ESM Table 1 Geological features of typical gold deposits in Jiapigou gold belt, Northeast China Deposit Deposit geology Feature of deposit Reference (See Fig.1) Jiapigoubenqu(3) The auriferous quartz veins are hosted by the Jiapigou Gold-bearing quartz veins occur within the main structural altered zone, which are 100 to Cheng et al. 1996; Group which composing of amphibolites, hornblende- 300 meters in width and 5000m in length with the strike of EW in east, NEE in middle Dong et al. 1999; plagioclase- gneiss and TTG rocks (Fig. 7). The NE and NE in west part of the zone. It dips to south with an angle from 20 to 45(Fig. 7B). Dai et al. 2005 striking granite porphyry and diorite porphyrite occur Three of all veins have more than 5000kg gold metal reserves and named as No.3, new in ore area. The NEE-trending shear zones are the ore- No.4 and new No.6. New No.6 vein, the largest vein is 730m in length with 670m down controlling structures and dip to SSE with angle of 10°- to depth and 0.65m in thickness, it dips to southeast with an angle from 15 to 20. The 40°. average gold grade is 21.77g/t, and Cu grade is 0.59%, Pb grade is 4.6%. Ore minerals are pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, siderite and native gold. Gold is associated with the sulfide minerals, mostly as fine to submicroscopic free particles in pyrite and chalcopyrite and a lesser extent in galena. Silicification, sericitization, chloritization and carbonatization are the main hydrothermal alteration types. Erdaogou(1) The deposit is hosted by Archean biotite- plagiclase The deposit is composed of four mineralized alteration zones (V1, V2, V3, and V4) (Fig. Li et al. 1996; gneiss, hornblende-plagioclase gneiss and amphibolite 8a). The SN-trending V1 zone dips east with an angle of 55–80°, with a length of 2000 m Cheng et al. 1996; (Fig. 8). The Neoarchean potassic granite appears in the and a width of 50 to 100 m. The V2 zone is 750 m long and 3m wide. The V3 zone is Li et al. 1998; Shen west part of the deposit. A SN-trending granodiorite 700 m long and 4 m wide. The V4 zone is 3000 m long and 5 to 25 m wide. The gold- et al. 1998; Dong et dike intrudes along the main mineralized zone in the bearing quartz veins mainly occur within the V1 zone (Fig. 8). Some small orebodies al. 1999; Hart et al. central part of the mine area. It is 1750 m long and 100 have been discovered in V2, V3 and V4 zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins are 2002. m wide, it generally forms the hanging- and footwall of generally 50 to 200 m (up to 420 m) in length and 0.4 to 1.5 m (up to 5.2 m) in width. gold-bearing quartz veins (Fig. 8b). Other intrusions The average grade of the ores is 14 g/t Au, with an average of 1 wt.% Pb and ~0.2 wt.% include diorite, diorite porphyry, syenite porphyry and Cu. The ore structures are zoned, massive and breccia structures. Ore minerals are pyrite, lamprophyre dikes, and although poorly dated, cross galena, chalcopyrite with minor sphalerite, magnetite, arsepyrite, native gold and cutting relationships indicate that most phases are post- electrum. Gauge minerals are quartz with minor calcite, chlorite and sericite. The typical mineralization alteration minerals are quartz, sericite, chlorite and calcite. Sandaocha(6) The plagioclase-hornblendite gneiss and biotite- The deposit is composed of eight alteration zones. The V1 zone is about 1300m in length Cheng et al. 1996; plagioclase gneiss are the main hosting rocks. The post- and 10 to 40m in width. The V2 zone is approximately 300m in length and 10m in width. Dong et al. 1999; ore dikes intrude in the Archean gneiss and cut the The scale of the V3 zone is similar to V1 with length of 1200m and width of 10m to Qi et al. 2002 alteration zones (Fig. 9A) 30m. Seven gold-bearing quartz veins occur within these three alteration zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins occur as en echelon or lenses (Fig. 9B). The largest gold- bearing quartz vein is 600 m long, 2 to 5 m wide, and with depth of 900 m. Ore veins dip to southeast (105 ～ 125) at shallow part with an angle of 70- 80, and dips to northwest (280～305) at depth with an angle from 60 to 80 (Fig. 9B). The gold grade ranges from 3 g/t to 88.5 g/t with an average of 18.98 g/t. The ore structures are zoned, disseminated, massive and breccia structures. Ore minerals are mainly pyrite with minor galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, native gold and argentite. Gauge minerals are quartz with minor calcite, chlorite and sericite. The alteration types are silicification, sericitization, chloritization and carbonatization. Xiaobeigou(8) The deposit is controlled by NW-trending major shear The deposit consists of a lot of auriferous quartz veins and veinlet zones. The auriferous Cheng et al. 1996; zone in retrograded late Archean metamorphic rocks. quartz veins are veined and lense in shape. The scale of the ore body changes largely, the Dong et al. 1999; The major shear zone dips to northeast with an angle of single ore vein is 20 to 110 m long, 0.2 to 1.8 m wide, and 40 to 260 m down depth. The Guo 2011 60 to 80 and is about 80 to 200 m in width. The upper major NW-trending ore bodies dip to northeast with an angle of 70 to 80. The gold wall rocks of the shear zone are the Archean biotite- grade varies from 4.42 g/t to 176.25 g/t, the average grade is 17.36g/t. The zoned, plagioclase gneiss and the down wall rocks are disseminated, and brecciated structures are the major ore structures. The main ore Neoarchean potassic granite (Fig. 10). Dikes such as minerals are pyrite and chalcopyrite. The gangue minerals are quartz, chlorite, calcite syenite porphyry, diorite, diorite porphyrite and diabase and sericte. The types of wallrock alteration include silicification, Chloritization, occur in the Xiaobeigou ore area. seritization and carbonatization. Banmiaozi(10) The deposit is hosted by Archean gneiss and The deposit is mainly composed of 30 gold-bearing quartz veins (the length is > 100m). Zhao et al. 2004; amphibolite (Fig. 11). The lamprophyre and diabase The NWW-trending (270°～295°) gold-bearing quartz veins dip to southwest with an Zang 2007; Wang dikes and gold-bearing quartz veins are often occur angle of 75°～80°. The largest no. 301 vein is 2500m long, 1 to 20 m wide, and 600 m and Zang 2009 within the same structural- alteration zone, and the down depth, dips to southwest with an angle of 75°～80°. Gold-bearing quartz veins gold-bearing quartz veins often intrude in the occur as single vein (Fig. 12). The individual vein is 50 to 460 m long and up to 7 m lamprophyre and diabase dikes. The post-ore diorite wide, and has a down-dip extent up to 240 m. The average gold grade is 3.8 g/t. The ore and granite porphyry dikes cut the gold-bearing structures are zoned, network, massive and breccia structures. The ore minerals are pyrite alteration zones (Fig. 11). and chalcopyrite, with minor native gold, magnetite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite and bismuthine. The gangue minerals are quartz, chlorite, sericte and calcite. The alteration includes silicification, Chloritization, seritization and carbonatization.