Name: ______Date: ______Per: ______
Unit: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 3 Notes
Review of matter
Atoms are: ______
Elements are: ______
Compounds are: ______
Section 1: What is a Mineral? A mineral is a natural forming, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure.
A mineral must…
1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
4. ______
Structure of Minerals All minerals are made up of one or more ______.
Crystals are ______
A crystal’s ______is determined by the arrangement of the atoms within the crystal. Each mineral has a ______crystalline structure. All minerals can be grouped into ______classes according to the kind of crystals they form.
The six types of crystal systems are:
1. ______4. ______
2. ______5. ______
3. ______6. ______Types of Minerals Minerals can be classified by many different characteristics. The most common classification of minerals is based on ______composition. Minerals can be divided into ______groups based on the elements of which they are composed. Silicate Minerals: ______and ______are the two most common elements in the Earth’s crust. Minerals that contain a combination of these two elements are called ______. Silicate minerals make up _____ percent of the earth’s crust - the rest is made up of non-silicate minerals. Silicon and oxygen usually combine with other elements, such as ______, ______, ______, and ______, to make up silicate minerals. Common Silicate Minerals Feldspar - Feldspar minerals make up about ______of the earth’s crust. They contain the elements ______and ______along with ______, ______, ______, and ______. Biotite Mica - Mica minerals are ______and soft, and they separate easily into ______when they break. Biotite is but one of several varieties of mica.
Quartz - Quartz (______, SiO2) is the basic building block of many rocks. If you look closely at a piece of ______, you can see the quartz crystals.
Non-silicate Minerals: Non-silicate minerals ______contain silicon and oxygen. Some of these minerals are made up of elements such as ______, ______, ______, and ______. Classes of Non-silicate Minerals Native Elements – Minerals composed of only ______element. Ex. Gold, Sliver, Copper Carbonates – Minerals that contain combinations of ______and ______.
Ex. Calcite (CaCO3) Halides – Compounds that form when ______, ______, iodine, or bromine combine with ______, ______, or calcium. Ex. Halite (NaCl), Fluorite, (CaF2). Oxides – Compounds that form when an element such as ______or iron combines with
______. Ex. Corundum (Al2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4).
Sulfates – Minerals that contain ______and ______(SO4). Gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) is a common sulfate. Sulfides – Minerals that contain one or more elements, such as ______, ______, or ______, combined with ______. Ex. Galena (PbS). Section 2: Identifying Minerals Minerals have many different ______characteristics. Understanding the differences in these characteristics can be helpful in identifying an unknown mineral. There are several different properties that you can use to help identify minerals.
COLOR The color of a mineral, while the ______to determine, is usually the ______reliable method of identifying a mineral. Minerals come in many different colors and the same mineral can come in a ______of colors. ______, for example, can be clear, red, or purple in color depending on the kinds of impurities found in the mineral.
LUSTER The way a surface ______light is called luster. Luster refers to the general appearance of a mineral surface in reflected light. Luster is classified three ways.
Metallic Luster – appears ______as if from a metallic surface. These minerals tend to be opaque and dense. Submetallic Luster – luster somewhere between metallic and non-metallic.
Non-metallic Luster – have a more ______appearance and tend to be lighter in color, transparent or translucent, and less ______than metallic luster minerals. There are various types of non-metallic luster.
STREAK The streak of a mineral is the color of a mineral’s ______on a streak plate. A mineral’s streak is more ______than color as a method of identification.
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Different types of minerals ______in different ways. He way a mineral breaks is determined by the ______of its atoms.
Cleavage – The tendency of some minerals to break along ______surfaces. Cleavage may occur at ______angles or not at right angles and may occur on from one to six planes. Fracture – The tendency of some minerals to break ______along curved or irregular surfaces. Fracture may be described as irregular, uneven, splintery, jagged, or conchoidal. HARDNESS Hardness refers to a mineral’s ______to being scratched. Ten common minerals make up Moh’s hardness scale with increasing hardness indicated by larger numbers. When determining hardness, ______objects are used. Fingernail (2.5), Penny (3.5), Nail or Glass plate (5.5), Streak Plate (6.5). Quartz, with a hardness of seven, is also commonly used as a reference object.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY Specific Gravity (S.G.) compares the ______of a mineral to that of water. To determine S.G. find the weight of the mineral dry then find its weight while it is submerged in water. Calculate as follows:
Specific Gravity = ______weight of mineral (dry)______weight of mineral (dry) – weight of mineral (wet)
Section 3: The Formation and Mining of Minerals Almost all known minerals can be found in the Earth’s ______. They form in a large variety of environment under a variety of ______and ______conditions. The ______in which a mineral forms determines the mineral’s properties. Minerals can form deep ______the Earth’s surface and on or ______the Earth’s surface.
Formation of Minerals (Refer to the descriptions and pictures on pages 68 & 69 to complete the following statements) Minerals can form from ______salt water and fresh water, from ______water below the surface, from changes in rock due to ______, ______or chemical make up, and from the ______of liquid rock (magma). When a body of salt water evaporates minerals such as ______and ______are left behind. Surface water and ground water carry dissolved minerals into lakes and seas where they crystallize on the bottom forming minerals such as ______and ______. Changes in temperature pressure, and chemical make up can from new minerals. Minerals such as ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, form in metamorphic rock. Ground water is heated by magma forming a hot liquid solution in which dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out to form new minerals. ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______form in such environments. As magma moves upward it can form teardrop shaped bodies called ______. The presence of hot fluids causes the ______to become extremely large. Many gems such as ______and ______form in this way. As magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools ______, forming millions of mineral crystals. Eventually the entire magma body solidifies to form a ______. Minerals that form from magma are ______, ______, ______, and ______.
Matching: Chose the mineral in Column B that best matches the description in Column A
1. Forms from slowly cooled magma that solidifies into a pluton a. Gold
2. Forms when a body of salt water evaporates b. Garnet
3. Crystallizes out of ground water that has been heated by magma c. feldspar
4. Forms in pear-shaped pegmatites in the presence of hot fluids d. gypsum
5. Forms in metamorphic rock e. calcite
6. Forms from materials dissolved in water that eventually crystallize f. topaz
Mining Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined in order to extract the valuable elements they contain. If a mineral deposit is large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit it is described as ______.
Rocks and minerals can be removed from the ground by one of two methods:
1. ______
2. ______The method the miners choose depends on how far down in the Earth the mineral is located and how valuable the ore is.
Surface mining is ______
______
Types of surface mines include ______, ______and ______. Materials mined in this way include ______and ______.
Deep mining is ______
______
The ore is reached by ______
The retrieval of ______and ______requires deep mining.
Responsible Mining Mining gives us the minerals we need, but it also creates problems. Mining can ______or ______the habitats of plants and animals. The ______products from a mine can get into water sources, polluting both ______and ______water.
One way we can reduce the harmful effects of mining is by the process of reclamation.
Reclamation is ______
Another way to reduce the effects of mining is to ______
______. We can do this by ______many of the mineral products we currently use.
Minerals resources are ______; therefore, the more we recycle, the more we will have in the future.