NON- Communicable Diseases Cannot be spread through person-to-person contact Other factors attribute to these diseases
Homeostasis – the body’s internal balance and stability; typically maintained despite changing conditions
Mutation –alteration on a gene’s normal structure; can lead to disease
Prognosis – outcome of a disease Remission- a period of time in which the signs and symptoms of a disease subside Relapse – recurrence of a disease Complications – a problem or secondary infection that results from accompanies a disease
Cardiovascular Disease Heart Anatomy
The heart weighs between 7 and 15 ounces (200 to 425 grams) and is a little larger than the size of your fist. By the end of a long life, a person's heart may have beat (expanded and contracted) more than 3.5 billion times. In fact, each day, the average heart beats 100,000 times, pumping about 2,000 gallons (7,571 liters) of blood.
Your heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum). A double-layered membrane called the pericardium surrounds your heart like a sac. The outer layer of the pericardium surrounds the roots of your heart's major blood vessels and is attached by ligaments to your spinal column, diaphragm, and other parts of your body. The inner layer of the pericardium is attached to the heart muscle. A coating of fluid separates the two layers of membrane, letting the heart move as it beats, yet still be attached to your body. Your heart has 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the left and right atria, and the lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles. A wall of muscle called the septum separates the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles. The left ventricle is the largest and strongest chamber in your heart. The left ventricle's chamber walls are only about a half-inch thick, but they have enough force to push blood through the aortic valve and into your body.
The Heart Valves (illustration)
Four types of valves regulate blood flow through your heart:
The tricuspid valve regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.
The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen.
The mitral valve lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
The aortic valve opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, your body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the rest of your body.
The Conduction System (illustration)
Electrical impulses from your heart muscle (the myocardium) cause your heart to contract. This electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located at the top of the right atrium. The SA node is sometimes called the heart's "natural pacemaker." An electrical impulse from this natural pacemaker travels through the muscle fibers of the atria and ventricles, causing them to contract. Although the SA node sends electrical impulses at a certain rate, your heart rate may still change depending on physical demands, stress, or hormonal factors.
The Circulatory System (illustration) Your heart and circulatory system make up your cardiovascular system. Your heart works as a pump that pushes blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of your body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products made by those cells. Blood is carried from your heart to the rest of your body through a complex network of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Blood is returned to your heart through venules and veins. If all the vessels of this network in your body were laid end-to-end, they would extend for about 60,000 miles (more than 96,500 kilometers), which is far enough to circle the earth more than twice!
Cardiovascular Disease – is a disease of the heart & blood vessels - Accounts for almost half of all the deaths in the U. S.
- Electrocardiogram - EKG – test that shows a graph of activity of your heart
- Coronary angiography --Helps evaluate the extent of coronary artery damage
- Blood vessels- are narrow tubes that run throughout the body and serve as body’s transportation system for blood, oxygen, & nutrients
o Arties – are large, muscular blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the capillaries o Capillaries – small thin blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the arteries to the body’s tissue o Veins – blood vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the heart Aorta- the largest artery of the body Types of Cardiovascular Disease
1. Arteriosclerosis – hardening and thickening of the arteries -Can occur naturally as people get older
2.Atherosclerosis –fat deposits on artery walls – Plaque Cause from fatty diets, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels Start early and builds up slowly does not occur suddenly.
3. Hypertension – a condition that is characterized by high blood pressure, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke Blood Pressure – the pressure placed on your veins and arties when the heart is pumping Systolic – Ventricles contract- blood is pushed into the arties Diastolic – when the ventricles are relaxing
4. Stroke or cerebrovascular accident – blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain * Brain cells die within minutes causing damage, loss of control of different body functions and uses,
Aneurysm – is a weakened area of a blood vessel Causes: high blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes
5. Angina Pectoris – chest pain caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries - heart is not getting enough oxygen - sudden exertion, vigorous activity, & excessive stress can cause this
- Nitroglycerin – is a drug that widens the coronary arteries allowing more oxygen to get to the cardiac muscle
6. Coronary Heart Disease –disease in which the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked Coronary artery is a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart muscle. Platelets – the tiny disk-shaped bodies that form clots
7. Heart Attack – death of the cardiac muscle caused by the lack of blood flow - Myocardial infarction – (MI) – medical term for heart attack – coronary artery is narrowed by plaque, also might become clogged by a blood clot Warning Signs: pressure or pain in the chest area Pain that spread to the shoulder, jaw or neck Lightheadedness Fainting Sweating Nausea Shortness of Breath
Thrombus – A stationary clot --- coronary thrombus – to the heart Cerebral thrombus – to the brain
Embolus- Clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood stream Embolism – a clot that closes off the blood vessel
Balloon Angioplasty - Used to open up an artery that is blocked used a balloon-tipped catheter Stent – a circular, hollow, wire mesh tube Bypass surgery – vein is place to go around the blocked section
** Premature Heart Attack – is heart attack the occurs before the age of 55 in males and 65 in females
** 4 out of 5 people who die from a heart attack are over the age of 65
** Males have a higher chance of having a heart attack
8. Congestive Heart Failure – condition that occurs when the heart’s pumping ability is below normal capacity & fluid accumulates in the lungs and other areas of the body - Causes: birth defects, heart attack, high blood pressure, rheumatic fever, old age - Drugs can help improve hearts pumping ability - Reduce sodium in diet can also help
9. Heart Rhythm Abnormalities – heart not beating at a normal rate Arrhythmia – heart may beat very slow or very fast for no obvious reasons Pacemaker – a device that is implanted in the heart to simulate normal heart contractions
10. Rheumatic Fever – is an auto-immune action in the heart that can cause fever, weakness, & damage to the valves. Can cause permanent damage Risk Factors:
High Levels of Cholesterol Low Density Lipoproteins – substance in the blood that carries cholesterol to the body cells
High Density Lipoproteins – substance in the blood that carries the cholesterol to the liver for breakdown and excretion
Saturated Fats – a type of fat from dairy products, solid veg. fat, meat & poultry
Antioxidants- is a substance that protects cells from being damaged by oxidation. Fruits & Veg. are a good source of antioxidants Vit. C & E, beta-carotene, & selenium
Reduce your Risks: 1. Avoiding Second hand smoke as well as smoking 2. Maintain healthful blood pressure 3. Maintain healthy weight 4. Be physically active 5. Manage stress
Cancer Cancer – is a group of diseased cells which divide in an uncontrolled rate
Tumor – abnormal growth of tissue
Benign tumor – is non-cancerous and does not spread to other parts of the body Usually can be removed and does not grow back
Malignant tumor – is cancerous and may spread to other parts of the body Metastasis – is the spreading of cancer Cancer cells break away and move into the blood stream or into the lymphatic system and then moves to other parts of the body
Thing that can effect your chances of getting Cancer 1. Genetics – Proto-oncogenes – genes that trigger cell division 2. Environmental Influences – a. carcinogens – cancer causing agents b. Radiation c. Sun exposure 3. Lifestyle – your choices to do or not to do certain things 4. Infections – lowers immune system
Types of Cancers: Lymphomas- arise from the organs of the immune system or lymph tissue Leukemias – arises in the blood cell-making tissues Carcinomas – arises in the skin, body chamber lining, or glands Sarcomas – arises in the connective tissue cells, including bones, ligaments, & muscles Adenomas – glandular tissue such as the breast
Common Cancers – Skin Cancer Melanoma – skin cancer where the pigmentation is changing. A - asymmetry B – Border irregularity C – color – not uniform D – Diameter- greater than 6 mm E – evolution – it’s changing Use sunscreen all year long - block UVB (surface) & UVA(deep into the skin) rays
Lung Cancer Breast Cancer Biopsy – taking a sample of tissue for further examination Colon & Rectal Cancer Colonoscopy – procedure used to examine the colon
Cancer can be cured in some people.
Treatment: 1. Surgery – most common type of cancer treatment- removal of cancer cells
2. Radiation therapy – high energy radiation to kill or damage cancer cells Side Effects: Fatigue Vomiting Nausea Reddish skin
3.Chemotherapy – anti-cancer drugs Side Effects: Fatigue Vomiting Nausea Hair loss
4.Immunotherapy – immune system is stimulated to fight the cancer cells The patient is injected with cancer cells that are made harmless by radiation
5. Hormone therapy – targets hormones to cut off favorable conditions that cancer needs
Signs of Cancer
C hange in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal U nusual bleeding or discharge T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing O bvious change in a wart or mole N aging cough or hoarseness
10 Reducing Cancer Choices 1. Know the warning signs 2. Choose a tobacco-free lifestyle 3. Sun protection 4. Dietary Guidelines 5. Maintain desirable weight and body composition 6. Avoid drinking alcohol 7. Avoid exposure to dangerous chemicals and airborne fibers 8. Avoid Air Pollution 9. Avoid infection with HIV & STDs 10. Know your family cancer’s history
Diabetes
Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body produces little or no insulin
Insulin is a hormone that regulates the blood sugar level in the body
Pancreas – where insulin is produced
Metabolism – rate in which food is converted into energy
Glucose – is a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body
3 Types of Diabetes 1. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type I diabetes – the body produces little or no insulin - considered to be an autoimmune disease - Body produces antibodies that turn against the body’s own cells - It attacks the insulin in the body
** Between 5-15% of people with diabetes have this problem.
Symptoms: Frequent urination Blurred vision Constant hunger Extreme tiredness Weight loss Thirst
Treatment – Daily injections of insulin or they will die Special Diet is also needed
2. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or Type II diabetes – body produces insulin but it can not be used by the body. ** Most common type of diabetes – 90-95% have this type
** Used to be called adult-onset diabetes
NOW occurring more & more in younger children due to obesity!!!!!!!!!!! *** *80% are Over Weight
Symptoms: Frequent urination Feeling tiredness Unusual Thirst Frequent infections Weight loss Slow healing of sores Blurred vision
Can be treated by: Weight Loss Diet Physical Activity Oral Medications
3. Gestational diabetes – occurs in some females during pregnancy Insulin is produced but not used.
Caused by a hormone that the placenta produces. Treated by diet – not medicine due to it might harm the baby. Usually disappears after the birth of the baby. Women who have had this have a higher chance of developing type II diabetes later.
“F” Factors for Diabetes Fat – being over weight- the only one that you can control Female - more common Family History Forty year and older – occurs mostly after this age
People with diabetes must check their blood glucose levels to make sure that they are not too high or too low.
Diabetes can lead to: Blindness Heart Disease Stroke Kidney failure Loss of circulation to legs and feet Nerve damage Premature Death
Allergies
Allergy – an immune response in which the body reacts destructively to a harmless substance
Allergens – substance that triggers an allergic reaction
Histamine – a substance that causes blood vessels to leak fluids into the body tissue, resulting in swelling
Edema – swelling of the body tissue during an immune response
Local allergies – allergies that affect a specific part of the body
Systemic- allergies that affect the entire body
Anaphylaxis – response in which the lungs fill with fluid and air passage narrow, restricting breathing
Asthma – a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which the air passage constricts and fills with mucus making it difficult to breathe.