Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences s194

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA, BANGALORE

ANNEXURE II SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1 Name of the Candidate And Dr. ROOPASHRI.B.H

Address (in Block Letters) POST GRADUATE STUDENT IN M.D. ANATOMY DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, VIMS ,BELLARY (KARNATAKA)

2 Name of the Institution VIJAYA NAGAR INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, BELLARY 3 Course of Study and Subject MEDICAL, M.D, ANATOMY

4 Date of admission to course 5-4-2008

5 Title of Topic “ GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH IN SEX DETERMINATION OF HIP BONE BY METRIC METHOD ( IN 100 DRY HIP BONES )’’ 6 BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

6.1 Need for the study :

There have been many studies of sexing of skeletal material, particularly of hip bones from different populations. The hip bone is most reliable sex indicator in the human skeleton. Hip bones are however fragile and susceptible to damage. Often they are so poorly preserved in archaeological collections that they cannot be used for sex determination. If even a small portion of the anterior pubic region is damaged or destroyed, the widely used visual sexing technique of Phenice(1969) for the hip bones becomes largely ineffective.1

The greater sciatic notch is especially valuable in such situations. Because it is highly sexually dimorphic and is resistant to damage and thus can often be used in poorly preserved skeletons. Female sciatic notches are wider than those of males and there are also shape differences between the sexes. In males, greater sciatic notch tends to be narrow and U-shaped. In females it is comparatively open. The upper part of greater sciatic notch is a reliable marker in sex determination, since it is not affected even in pathologically deformed conditions of the hip bone.

Sex determination of hip bones has got archeological importance and medico legal importance in forensic studies. It can be used in cases of badly fragmented, burnt or otherwise distorted human remains where other information is limited or not available. 6.2 Review of literature:

The greater sciatic notch has attracted the attention of anthropologist as early as 1875. In 1875- Verneau noticed that it was narrower in males and shallower in females. In 1923- Caldwell and Moloy emphasized the importance of dimensions of greater sciatic notch in parturition. In 1929- Straus observed that greater sciatic notch in man is better developed than and shows sex differences not observed in other primates. In 1948- Washburn pointed out that the sex difference in greater sciatic notch belonged to a system different from that of pubic bone and it was not correlated with subpubic angle.

 A study to determine sex of the hip bone using the curvature of the greater sciatic notch was done in Japan using 164 known hip bones(104 males and 60 females). They found that the posterior angle is the best discriminating variable with an accuracy of 91% and sex was determined correctly in 88% of cases.2  Another similar study was done in India using 200 known hip bones(120 males and 80 females) where they found that the length of posterior segment , index II and posterior angle of greater sciatic notch were very useful in sex determination. The sex was identified correctly in 88-92%.1  Sex determination was attempted on 140 hip bones of unknown sex of Karnataka origin. 87.7% of hip bones could be accurately classified. The total pelvic height, sciatic notch height and the acetabular height were the most useful indicators in sexing of hip bones.3  A Nigerian study was done using greater sciatic notch to determine the sex in 150 hip bones . the width , depth, total angle and index I were insignificant in sex determination . Posterior angle and index II were found to be most useful in assigning sex with an accuracy of 75-90%.4  The accuracy of a method for visually scoring sex differences in the greater sciatic notch was tested on 296 skeletons of known age and sex in California. The proportion of correct sex assignment is 80% when all the specimens are classified and 89% when os coxae assigned the scope in which sexes show greatest overlap are excluded5.  Harrison(1968) and Hrdlicka(1939) both stated that the greater sciatic notch was one of the best discriminants for sex, the latter claiming a 75% success rate when used alone6.

6.3 Objectives of the study

To determine the sex of the hip bones using greater sciatic notch in 100 dry hip bones by metric method.

7 MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1 Source of data:

For the prospective study of 2 years duration from Jan 2009- Dec 2010, 100

specimens (dry bones) shall be collected from skeletal collections of department of

anatomy, VIMS, Bellary and also from other sources.

7.2 Method of study :

A total of 100 hip bones of unknown sex , available in our department and

also from other sources will constitute the material for the present study. At first the

staff members of our department will decide the sex of the hip bones on the basis of

morphological features. A sex will be assigned only when there is anonymity on atleast

4 out of 5 morphological features.

The morphological features used here are :

1) Acetabulum

2) Obturator foramen

3) Ischio pubic rami

4) Ischial tuberosity

5) Preauricular sulcus

By this procedure the material shall be divided into 3 groups : 1) Definite male

2) Definite female

3) Uncertain sex

The bones which have been classified as uncertain sex will not be included in

the study.

In the present investigation on sex determination in addition to its depth, width and various indices, the total and posterior angles of greater sciatic notch will be utilized as parameters. And demarking points will be worked out on lines of Jit and

Singh(1966), that is instead of using the limiting points of the actual range of each parameter, fudicial limits will be calculated by adding and substracting 3 standard deviation(S.D) to and from the mean value of each measurement. Since such a calculated range (mean± 3 SD) covers nearly all the cases from any given region.

These demarking points will identify the sex with virtually 100% accuracy.

Measurements shall be taken with the help of a triflanged stainless steel calipers.

Point A- Ischial spine

Point B- Piriformis tubercle With the help of flange , maximum depth (OC) is calculated between the baseline

(AB) and the deepest point (C) of greater sciatic notch.

1) Maximum width – AB

2) Maximum depth- OC

3) Posterior segment –OB

4) Index I= depth OC/ width AB×100

5) Index II= posterior segment OB/ width AB×100

6) Total angle = ∟ACB

7) Posterior angle = ∟BCO

Total angle and posterior angle are measured after construction of triangle on a paper from the above measurements in each case.

For every parameter, the mean and standard deviation will be calculated and range noted. Demarking points will be calculated by using the formula mean ± 3 SD.

In a given bone, it is not necessary for all the parameters to cross the demarking point before sex can be assigned to it. Any single demarking point of any parameter if crossed, would identify the unknown sex of the hip bone with 100 % accuracy. 7.3 Does the study require any investigation and intervention to be conducted

on patients or other humans or animals? If so, describe briefly.

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from the Institution in case Of 7.3?

Obtained 8. LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Singh S, Potturi B R: Greater sciatic notch in sex determination. J.Anat

1978;125(3): 619-24.

2. Takahashi H: Curvature of greater sciatic notch in sexing the human pelvis.

Anthropological science 2006;vol 114:187-91

3. Rajangam S, Janakiram S, Thomas I M. Sexing of hip bones of karnataka

origin. Journal of anatomy soc india 1991;vo l40: 105-08.

4. Akpan T B, Igiri A O, Singh S P:Greater sciatic notch in sex differentiation in

Nigerian skeletal samples. Afr. J. med. Sci. 1998;27(1-2) : 43-46.

5. Jaroslav Bruzek: A method for visual determination of sex using human hip bone;

American journal of physical anthropology 117:157- 168(2002).

6. Gradwohl’s Legal Medicine : F.E. Camps, 3rd edition. 113-114.

7. Textbook of Forensic pathology : Pekka Saukko, Bernard Knight:,2004.111-112.

8. Gray’s Anatomy, 38th edition, Churchill Livingstone.Edingburgh,673-674.

9. Last’s Anatomy,10th edition.(1999)162. 9 Signature of Candidate

10 Remarks of the Guide .

11 Name and Designation of (in block letters) 11.1 Guide Dr.PHANIRAJ.S. PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY VIMS,BELLARY.

11.2 Signature

11.3 Co –Guide (if any )

11.4 Signature 11.5 Head of Department Dr. MALLIKARJUN M.

PROFESSOR AND HOD

DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

VIMS, BELLARY. Signature

12 12.1 Remarks of Chairman and Principal

12.2 Signature Place: Bellary Date:12 / 11 /2008 From, Dr. ROOPASHRI.B.H POST GRADUATE STUDENT IN M.D. ANATOMY DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, VIMS, BELLARY (KARNATAKA)

To, The Principal, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary.

THROUGH PROPER CHANNEL

Respected Sir,

Subject: Acceptance, registration and forwarding of dissertation topic reg.

In accordance with the above cited subject, I undersigned studying Post Graduate course in M.D. Anatomy has been allotted the dissertation topic “A STUDY OF GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH IN SEX DETERMINATION OF HIP BONE BY METRIC METHOD ( IN 100 DRY HIP BONES).” under the guidance of Dr.PHANIRAJ.S. Professor, Department of Anatomy, VIMS, Bellary.

I request you to kindly forward the dissertation topic in the prescribed form to the university for approval.

Thanking you, Yours faithfully,

Dr. ROOPASHRI.B.H

Signature of the Guide

Dr.PHANIRAJ.S. PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY VIMS,BELLARY. Place: Bellary Date:12 /11/08. From, The Professor. & Head, Department of Anatomy, VIMS, Bellary.

To, The Registrar, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore. THROUGH PROPER CHANNEL

Respected Sir, As per the regulations of the University for registration of Dissertation topic, the following Post Graduate in M.D. Anatomy has been allotted the dissertation topic as follows by the Official Registration Committee of all qualified and eligible guides of the Department of Anatomy.

NAME TOPIC GUIDE Dr. ROOPASHRI.B.H “A STUDY OF Dr.PHANIRAJ.S. Post Graduate Student in GREATER SCIATIC Professor M.D. Anatomy NOTCH IN SEX Department Of Anatomy, DETERMINATION VIMS ,Bellary. OF HIP BONE BY Department Of Anatomy METRIC METHOD VIMS, Bellary (IN 100 DRY HIP BONES).”

Therefore, I kindly request you to communicate the acceptance of the dissertation topic allotted to the PG student at an early date.

Thanking you, Yours faithfully,

Dr. MALLIKARJUN M. PROFESSOR AND HOD DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY VIMS,Bellary. .