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Hemiphaga Novaeseelandiae The Impact of Predation on the Threatened Endemic Kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) by Mammalian Predators on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand TeAriS.Prendergast,ShaunC.Ogilvie, and Kerry-JayneWilson Bio-ProtectionandEcologyDivision,LincolnUniversity,Canterbury,NewZealand AndreaByrom ManaakiWhenua/LandcareResearch,Canterbury,NewZealand ABSTRACT :Thekereru(NewZealandpigeon)isathreatenedendemicspecies.Predationofeggs,chicks,andadultsatnestsby mammalianpredatorsisconsideredtobeamajorpotentialthreat.Theimpactofmammalianpredatorsonkererupopulationswas studiedonthreeremnantnativebushareasonBanksPeninsula,NewZealand,fromFebruary2004toMarch2005.Inthisstudy,15 kereruwerefittedwithradio-transmittersandintenselymonitoredforsurvival.Threeradio-taggedkereruwerelostatthebeginning of this study and their transmitters were redeployed, so a total of 18 radio-tagged kereru were monitored for predator-induced mortality.Fiveadultkererudied,3asaresultofpredation.Acatwasrecordedonvideopreyingononeadult.Itishypothesised that cats were responsible for preying on other kereru during this study. Rat and possum predation limited nesting success; however,thiscouldhavebeenoffsetbyreplacementnestingafternestfailures.Catspreyedonchicksandadultkereru,which impactedthebreedingviabilityoftheadultpopulation.Kererumaybeabletowithstandsomenestpredationpressureifthepairis abletore-nestinthesameseason.However,theabilityofkererutore-nestisreliantonthemhavinganadequatefoodsource,so thismaynotbepossibleinpoorseasons.Theseassertionsrequirepopulationmodellingtodeterminetheirrelativeimportance. Nestingsuccesswouldbenefitfromratandpossumcontrolduringgoodbreedingseasons.Adultsurvivalwouldbenefitfromthe controlofpredatorssuchascatsandstoats.However,askereruhaveintegratedintourbanhabitat,managersmustconsultwiththe communitybeforeconductingpredatorcontrol. KEY WORDS :adultmortality,communityinvolvement,domesticcat,Feliscatus , Hemiphaganovaeseelandiae ,kereru, mammalianpredators,nestsuccess,survivalindex Proc.22 nd Vertebr.PestConf. (R.M.TimmandJ.M.O’Brien,Eds.) PublishedatUniv.ofCalif.,Davis. 2006. Pp.282-286. INTRODUCTION Thisprojectwasundertakenundertheauspicesofthe The kereru or New Zealand pigeon ( Hemiphaga Kaupapa Kereru Programme, an initiative to enhance novaeseelandiae )isofagenusendemictoNewZealand. kererupopulationsonBanksPeninsula.KaupapaKereru Kereru playanimportantroleintherestorationofnative comprises representatives of Ngai Tahu Runanga, the forests,astheyaretheonlysurvivingnativebirdcapable DepartmentofConservation,ManaakiWhenua/Landcare ofdistributingtheseeds(>12mm)oflarge-fruitednative Research, Banks Peninsula Conservation Trust, and trees (Clout and Hay 1989). Banks Peninsula, on the Lincoln University. Kaupapa Kereru was established eastern coast of the South Island of New Zealand, was with the vision of increasing the numbers and range of once knownforitsabundanceof kereru(Evison1993). Kereru on Te Pataka a Rakaihautu/Banks Peninsula Today, however, populations exist in fragmented rem- throughatwo-prongedapproach:firstly,byworkingwith nantsofnativeforestandregeneratinghabitat,dispersed thelocalcommunitytoraiseawarenessandappreciation amongst a mosaic of exotic pasture and scrubland, in for kereru, including their key role in the restoration of relatively low numbers. Deforestation, habitat degrada- indigenousforest;andsecondly,throughresearchonthe tion, illegal hunting, and predation by introduced ecology of local kereru populations including habitat, mammalian predators have all adversely impacted on seasonalmovements,foods,andtheimpactsofpredators. kererupopulations(Mander etal .1998).Kererudecline Thisstudyfocusedonthelatter,theimpactsofpredators. todayislargelyattributedtothepredationofeggs,chicks, The loss of an individual nest due to predation for and adult kereru by introduced mammalian predators kererucanbeoffsetbythefactthattheycanre-nestsoon including possums ( Trichosurus vulpecula ), rats ( Rattus after failure has occurred. However, the loss of mature spp.), stoats ( Mustela erminea ) and cats ( Felis catus ) breeding adults from a population is likely to have a (Clout et al . 1995 a,b; James 1995; Powlesland et al . greaterimpactthanthelossofnests(James1995).Adult 2003).Thestatusofkereruisconsideredasendangered kereru are vulnerable to predation especially when andlistedasin gradualdecline.Littleis knownofthe feeding on the ground (Mander et al . 1998) or within status of kereru populations on Banks Peninsula other closeproximitytotheground.Cloutetal .(1995 a)radio thanthattheirnumbershavedramaticallydecreasedsince taggedatotalof102kereru,ofwhichastoatkilled6and theremovalof99%oftheoriginalforestcover,butnow acatkilled1.Powlesland etal .(2003)alsoradiotagged that native forest is regenerating, it is hypothesised that adultkereru,whichsufferedhighmortalityresultingina forest cover may now better support kereru (Wilson mean life expectancy of just 1.5 years. Of 74 tagged 1998). kereru,41died,8fromunknowncauses,26werepreyed 282 upon (most probably by mammalian predators), 4 were SiteAnalysis taken by poachers, 1 died of disease or poor condition, When a depredated kereru was found, key habitat and 2 were found being eaten by New Zealand falcons factorsatthesitewererecordedtodeterminewhatfactors (Falconovaeseelandiae ).Theremainsof26non-tagged mayencouragepredationofadultkereru.Thosefactors kereruwerefoundduringPowlesland’sstudy,ofwhich7 were:1)thetypeofplantthebirdwaspresumedtohave couldbeattributedtomammalianpredation.Adultbirds beeninpriortobeingpreyedon,2)theheightoftheplant were especially vulnerable to predation from cats and (used to determine the proximity of the bird to the stoats when drinking from puddles and streams on the ground),3)theamountofcoverthebirdhadwhileitwas ground(Powlesland etal .2003).Thelossofadultbirds ontheplant,and4)whatthebirdwasdoinginthatplant mayhaveamajoreffectonkererupopulations,because prior to being preyed on (i.e., whether the plant was a eggs can be replaced, but if an adult is killed, then the knownfoodsource,roostingperch,ornestingsite).The other parent may starve to death trying to raise their latterwasdiscernedbyobservationsofotherkereruinthe young,whichmayalsostarve(Clout etal .1995 b). sameplantspecies. The removal of predators that prey on adult kereru would enhance kereru populations, but these predator RESULTS species may differ from those that prey on nests. AdultSurvival Therefore,theaimofthisstudywastoidentifypredator Atotalof5radio-tagged kererudiedfrom February species preying on adult kereru and to estimate the 2004toMarch2005(Figure1).Thefirstdeathoccurred proportion of the total adult population that is lost to withinthefirstweekaftertheradiotagswerefitted.Itis predation. Based on these results, a finite survival rate possible that this kereru may have been suffering from wasdevelopedforthepopulationofradio-taggedkereru. post-capture shock associated with prolonged handling. Withinthefirstfewweeksofradiotracking,wefound2 METHODS radio-tagged kereru that had been preyed on by an Fifteenadultkereruwerefittedwithradio-transmitters unknownpredator.Becausethesedeathsoccurredduring to monitor their movements and feeding habits and to thepreliminarystagesofthisstudy,3moreadultkereru findnestlocationsaroundLytteltonHarbour.Threedied were captured and radio-transmitters redeployed. A early on in this study, so their transmitters were nesting radio-tagged adult kereru and its chick were redeployed,makingthetotalnumberofbirdsmonitored preyed on while on the nest. The predator was for mortality 18. Each bird was distinguished by its conclusively identified as a cat by means of a 24-hr transmitterfrequencycode(e.g.,Tx12).Observationsof infrared video camera positioned adjacent to the nest. eachkereruweremadeduring4-to5-dayfieldtripseach Onekereruwaspresumedtohavedied. fortnightfromFebruary2004toMarch2005(Schotborgh 2005).Anattemptwasmadetolocateeachbirdatleast once a day during these field trips. Where the general 1.00 locationofataggedkereruwasobviousbutcouldnotbe defined,itslocationwasestimatedthroughtriangulation. 0.80 Survivalofthe18radio-taggedkereruwasmonitoredand 0.60 theproportionthatdiedfrompredationeventswasused to estimate the impact of predators on the mortality of 0.40 adult kereru. Non-radio-tagged kereru found to have 0.20 beenpreyedonwerealsoinspectedforsignsofpredation. FiniteSurvivalRate 0.00 b ul n AnalysisofRemains J ct ov eb Fe Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep O N Dec Ja F Mar Theremainsofbirdsbelievedtohavebeenpreyedon wererecordedateachsuchevent.Remainswereweigh- Figure1.Finitesurvivalrateofradio-taggedkererufrom ed,andthiswascomparedwiththebirds’weightatthe February2004toMarch2005. timeofcapturetodeterminehowmuchofthekereruhad beeneaten.Bodypartstaken,i.e.,head,feathers,andfeet, CausesofMortality andwhatwasleftofthe kereruremains wererecorded. One kereru wasfounddeadwithinthefirstweekof Howcleanlythemeathadbeeneatenofftheboneswas this study (Table 1). It did not show any signs of also recorded. If faeces were found near the predation predation.Anautopsywasconductedtodeterminecause site,thentheyweretakentohelpidentifythepredator. ofdeath.Thisadultkereruwasfoundtohaveabroken Bite marks were analysed by measuring the width shoulder bone, possibly as a result of collision with an between canines (Lyver 2000). Inter-canine distances objectwhilstinflight.Withaninjurylikethis,thebird werecategorisedas‘definitestoat’(<7.8 mm),possible wouldnotbeabletoflylongdistancestofindfoodorto stoat (7.8 to 9.5 mm), and outside stoat inter-canine evadepredators. distancesrange(>9.5mm).Withinthelatter,adefinite
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