likely agree? a. Public lands should not be used for mining or timber harvesting. b. The United States should own and regulate public lands. c. Wolves should be exterminated. d. Roosevelt was a preservationist.

Dehydration is a serious threat to human survival—as dangerous as a high fever. However, as any athlete knows, drinking water alone is often not an adequate cure for dehydration. Sports drinks contain sugar and electrolytes (minerals) as well as water. This principle also underlies oral rehydration therapy, which is used to treat people suffering from diseases such as cholera and dysentery. These diseases cause water loss from diarrhea and vomiting. Severe dehydration often causes death, particularly in small children. Patients being treated for dehydration are fed a solution of salt, sugar, and water. The sugar and salt help the body absorb the water from the stomach. Sugar and salt also add electrolytes to the body fluids so that these are not diluted. Millions of lives have been saved by rehydration therapy.

32. According to the passage, which of the following statements about oral rehydration therapy is not true? a. A solution containing sugars and salts is absorbed by the stomach more rapidly than water alone. b. The salts replace electrolytes in the bloodstream so that these are not diluted by the water. c. Any source of water is adequate to make up the solution of salts and sugar. d. Millions of lives have been saved by oral rehydration therapy.

33. According to the passage, which of the following statements about dehydration is not true? a. It may be fatal. b. It is especially dangerous to small children. c. It may be caused by diarrhea and vomiting from diseases such as cholera. d. It is not often caused by exercising on a hot day without drinking. The graph on the left shows the proportions of federal money that the public thinks should be spent on different types of research and development, based on a 1993 poll. The graph on the right shows how the money was actually spent. Read the two graphs and record the answers according.

Public Opinion

7% 25% 17% environment energy defense health 8% space

2% other

41%

Actual spending 4% 6% 12% 11%

environment energy 14% defense health space other

53%

34. What is the difference in actual percentage of spending for energy and defense compared to that of what public opinion believed? a.64% b. 53% c. 10% d. 54%

35. In public opinion the two least things that money should be spent on are a. energy and other b. defense and other c. other d. defense and energy

36. Which category are people interested in their money being spent? a. health care b. energy c. defense d. environment

Problem

37. West Nile virus is an emerging virus with a mosquito vector that infects humans, horses, and birds, as well as other animals. It can cause serious illness and death. Since most cases of the virus seem to occur in birds, your friend thinks that eliminating birds in your area will control the disease. Try to convince your friend that this is not a good idea and propose a better idea.

Essay (chose one of the following)

38. Pesticides, lead, particulate matter, coal dust, and bacteria in food are five types of pollutants. What are the sources for each pollutant and the possible health effects each pollutant can cause?

39. When manufacturers are forced to pay a pollution tax based on the amount of environmental damage they cause, they may try to pass this cost to consumers by raising product prices. In your opinion, is raising prices fair? Explain your answer. 40. Congress has passed limits on the federal government’s power to pass environmental laws. Describe two such limits. Have they helped or hurt the environment? Explain your answer.