N Motivation a Need/Desire That Serves to Energize Behavior and Direct It Toward a Goal
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Motivation a need/desire that serves to energize behavior and direct it toward a goal.
In our case: Hunger Sex Achievement
Motivation is different than instinct. Instincts are complex behaviors with a fixed pattern of behavior throughout a species. Go after food, sex and success in lots of different ways, so it’s not a fixed pattern of behavior. Drive Reduction Theory Needs are things that push behavior: thirst, hunger, sex. Incentives ATTRACT behavior: Apple pie, hot attractive people, and sodas, when you’re not thirsty. Arousal Theory People need to be aroused, and then brought back to homeostasis.: like roller coasters, scarey movies. Monkeys like going to a disco room when available, then to return to the calm green room to regain balance.
Optimum Arousal Curiosity drives people to explore and to arouse the sympathetic system. Then, drives us back to need calm, homeostasis. Arousal helps performance at optimum rates and harms when above or below that optimum level.
High levels of arousal help with easy and well-learned tasks. Hurts difficult or tasks not well learned (doing calculus problems in front of a group). Affiliation Needs Humans are tribal and have a genetic need to be a part of families, communities, groups etc. Evolutionarily sound as we weren’t the strongest, so had to work in groups. Ask yourself: What makes your life meaningful? Probably friends and loved ones. Affiliation Needs. “Peer pressure” or doing outraeous things in groups.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow was a humanist, believed that people are basically good if not corrupted by society. Theorized that people go through a pattern of needs, where lowers levels need to be satisfied before you can fully concentrated on the next stage.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological: food and thirst Safety: protection from outside threats; life is organized and predictable. Belonging: to feel love and a part of a group (family, community, etc.) Esteem: to feel competent, achieved, and have respect of others. Self-actualized: live up fully to one’s unique potential. Do for yourself, not for show. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs At any time you might be partially in all levels, but before you can fully complete a higher level, you must have fully completed lower levels. When a level is not fulfilled, you will spend more time solving issues in that level. Maslow’s Needs Rest political security love food power water exercise self-confidence Fulfillment potential feeling worthwhile sensory stimulation economic security skill strength affection oxygen independence accurate perception of self Hypothalamus Lateral increases hunger Ventromedial: decreases. Gherlin: produced by stomach when empty increases hunger, switches when full. Leptin produced by fat cells, decreases hunger and increases activity and metabolism. Switches when reversed. Hypothalamus In addition, it sends messages to frontal lobe which influences behaviors. That’s why you can come up with a million reasons to eat the cake.
Neurobiological Roots The Hypothalamus: controls sex drive and turns hunger on and off by monitoring blood sugar (glucose) and cell depletion. Controls the thyroid whose hormones control metabolism. 1 never to 5 all the time How often do you eat: 1. because you want to treat yourself? 2. as a reward for having done something that you’re proud of or feel good about? 3. because you like to eat? 4. because it’s a special or traditional part of some social occasion or celebration? 5. because you are depressed or sad? 6. because you deserve it? 7. because you feel worthless or inadequate? 8. because you feel good or are in a good mood? 9. as a way to help you cope? 10. as a way to comfort yourself? 11. as a way to avoid thinking about something unpleasant or to distract yourself? 12. as a way to enjoy a social gathering? 13 as a way to celebrate a special occasion with friends, family, or a loved one? 14. to be sociable? 15. to keep people from asking questions about why you’re not eating? 16. because someone pressures you to eat? 17. because you feel like you can’t say “no”? 18. to join in a festive occasion? 19. because you don’t want to stand out or be different from others who are eating? 20. to please your mother or someone else who wants you to eat? Source: Hunger Hunger is turned on and off by the hypothalamus. Brain reads blood-sugar (glucose) and insulin levels, cells losing water or fat, stomach constrictions, taste sensations from taste buds. Set Point The body is brilliantly designed to handle the intake of food, extract energy and store enough extra for emergencies. Theory that everyone has a genetically driven set point of body weight that the body tries to achieve. BASIL Metabolic Rate and hunger is altered to achieve the set point. Set Point We consume about 20 tons of food over 40 years, a .01 ounce increase in daily input would increase weight by 24 lbs. Given a starvation diet people level off at about ¾ of their weight, the metablolism adjusts. In reverse, increasing calories about 1000, people fidget more. Most scientists now believe set point can be adjusted my changing behaviors over time.b` Ask about the vibrating mouse.
Ghrelin: hungry PPY: satisfied Leptin: satisfied Insulin: Hungry Glucose: Satisfied When fat is lost, leptin is reduced and you feel hungry all the time
Externals Externals: drive for food is highly dictated by what the see visually. They will be pulled by the incentive of food, smell and sight. This group often has trouble maintaining ideal weight. Novel Foods Many people shy away from foods that are new, probably protective. When experiementers put me on starvation diets they, Lost about 35% of weight then leveled off. Became food obsessed, not even thinking about SEX.
Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa: marked by extremely lower than ideal weight. Over 15% lower. Bulimia Nervosa: Marked by bingeing and purging. Bulimic are weight is often around normal, making them more difficult to spot. More Bulimics than anorectics. Eating disorders: Anorexia Anorexics come from homes with high ideals for perfection, parents who are weight obsessed. Mostly a disease of the upper middle class and wealthy white world. Girls tend to be “perfect.” Control is a big issue with anorexics Anorexics have massive distortions of perception, they truly belief they are the 500lb woman. Eating Disorders: buimia Bulimics come from families with high levels of depression and alcoholism. Bulimia must have a purging element to technically be bulimia. Purging can be in the form of laxatives, throwing up, even excessive exercise. Bulimia is way more common than anorexia. Bulimics tend to hover around a normal weight.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder A warped perception of what your body looks like. Overly critical, obsessive misperception of your own body. Facts about Eating Disorders Body dissatisfaction is soaring, 89% of women and 22% of men think they need to lose weight. A majority of women would not accept a 10 point rise in IQ if it meant a one size rise in butt size. 15% of women and 11% of men would sacrifice five years of their life to be their ideal weight. About 25% 3 years. Facts about Eating Disorders Pregnancy is increasingly becoming associated as an encumbrance to body style, with women not having children to keep their shape. Sexual abuse is a significant factor in leading to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Teasing has a lasting effect on body image and esteem: belief perseverance. Women and Body Image Given a scale of body image women want to be thinner than they think men like. Women’s current body assessment is bigger than what they think men want. Men actually prefer women heavier than what women think.
Studying Sexuality The Kinsey report was the first widespread study: 1950s Interviewed about 180K Found a wide variation in “normal” behaviors. Inaccurate unrepresentative sample: sexually interested people. Wording effect problems: not if, but when. Studying Sex New studies report 90% monogamous with 94-98% not cheating in the last year.
Sex Facts 67% of Married people and 45% of single people report that are happy with their sex lives. 3% of males and 1% of females identify themselves as homosexual. Consistent with other polls. Average age for first intercourse: 18 16% of people report sexual problems.
Studying Sex Men report initiating sex more often than women, 60% always, compared to 22% of women. Average amount of times: 7 times per month. Fear of AIDS/HIV 8 out of 10 have made drastic changes in sexual behaviors since AIDS: 48% men, 32% women use condoms, 1/3 have become monogamous, 1/3 fewer sex partners. 71% of secrets kept from spouses have to do with sex, desires, acts and past acts. Sexual Response Cycle: Masters and Johnson’s study of 10,000 sex acts in the ‘60s Excitement: genitals engorge with blood (both sexes), partial erections for both, vaginal lubrications begins. Plateau: penis fully erect, semen forms on tip (NO COITUS INTERUPTUS, YOU WILL GET PREGNANT!!!!!!); blood pressure goes up. Sexual Response Cycle: Plateau continued: men have orgasms close to 100% of time (7 minutes); women just over 1/2 the time (12 minutes). Descriptions of orgasms by those studied: impossible to discriminate between men and women. Women’s orgasms aid in moving sperm from vagina to uterus and fallopian tubes for fertilization. Sexual Response Cycle: Resolution: After orgasm, males go into a refractory period where orgasm is impossible. Can last from a few minutes to a day or so. Females do not have as long as one and can often have multiple orgasms. Human response cycle Females arousal level drop quicker if they have an orgasm. How did we define frustration?
Women are much less likely to have orgasms than males. About ½ as opposed to 100%.
Males testosterone levels rise just talking to females Human sexual response Males more likely to have orgasms when dreaming.
Birth rates for married people delcining, unmarried rising. Hormones Human sexual behavior is not as affected by hormones as in other species. (slightly higher at ovulation for females) Humans primary sex organ is the brain and can be stimulate by sight and imagination.
Psychology of Sex Both men and women study are equally aroused by seeing, hearing or reading sexually explicit materials. (at least those who are willing to be studied). More aroused than with romance, even women. Women more aroused if the subject matter has women initiating the sex and focuses on the women’s response. Psychology of Sex If men see women being coerced and enjoying it, it can change their attitudes, the “rape myth”, women enjoying coercion. Males who watch a lot may become more dissatisfied with partners and sex lives. Psychology of Sex Almost all men and 40% of women have sexually explicit dreams that lead to orgasms. (For men, these dreams are more likely to occur if they have not had an orgasm lately.) Awake people can become aroused by memories and fantasies. About 95% of men and women have sexual fantasies. (Men’s tend to be faster and more anonymous, women’s more romantic). Gender Differences Most adult video customers are male, although most of them claim they will watch them with a woman. 54% of male college freshman, but only 32% of female thought that if two people like each other, it’s all right for them to have sex, even if they’ve only known each other a short while.
Gender Differences 25% of men, but only 48% of women cited affection as their reason for first intercourse. A large percentage of women (around 80%) who have first sex in high school regret the experience and wish they had waited. Both heterosexual and gay men report more of an interest in uncommitted sex than their female counterparts. Gender Differences In a series of experiments, researchers on a college campus had attractive members of the opposite sex ask subjects who were strangers ask if they’d like to have sex that evening. 75% of the males agreed (with many asking why they should wait so long), not one of the females agreed. Gender Differences Men also are far more likely to believe that if a female is being warm and friendly that that is a “come on,” or a “come hither look,” to use Clinton’s jargon. Condom use Only about ½ teen sex acts occur with condoms. Condoms protect against STDs, but not STIS; Notably HPV., related to cervical cancer. Now there is an HPV vaccination. Sexual Disorders (men) Impotence (erectile disfunction): inability to get or maintain an erection. Usually physiological in cause. Premature ejaculation: often in young men, inability to delay orgasm until their partner wishes. (American Pie syndrome). Can be overcome with training.
Sexual disorders (females) Low sexual desire is more common in women than men. Orgasmic disorder ( inability to achieve orgasm). High success rate in treating behaviorally. Women can be taught how to have them with themselves and then transfer the learning. No personality disorders associated with sexual dysfunction.
Genetic Links However brothers of homosexuals are more likely to be homosexual than that of the general public. Fraternal twins are more likely than the general population to be gay if their brother is. Identical twins are more likely to be gay than fraternal twins, if one is gay. Homosexuality can be created in animals by gene manipulations. All this leads some scientist to believe a genetic link.
Teen Preganancy: Causes Guilt Ignorance Discouraging the use of contraception. Achievement Motivation Achievement motivation is the desire for significant accomplishments, mastery of skills or ideas, for control and for rapidly attaining a high standard. Traits of Achievers High achievers chose moderately difficult tasks, where success is obtainable, yet attributable to skills and effort. Low achievers choose either easy tasks or tasks so difficult that if they fail, they can write it off to the task. . Achievement motivation and success. People with high achievement motivation become more successful than the general population because of their persistence and eagerness for challenges. As adults, they participate more and watch less. Parenting and achievement High achievers had parents who presented them with tasks and then let them solve the task on their own. Children were rewarded with praise/love for success. If the child fell short, they weren’t admonished, but were encouraged to improve…not necessarily be the best. Note to coaches. Learning of Achievement Emotional roots: associating success with love/praise. Cognitive roots: associate achievement with competence and effort. Birth order Studies have shown that in two children families, first borns have higher degrees of achievement motivation (64%), while younger ones have more social competence. Intrinsic motivation v. Extrinsic motivation People whose motivation comes from within (intrinsic) tend to be more successful than those who are motivated from without (money, awards, etc). Remember overjustification effect, when rewards actually hurt the motivation of the intrinsically motivated. People not on scholarship enjoy their sports more than those on scholarship. Flow Concept that you get “into” something so deeply that time flies and you lose yourself in your work. People who are happy at what they do are usually in flow a good deal of the time. Theory X and Y Theory X managers are ones who believe their employees are ripping them off and need to be managed behaviorally, watched, and punished Theory Y managers believe employees are best managed by having them be creative and intrinsically motivated and you’ll get better work from them.