DRAFT ROADMAP

TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE, ECOLOGICALLY REPRESENTATIVE, EFFECTIVELY CONNECTED AND EFFICIENTLY MANAGED NETWORK OF MEDITERRANEAN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS BY 2020 Contents

List of acronyms...... 3 1. Foreword...... 5 2. CONTEXT...... 7 2.1 The Mediterranean Sea, a hotspot for marine biodiversity...... 7

2.2 Pressures...... 7

2.3 Mediterranean agreements...... 8

2.4 European agreements...... 9

2.5 Other agreements...... 9

2.6 Efforts need to be sustained...... 10

3. COMMON VISION...... 12 4. STRATEGIC GOALS FOR 2020...... 12 5. Guiding implementation principles...... 13 6. Proposed activities...... 13 6.1 Strategic Goal 1: Make the Mediterranean MPA network comprehensive, ecologically representative and effectively connected in the near future...... 14

6.2 Strategic Goal 2: Achieving efficient management and governance in Mediterranean MPAs 19

6.3 Strategic Goal 3: Integrating Mediterranean MPAs into the broader context of sustainable use of the marine environment, taking into account marine spatial planning and the prospects of Blue economy and promoting benefit sharing...... 25

6.4 Strategic Goal 4: Reinforcing the allocation of financial resources for MPA management...... 29

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ABNJ Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 2 CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity

CIESM Mediterranean Science Commission

EBM Ecosystem Based Management

EAF Ecosystem Approach to fisheries

EBSA: Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area

EC: European Commission

EEA: European Environment Agency

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations

FRA: Fisheries Restricted Areas designated by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean

GEF: Global Environment Facility

GFCM: General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IMO International Maritime Organisation

MAP: Mediterranean Action Plan

MFSD Marine Framework Strategic Directive

MSP: Marine Spatial Planning

PSSA: Particularly Sensitive Sea Area

SAPBIO: Strategic Action Programme for the Mediterranean Biodiversity, adopted under the Barcelona Convention

SPAMI: Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance

TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme

WCMC: World Conservation Monitoring Centre of UNEP

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 3 1. FOREWORD

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are Mediterranean Sea’s ecological region, as increasingly being globally recognised as well as considerable improvements in one of the most effective tools for the management effectiveness over the conservation of the marine environment. coming years will only be possible if there is renewed, stronger, consistent and In addition to their role in biodiversity strategic commitment to such objectives conservation, MPAs prove to be also by international organisations (conventions effective in recovering species, habitats and agreements), riparian States, NGOs, and assemblages in decline as well as in scientists, institutions, MPA managers, supporting fisheries management and private sector and other stakeholders. other nature-based activities. The Contracting The Aichi Strategic Plan for Biodiversity Parties to the Bar- 2011-2020, adopted celona Convention re- within the framework of newed, with the Paris Declaration (Febru- the Convention on ary, 2012) their commitment towards rein- forcing effective regional cooperation for Biological Diversity (CBD), invited the the protection of the marine environment Parties to CBD and other countries to and to take all the necessary measures to improve the status of biodiversity by make the Mediterranean a clean, healthy safeguarding ecosystems, species and and productive sea with conserved biod- genetic diversity. iversity and ecosystems

The following proposed roadmap is In this context, it is recommended that by intended to demonstrate the efforts 2020, “10% of coastal and marine areas, which the Mediterranean region will especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, need to deploy to make its MPA network are conserved through effectively and conform to the Aichi targets. equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected It could contribute to identifying the future systems of protected areas and other direction of MPAs within the framework of effective area-based conservation the SAP/BIO update process being measures”1. undertaken by the RAC/SPA (2012-2013).

For the Mediterranean region, prospects of achieving CBD targets of an effective protection of at least 10% of the

1 Target 11 of the Aichi Strategic Plan for Biodiversity: “By 2020, at least 17 % of terrestrial and inland water areas, a nd 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially are as of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected s ystems of protected areas and other effective area-based c onservation measures, and integrated into the wider lands capes and seascapes”.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 4 Why do we need a roadmap? Antalya (Turkey) from 25th to 28th November 2012. The complexity of the MPA planning and management issue, in particular in terms For whom is this roadmap of the players and fields of study/areas of intended? knowledge/expertise involved, as well as impeding factors, requires a strong bond This roadmap is addressed to between all the stakeholders in order to stakeholders who are involved on a local, draw out a common vision and national, European, Mediterranean or roadmap. This implies that: International level in MPA planning and management in the Mediterranean region. . The needs of relevant parties are taken into account, . The obstacles they encounter are identified and solved, . A given stakeholder is heard and understood by others from different fields of study/areas of Scientists, Decision makers, knowledge/expertise. Private sector Other . The coordination process is well institutions NGOs /civil Donors informed and adaptable. society

This roadmap does not intend to be a legally binding document, but to define MPA steps that Mediterranean States, relevant managers, MedPAN organisations and other stakeholders network could individually and/or jointly undertake to achieve, by 2020, the objectives set for the Mediterranean network of MPAs.

It could contribute to improving decisions/programmes within the framework of several Conventions, policies and agreements (Barcelona Convention, CBD, European policies, etc…).

This proposed roadmap was drafted taking into account the provisions, targets and recommendations of relevant global and regional tools, adapting them when appropriate to the specificities of Mediterranean MPAs.

It will be reviewed by an extensive consultation process and submitted at the MPA Forum which will be held in

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 5 2. CONTEXT

2.1 The Mediterranean Sea, a under the CBD for Ecologically or hotspot for marine Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs). biodiversity The Mediterranean is a semi-enclosed sea whose waters bathe the coasts of twenty one countries of a region that has been for centuries the cradle of great civilizations. Its geological and human history has given the Mediterranean region its richness in terms of biodiversity but also in terms of social, cultural and political diversity. Other regional initiatives have contributed to identifying some key areas to be protec- ted : WWF identified 13 key areas to pro- tect (2001), Greenpeace identified 33 mar- ine reserves (2004), Hoyt and al. identified 15 zones to protect (2008), ACCOBAMS proposed new MPAs to protect cetaceans and whales (2007), De Juan and al identi- fied 14 vulnerable zones (2010), Oceana, in the MedNet report, proposed 100 sites for a network of MPAs (2011, 2012), CIESM identified 8 zones for future cross- border Marine Peace Parks (2011), Coll and al. identified Mediterranean hot spots Known as one of the planet’s hotspots (2010), Mouillot and al. identified some for marine biodiversity, the gaps to protect fish (2011). Mediterranean Sea hosts habitats, species and assemblages of particular ecological importance. 2.2 Pressures Today, the region is subject to heavy Although significant gaps still exist in pressures from various human activities. information and reliable data about the Coastal development and urbanisation are biodiversity of many Mediterranean zones, one of the main threats. 450 million people recent scientific assessment coordinated live in the area, 40% of whom live on the by the RAC/SPA led to the identification of coast. This contributes to degraded 2 10 areas that conform to the criteria set landscapes, soil erosion, increased waste discharges into the sea, loss of natural 2 Uniqueness or rarity, Special importance for life history of species, Importance for threatened, endangered or habitats, higher pressure on endangered declining species and/or habitats, Vulnerability, fragility, species. sensitivity, slow recovery, Biological productivity, Biological diversity, Naturalness (CBD Decision IX/20, Annex 1):

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 6 Being the world’s most important tourism (GFCM), 90% of the assessed fish stocks destination, the Mediterranean region were exploited beyond the limits of attracts about 30% of international tourism overfishing. which, while generating benefits to the countries’ economy, also generates 2.3 Mediterranean agreements significant negative impacts on the marine environment through uncontrolled coastal It is obvious that one of the challenges for zone development, increased use of water Mediterranean States in the coming years resources and production of solid wastes is to combine their efforts to reverse the and sewage. degradation trends in the marine environment and ensure the long term conservation of biodiversity.

This needs a multi-sector governance approach using the most appropriate tools, in accordance with the globally and regionally agreed targets for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

In this context, Mediterranean countries Maritime transport is an important activity embarked, since 1975, through the affecting the Mediterranean marine Barcelona Convention and its related environment with about 30% of the Protocols, on a series of cooperation, international shipping trade as well as coordination and mutual assistance about 25% of maritime oil transport processes aimed at protecting the transiting through the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean, conserving its biological diversity and combating pollution. They dedicated one of the Convention’s Protocols to the conservation of biodiversity, in particular through the development of MPAs. Determined to give new life to their collaborative effort, the Parties to the Barcelona Convention started in 2008 a process that led in 2012 to a high level of commitment and ownership by the riparian States regarding the application of the ecosystem approach Fishing is another important activity in the to the management of the Mediterranean Mediterranean in terms of employment, marine environment. An important effort incomes and food security. The has been made to ensure a good level of uncontrolled rise in fishing effort registered streamlining and harmonisation with the over the last decades in many European Union’s Marine Strategy Mediterranean countries has led to the Framework Directive (MSFD). decline of many fish stocks. According to recent evaluations made within the framework of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 7 For European Union Countries, the During their last meeting, held in Paris Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is (February, 2012), the Contracting Parties another binding instrument that involves to the Barcelona Convention adopted 11 measures and rules for the sustainable Ecological Objectives to be achieved management of European fisheries. by 2020 as part of the application of the Ecosystem Approach (Decision IG 20/4). Started in 1983, the CFP is being . They stressed the need to implement reformed to reverse the decline of the the CBD recommendations regarding European fish stocks and mitigate the the designation of EBSAs and the use adverse impact of fishing on the marine of MPAs as an instrument for environment. protecting the marine environment, including in the open sea. The new CFP is expected to enter into . They stressed also the importance of force in 2013. It includes provisions for the innovative governance options setting up a network of protected marine promoting the concepts of “Blue areas which will reconcile conservation of Economy” and “Ecosystem-based the environment and sustainable fishing services”. Many of the Mediterranean practices. MPAs have the potential to serve as case studies for the application of 2.5 Other agreements these concepts. There are other agreements applicable to the Mediterranean Sea which promote MPAs among the tools required to achieve 2.4 European agreements their objectives. Being members of the European Union, 7 The ACCOBAMS4 Agreement provides Mediterranean countries3 are also for the setting up of MPAs in areas which committed to the provisions of the serve as habitats for cetaceans and/or European Directives applicable to the which provide important food resources for preservation and sustainable use of the them. marine environment. However, considering that ACCOBAMS is The Marine Strategy Framework not a treaty that is specifically directed at Directive (MSFD) is the most recent of MPA legal requirements, the Parties to this them. Agreement agreed that developing protected areas for cetaceans should be It aims to achieve by 2020 a Good done within the framework of other more Ecological Status for the marine appropriate instruments, in particular the environment in European waters by SPA/BD Protocol of the Barcelona following an integrated process involving, Convention. on a national level, initial assessments, descriptors, indicators, measures and The General Fisheries Commission for monitoring programmes. the Mediterranean (GFCM), one of the regional fishery management organisations (RFMOs) created under the

3 Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain. 4 Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Blac Croatia will join European Union in 2013. k Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 8 auspices of the FAO, recommends and met in the near future: establishing fishing reserves and Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs) as . Make the current system of MPAs in tools for the management of fisheries and the Mediterranean more representat- for the preservation of the marine ive and coherent environment, including in areas beyond . Manage effectively and efficiently ex- the States’ jurisdiction. To date four FRA isting MPAs in the Mediterranean have been established by the GFCM. . Strengthen the synergies between all stakeholders CIESM has grown from its original eight founding countries to 22 Member States . Strengthen the human and financial today. These support a network of several resources of MPAs and MPA systems thousand marine researchers, applying the . Develop the MPA network in its role as latest scientific tools to better understand, a laboratory and for innovation monitor and protect a fast-changing, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. . Ensure the sustainability and efficiency of a MPA managers’ network 2.6 Efforts need to be sustained Valuable opportunities which could help Based on the provisions and to improve the Mediterranean MPA recommendations issued under the above network: international agreements, many initiatives were undertaken by . the SAPBIO 6 ongoing revision process international and national organisations . and applying the Ecosystem Approach to help Mediterranean countries develop under the Barcelona Convention, MPAs and improve their management. . the remaining steps for implementing These included studies and field surveys the MSFD by EU member States to identify marine areas of conservation in- . as well as the follow-up action of the terest, assistance (scientific, technical and Rio+20 Conference including the legal) and capacity building actions as well commitments expressed in the main as networking initiatives aimed at promot- output of the Conference (“The Future ing exchanges of experiences. we want” statement)

However, despite the efforts deployed, the Furthermore, the momentum generated by Mediterranean network of MPAs is still the Aichi Strategic Plan should be suffering from significant weaknesses5, maintained and regularly reinforced to help in particular the lack of coherence and representativeness, as well as inadequate management in existing MPAs. 6The SAPBIO is a comprehensive strategy for the conservation of Mediterranean biodiversity. Its objectives and orientations are derived from in-depth assessments Improving the state of the Mediterranean carried out on national and regional levels to identify gaps and define priority actions. Although it was elaborated and MPA network requires that the following adopted before COP 10 of the CBD, the SAPBIO provided challenges be adequately addressed elements for most of the Aïchi Targets. The process being launched (2012) by RAC/SPA to revise the SAPBIO provides an excellent opportunity to incorporate the 5 See the 2012 Mediterranean MPA Status Report provisions of this roadmap into national and regional (RAC/SPA, MedPAN) policies for biodiversity conservation.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 9 Mediterranean countries achieve the Aichi targets and in particular Target 117:

The perspectives for a timely achievement of this target will only be possible if national authorities, NGOs, scientific and institutional bodies, as well as MPA managers and private sector stakeholders (fishing, tourism etc) not only renew and reinforce their commitment to this strategy but also develop synergies, and scale economies by working together in a more collaborative and significant manner.

7 Target 11 of the Aichi Strategic Plan for Biodiversity: “By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland wate r areas, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, espe cially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ec osystem services, are conserved through effectively and e quitably managed, ecologically representative and well con nected systems of protected areas and other effective are a-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wi der landscapes and seascapes”.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 10 3. COMMON VISION

“To achieve by 2020 a comprehensive, ecologically representative, effectively connected and efficiently managed network of Marine Protected Areas that ensures the long term conservation of the components of the Mediterranean marine biodiversity and significantly supports the sustainable development in the region.”

4. STRATEGIC GOALS FOR 2020

Based on the vision and taking into account the context as summarised above, the activities of the roadmap will be geared towards achieving the following strategic goals:

. Strategic Goal 1: Make the Mediterranean MPA network comprehensive, ecologically representative and effectively connected in the near future . Strategic Goal 2: Achieve efficient management in Mediterranean MPAs . Strategic Goal 3: Integrate Mediterranean MPAs into the broader context of sustainable use of the marine environment, taking into account marine spatial planning . Strategic Goal 4: Reinforce the allocation of financial resources for MPA management

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 11 5. GUIDING IMPLEMENTATION PRINCIPLES

. Instil further synergies within the MPA (sustainable use of natural resources, community (among various scientific energy, green activities, blue fields of study/areas of knowledge, economy) with decision-makers, socio-economic . Strengthen collaboration, exchanges players, MPA managers and the civil and mutual assistance between MPAs, society at large…) and ensure the sustainability and . Promote territory-based approaches efficiency of a network of MPA in MPA management (ICZM) and the managers integration of MPAs in marine spatial . Further efforts should be made by planning processes decision-makers in Mediterranean . Strengthen the involvement of the countries to fulfil the commitments local population and other taken under the relevant International stakeholders and Regional Agreements . Apply a precautionary principle . The activities proposed within the . Value MPAs and the MPA network in framework of the roadmap should be their role as a laboratory for planned and implemented in conservation and sustainable accordance with the provisions of the development of innovations and relevant international and regional examples of best practices in agreements, taking into account the sustainable development in relation to mandate of the International/Regional socio-economic evolutions institutions involved

6. PROPOSED ACTIVITIES

The suggested actions hereafter/below are proposed for implementation on three levels:

. Local level  Will be implemented in MPAs and their surrounding zones by MPA managers and other relevant players, institutions and other stakeholders. . National level :  Will be mainly implemented by national/local authorities with the support of NGOs, International Organisations and donors. . Regional level:  These actions are needed to support and harmonise actions suggested on national or local levels.  Will be implemented mainly by relevant international organisations (IGOs and NGOs) including donors and funding agencies

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 12 6.1 Strategic Goal 1: Make the Mediterranean MPA network comprehensive, ecologically representative and effectively connected in the near future From a regional perspective, the current MPA system is not representative of the As a result, all the MPAs established in diversity of Mediterranean habitats and the Mediterranean cannot be defined as ecosystems. Indeed, most Mediterranean an ecological network but as an initial MPAs are currently coastal. system, on the basis of which a consistent and coherent network should At present, deep-sea ecosystems and the be devised. creation of MPAs in the open sea are topics of growing importance due to the presence of key habitats and species on Thus the ecosystem-based approach which little is known and which should be and the gap analysis will be reinforced conserved. for the selection and designation of future MPAs and their management. Deep ecosystems and the open sea, which are of great importance in terms of An increasing amount of work on MPA ecological connectivity with surface and indicators and networks has been coastal waters, play a role for pelagic carried out in the Mediterranean and migratory species, including threatened worldwide in order to effectively identify cetaceans and sharks and also have the what is lacking, the representative spatial capacity to fulfil the target (of 10%) components of the various ecoregions set by international agreements for the and to ensure monitoring on the health creation of MPAs. However, their and representative character of the specificities in terms of size and distance conserved ecosystems. from the shore require higher institutional arrangements and legislative In this context, the development/ harmonisation as well as higher budgets to strengthening of Natura 2000 sites in the support recurrent management activities. open sea and network is a major challenge for the Northern or European Among the coastal sites currently part of the Mediterranean. protected, 85% are found along the Northern coast of the basin, highlighting Some countries, have created agencies the low number of MPAs on the Southern or policies dedicated to MPAs. and Eastern coasts. For Southern and Eastern Many MPAs in the Mediterranean are Mediterranean countries, some of which probably also ecologically isolated, as are undergoing major changes linked to the distance between each of them the “Arab revolutions“, strengthening the remains too large to ensure their network, the effective management of ecological connectivity and the viable MPAs, and creating new ones on solid functional maintenance of marine meta- ecological criteria represent real populations. challenges.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 13 Expected Results:

. Coverage, robustness and reliability of habitat and species inventories are strengthened to improve the representativeness and connectivity of the Mediterranean MPA network . Under-represented ecosystems and other components of marine biodiversity in the existing MPA system are identified . National plans to achieve Target 11 of the CBD's Aichi Strategic Plan 2010-2020 are elaborated . Representation of Mediterranean MPAs in the regionally and globally recognised protected areas networks is improved . Existing MPA governance systems are assessed with regards to their suitability for achieving Mediterranean MPA objectives . National and regional databases of MPA habitats and species are established and used as a tool for MPA planning and management . Maintain the regional database of MPAs (MAPAMED) . Roadmap results are evaluated to define new targets beyond 2020

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 14 Actions 1.1 on a locallev As a contribution to and using the findings from the gap analysis of el Activity 1.3, assess the adequacy of the geographical and ecological coverage of their MPAs with the view of proposing, where necessary, giving priority to habitats of special importance for threatened species and habitats that are essential for fishing resources (breeding grounds, nursery, etc.)

Actions 1.2 on a national Strengthen coverage, robustness and reliability of habitat and species level inventories with the view of providing reliable information to improve the representativeness and connectivity of the MPA network

1.3

Undertake national gap analyses to identify the ecosystems and other components of marine biodiversity that are under-represented in the existing MPA system, taking into account the list of EBSAs identified and approved under the Barcelona convention.

The gap analyses should also identify the needed steps to be taken to ensure connectivity between Mediterranean MPAs.

1.4

Establish and implement national plans to designate and/or extend, as appropriate, MPAs to address the under-representation cases identified by the gap analyses, taking into account the Aichi target.

The gap analyses and the elaboration of the national plans should be conducted through a scientifically-based process that ensures the full and effective participation of stakeholders (local communities, sea users, scientists, etc.).

1.5

Identify and propose candidate MPAs for listing in the regionally and globally recognized protected areas networks:

SPAMI List, FRA, Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites, Ramsar sites, IMO’s PSSAs.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 15 1.6

Undertake reviews on a national level of existing MPA governance systems with the view to assess their suitability for achieving the Mediterranean MPA objectives and investigating governance types that are innovative for the region, including simplified and clarified governance systems. 1.7

Develop information and communication activities to raise the awareness of the general public, decision makers and sea users

concerning the role of MPAs, not only as a conservation tool, but also as driver for socioeconomic development and poverty alleviation.

Actions 1.8 on a regional Compile existing data and encourage research and field surveys to level establish habitat and species databases in support of the gap analysis in Mediterranean MPA representativeness and connectivity and as a tool for MPA planning and management.

1.9

Disseminate technical tools for MPA system planning and facilitate the exchange of experiences and best practices, and where necessary, provide assistance to national authorities.

1.10

Offer assistance to national authorities and, where needed, facilitate the multilateral processes for the identification of potential MPA sites in areas beyond national jurisdictions

taking into account the list of EBSAs adopted under the Barcelona Convention for submission to the CBD.

1.11

Maintain the regional database of MPAs (MAPAMED) which includes

. standardised information and indicators on habitats and species . information about MPA management, governance, financing and budgets, environmental services.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 16 . International standards used for MPA data

1.12

Develop, on pilot sites, institutional arrangements for the management of MPAs in ABNJ

. supported by innovative and robust governance, . promoting improved relationship between fisheries and MPAs.

1.13

Facilitate the establishment of compliance mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the measures set to achieve the relevant internationally and regionally agreed targets and to fulfil the commitments taken by Mediterranean Governments

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 17 6.2 Strategic Goal 2: Achieving efficient management and governance in Mediterranean MPAs Efficient management of MPAs requires form of management for a majority of a strong national political will that ensures sites. appropriate planning and the availability of adequate human, equipment and financial Poor surveillance or a lack of monitoring resources. and laws and regulation enforcement is persistent and one of the great In the Mediterranean, a number of MPAs weaknesses of current MPAs. are not sufficiently managed and may be defined as ‘paper parks’. Thus, if the involvement of managers in Just 50% of the MPAs in the the consideration of an ecosystem-based Mediterranean have a management plan approach is important, reinforced control and clear objectives. of management and resources (both human and financial) present the main A majority don’t carry out studies to gain challenges for conservation and an understanding of the local socio- management of sea uses and pressures. economic situation or economic sectors which have been impacted by/linked to MPAs.

Taking socio-economic aspects into consideration is increasingly becoming a prerequisite to effective management in order to overcome the usual ‘’MPA vs users’’ opposition.

This will be done through actions undertaken by socio-economic stakeholders and managers, but also through institutional developments designed to build bridges between the private sector and conservationists.

Resources, whether human, material or financial are mostly low, as Mediterranean MPAs often lack adequate knowledge of the minimum requirement for management and, in particular, they do not have sufficient funds to ensure even a minimal

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 18 Expected Results:

. Mediterranean MPAs Management and governance system effectiveness is assessed regularly . Mediterranean MPAs have implemented and regularly updated management plans . Involvement of stakeholders in the management of Mediterranean MPAs is improved . Institutional frameworks governing Mediterranean MPAs are clarified and barriers to the proper institutional functioning of MPAs are identified and removed . Mediterranean MPA managers and national officers management efficiency skills are improved . Mediterranean MPAs business plans are prepared, adapted to management needs and regularly updated

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 19 Actions 2.1 on a local Actively participate in national and regional networking initiatives level exchange of experience, mutual technical/scientific assistance…

2.2

Strengthen the MPA monitoring system and capacities

. with harmonised international standards in support of management decisions and national and regional consolidations, . not only in terms of biological survey but also in term of socio- economical and MPA governance aspects.

2.3

Evaluate the need of each MPA in terms of management planning and resources (skilled staff, adequate equipment, etc.)

2.4

Evaluate MPA management efficiency by all means and enhance the visibility of measurable results and evolutions.

2.5

Regularly link with stakeholders and establish formal consultation processes to involve them in management planning and decision- making, so as to make them adhere to MPA management objectives.

2.6

Elaborate and regularly update MPAs business plans based on MPA management needs and management efficiency targets

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 20 Actions 2.7 on a national Assess management effectiveness and governance system for each level existing MPA,

. using and further developing the set of management effectiveness indicators elaborated for Mediterranean MPAs, as well as management dashboard systems. . It is highly recommended that the assessment be conducted taking into account the views of MPA managers, scientists, sea users and local communities.

2.8

Ensure that each MPA has a management plan with clear objectives and based on best available knowledge

2.9

Support national authorities to:

. adhere to the regional and global legal instruments relevant to the development of MPAs . improve national policies . test innovative approaches in terms of management

2.10

Strive for the widest possible range of stakeholders to be involved in the planning and management of MPAs; promoting participatory management in particular through the creation of consultation mechanisms on a national and local level

2.11

Develop and/or strengthen efficient and permanent national capacity building mechanisms for local, or national officers in charge of MPAs and for MPA managers

It is important to include the exchange of experience between stakeholders (including financial mechanism, management efficiency, fisheries management tools,…).

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 21 2.12

Review, and where necessary amend, existing institutional and legal systems applicable to MPAs.

It is particularly important to

. identify and break down the barriers that impede the correct function of institutions and other bodies in charge of MPA management and . establish institutional arrangements that ensure efficient surveillance and enforcement of legal measures . test new partnerships to improve efficiency on pilot sites.

2.13

Evaluate the MPA staff needs and develop short and medium term staffing plans to ensure that all MPAs have adequate management teams in terms of skills and staff number.

Actions 2.14 on a regional Develop and make available technical tools including guidelines, level standards and indicators for the MPA management and MPA evaluation.

The guidelines and other technical tools should be adapted to the Mediterranean context and, where necessary as appropriate, to sub- Mediterranean levels.

2.15

Provide assistance to the relevant National Authorities in conducting MPA management effectiveness evaluations

2.16

Compile and disseminate information on lessons learnt in the context of MPA management, including success and failure stories

2.17

Provide assistance for the elaboration and/or the review of existing MPA management plans

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 22 2.18

. using a wide range of training approaches (training courses, in the field training, on the job training, online training modules, exchange visits, study tours, teacher training, exchange of experience, etc.). . The mechanism should also target other stakeholders and decision makers

2.19

Facilitate the elaboration of:

. a common categorisation system for Mediterranean MPA based on their main objectives and methods of management and regulation . common approaches for the management of MPAs. . This will promote harmonisation and complementarities between MPAs on a regional level and will allow the outcome of comparable elements between countries for regional assessments

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 23 6.3 Strategic Goal 3: Integrating Mediterranean MPAs into the broader context of sustainable use of the marine environment, taking into account marine spatial planning and the prospects of Blue economy and promoting benefit sharing In addition to their central role in the The involvement of key stakeholders from conservation of marine biodiversity, MPAs zones adjacent to MPA boundaries will are increasingly called upon to play a role strengthen the MPAs position in marine in the economic and social spatial planning processes and will development on a national and local facilitate the application of Ecosystem- level. based approaches.

One of the challenges for Mediterranean Some harmful policies and subsidies have MPAs in the coming years will be to a direct impact on MPAs, ecosystems and successfully integrate into their could generate long term negative socio- economic and social reality so they will economical impacts on local and national not be a hindrance to socioeconomic communities (fisheries, tourism, urban development. planning …).

Indeed, in addition to their contribution in Understanding the multiple values of preserving habitats and species, MPAs ecosystems and biodiversity for the well have the potential to play a significant role being of humans, economies and in the sustainable management of communities can help countries in marine living resources and in promoting spearheading actions and policies needed ecotourism and other sustainable uses of to meet biodiversity and social targets. the marine environment.

Furthermore, MPAs should be better integrated into their territorial governance context with closer involvement of key stakeholders and local representatives with the view of promoting co-management and reducing conflicts.

Expected Results:

. National policy frameworks on co-management principles, MPA zoning based policies and various key principles relevant to European and Mediterranean policies clarified and improved. . Interaction between MPAs and other sectors and co-management approaches improved . Institutional arrangements between fisheries and MPA institutions at all geographical levels allowing synergies and/or shared responsibilities clarified.

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 24 . MPAs management plans and fishery policies linked to territorial integration and EBM objectives addressed. . MPAs integration into surrounding marine spatial planning in national policies and national and regional databases improved. . Sustainable activities within or around MPAs with socio-economical benefits to local communities and in respect of MPAs status, objectives and specificities developed. . MPA and ecosystem values, ecosystem services and functions regularly evaluated and promoted on a local, national and regional level and the data integrated into national statistics, regional databases and national policies. . National harmful subsidies linked to the marine and coastal environment are removed and subsequent green public procurement procedures and innovative “green” policies and incentives developed.

Actions 3.1 on a local Establish adequate zoning of MPAs, where needed, to improve the level conciliation between habitat conservation requirements and the need of maintaining and/or developing human activities, provided they can be controlled and kept at levels compatible with the MPA management plan’s objectives.

3.2

Improve MPA staff skills in

. managing fishery and tourism activities, . dealing with evolving territories . liaising with and involving stakeholders

3.3

Promote the development of new sustainable income opportunities for local populations taking into account MPA objectives and zoning arrangements

3.4

Value natural and cultural heritage, including sustainable traditional practices and local knowledge

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 25 3.5

Develop communication activities

. targeting local population, visitors, schools, fishermen and decision makers . to highlight MPA values, functions and potential to contribute in the social and economic development, with the view of gaining their support and building a wide range of allies Actions 3.6 on a national Establish adequate zoning systems for MPAs, where needed, to level improve the conciliation between habitat conservation requirements and the need for maintaining and/or developing human activities, provided they can be controlled and kept at levels compatible with the MPA management plan’s objectives.

3.7

Establish institutional bridges and clarify frameworks between fisheries and MPA policies

3.8

Integrate in a sustainable way tourism and other activities linked to MPAs (whale watching, snorkelling, sailing, diving,) taking into account conservation objectives and best “green” practises.

3.9

Ensure that MPA representativeness and connectivity issues be duly taken into consideration by national processes for marine spatial planning and allocation of space to sea uses.

3.10

Where possible and appropriate encourage the equitable sharing of social and economic benefits arising from MPAs, including for poverty alleviation and for improving the standard of living of local populations.

3.11

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 26 Develop ecosystem services and value evaluations and national TEEB approaches on coastal and marine issues to assess local and national economic services provided by marine ecosystems and MPAs.

It would include liaising with national statistics, national and regional databases and mapping the ecosystem services related with marine biodiversity and human activities.

3.12

Annually analyse relevant national subsidies, track and phase out harmful components linked to marine and coastal habitats and biodiversity degradation, and promote incentives for conservation and sustainable use of marine resources

3.13

Develop “Green” public procurement procedures related to coastal and marine issues and linked to the blue economy

3.14

Promote the role of MPAs as laboratory and showcases for environmental best practices and the Blue Economy concepts

Actions 3.13 on a regional Promote tools, best policies, guidelines, exchange of experience and level information related to the improvement of MPA management in relation to MSP, EAF and ICZM

3.14

Promote Ecosystem based management of fisheries and the development of synergies between fisheries and MPAs including through the exchange of experience between stakeholders and managers

3.15

Facilitate networking to promote alternative and/or innovative economic activities

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 27 3.16

Coordinate case studies and pilot actions for the evaluation of MPA services and prospects for a Blue economy

6.4 Strategic Goal 4: Reinforcing the allocation of financial resources for MPA management The development of funding . private contributions and corporate mechanisms for MPA management is sponsorships, particularly important in the present . government budget allocations, economic crisis climate where budgets . special taxes that are legally have been reduced, especially for earmarked to support protected areas, ministries of Environment and major funding bodies. Support and development . user fees and fines that are earmarked of local initiatives in order to tax, finance, to support protected areas rather than manage and reinforce national funding simply going into the national treasury, mechanisms in order to sustain MPAs has . debt-for-nature swaps, etc. become a vital issue.

In addition to public funding, other options Different kinds of new national need to be investigated and assessed. Protected Areas financing policies and new Protected Areas financing In this context, the application of the mechanisms have been developed “polluter / pays” principle and the use of throughout the world (including the establishment of legally independent concepts of “users/contributors” and foundations and trust funds for “payment for ecosystem services” may Protected Areas leaving great provide significant resources for MPAs. opportunities for the development of similar mechanisms in the Complementary and diversified Mediterranean countries. financing sources for MPAs on both national and local levels are recognised as some of the best ways to reduce the risk of lack of adequate financing and to improve MPA management efficiency:

Expected Results:

. “Business plans” for national MPA systems and local MPAs following gap analysis of national MPA financing system produced and improved. . Institutional frameworks on financing mechanisms to mobilise self-financing, financial

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 28 sources for MPA systems and on an individual MPA level evaluated and modified if necessary. . New financial mechanisms on a local, national and regional level in support of MPA management efficiency improvements and MPA network sustainability developed or consolidated. . The status of national financing of MPAs regularly monitored. . Donors help to finance conservation or MPA management in the Mediterranean, and new donors mobilised (including in Arab countries and East Asia).

Actions 4.1 on a local Endeavour to apply more sound financial management giving more level importance to cost effectiveness, transparency and adequate financial reporting

4.2

Identify and test opportunities for the diversification of income sources

Actions 4.3 on a national Training of key relevant players in sustainable financial systems for level MPAs, including existing financing mechanisms, mainly through exchange of experience with other countries.

4.4

Review national finance mechanisms, investigate and test options for national long-term financing mechanism for MPAs

with the view of securing and diversifying the sources of funding for MPAs, through innovative funding approaches for national MPA systems and local MPAs, through new financial sources, including mechanisms supported by local territorial institutions.

Actions 4.5 on a regional Support exchange of experience and capacity building on financing level mechanisms and diversification of financial sources for MPAs on a national and local level including in national and local business planning

4.6

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 29 Undertake regional gap analysis of national systems for MPA funding and assess MPA financial needs

4.7

Develop sustainable and innovative financing mechanisms in support of regional networking activities dedicated to strengthening knowledge, capacity and policies on a local and national level on MPAs issues (public, regional taxes, private)

4.8

Support liaising potential donors with national MPA systems and/or individual MPAs

Draft version - October, 2012 – Page 30