Virology Test #1 Review Questions Fall, 2014

Virology Test #1 Review Questions – Fall, 2014

Be able to:

1. What is an epidemic? 2. Differentiate between common source and host to host epidemics

3. Describe factors that lead to epidemics…at least 2 each from the biological, social, environmental causes. Be able to draw from specific class examples (see class 2 summary at the end of this review). 4. What causes host immunity to a virus? Be able to describe the general immunological events. 5. How does population immunity impact the spread of a virus?

6. Be able to discuss the factors involved in disease outbreak and transmission from the class summaries of their assigned readings (see summaries below). Focus particularly on those things that all of the papers have in common, as well as factors that are unique to each situation.

7. Be able to describe a typical epidemiological investigation – the roles of case control studies, time place and personal characteristics, and case definitions.

8. What are the four major causes of newly emergent diseases? Be prepared to discuss how they play roles in emerging diseases.

9. Be able to describe the various types of viral genomes, and how they are used in the Baltimore system of classification.

10. Be able to describe types of secondary structures in viral genomes, and discuss possible roles in viral biology/replication.

11. Be able to differentiate between structural and nonstructural proteins, and to give a few examples from HSV-1

12. Be able to discuss the various symmetries and shapes of viral capsids. Which one does HSV-1 display?

13. What is an envelope? From where does HSV-1 derive its envelope? 14. Be able to discuss the roles and give examples of both vectors and non- vectors in virus transmission.

15. What makes a cell ‘permissive’? Be able to discuss at least 3 features of a permissive cell. 16. What is LAT, and what is its role in herpes biology? 17. Be able to describe herpes replication in some detail. You will need to explain how the virus binds to and enters a cell (and the type of cell it enters), how it is transported to the nucleus, how it is transcribed and replicated, how it is assembled and how it is released from the cell. Terms/molecules with which you should have familiarity include:

a. gC, gD, VP16, vhs, IE proteins, E proteins, L Proteins, replication compartments, rolling circle replication, origin binding proteins, single-stranded binding proteins, helicase, primase, polymerase processivity factor, cleavage/packaging proteins, exocytic vesicle, viral scaffold proteins, tegument proteins.

Class Summary from Emerging Infectious Diseases: Who, What, Where, When and Why? Paper #1 Globally Mobile Populations and the Spread of Emerging Pathogens

1. Big Picture: When things move, so do diseases. a. Transportation to and from countries is increasing, and thus pandemics (worldwide epidemics) are re-appearing. Examples include TB, malaria, polio, HIV)

b. Resistant microbes can be transported from one part of the globe to another, so they become a global, rather than a local, problem

c. Laws do not currently require temporary visitors (study abroad students!) to undergo health checks – only permanent visitors are scrutinized. d. Unvaccinated individuals tend to be clustered in specific geographical areas, and thus can spread infection from those areas. Paper #2 Epidemics after Natural Disasters

1. Big Picture: Disasters do not normally cause disease, but the resulting conditions can significantly increase the likelihood of outbreak and spread.

a. overcrowding, b. displacement from normal health care,

c. movement of people into new areas d. lack of sanitation and

e. lack of clean food/water f. lack of power.

2. Minimizing displacement will minimize the spread of disease. Return of services as quickly as possible is also critical.

3. Body disposal should be performed with body bags, gloves, masks, etc.

Paper #3 Preventing and Controlling Emerging and Reemerging Transmissible Diseases in the Homeless

1. Big Picture: Homeless are exposed to many different diseases due to poor living conditions and limited access to healthcare. Conditions include:

a. Sleeping in cars, abandoned buildings, streets b. Prostitution

c. Alcohol abuse d. Poor nutrition

e. Drug-related behavior and needle sharing

Paper #4 Public Health Threat of New, Reemerging, and Neglected Zoonoses in the Industrialized World 1. Big Picture: The majority of emerging pathogens are zoonoses. Human interaction with animal vectors is increasing or changing due to changes in: a. Climate

b. Globalization c. Companion pets (exotics, especially)

d. Agriculture/livestock e. Sports

f. Food (particularly ‘bush meat’) g. Tourism (safaris, hunting tours, hiking, etc.) h. Urbanization (wild animals forced into expanding cities just to survive) Paper #5 Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world

1. Big Picture: As more and more people move into an urban area, the risk of disease outbreaks increases greatly.

a. Migration moves diseases into new areas b. Crowding causes diseases to pass from one person to another more quickly c. People share water sources, and can spread disease in that manner

d. Some urban areas have poor people (see issues of the homeless) e. Rural animals can be brought to urban areas, and spread normally rural diseases