<p>Name: ______Date: ______Per: ______</p><p>Unit: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 3 Notes</p><p>Review of matter</p><p>Atoms are: ______</p><p>Elements are: ______</p><p>Compounds are: ______</p><p>Section 1: What is a Mineral? A mineral is a natural forming, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure.</p><p>A mineral must…</p><p>1. ______</p><p>2. ______</p><p>3. ______</p><p>4. ______</p><p>Structure of Minerals All minerals are made up of one or more ______.</p><p>Crystals are ______</p><p>A crystal’s ______is determined by the arrangement of the atoms within the crystal. Each mineral has a ______crystalline structure. All minerals can be grouped into ______classes according to the kind of crystals they form.</p><p>The six types of crystal systems are:</p><p>1. ______4. ______</p><p>2. ______5. ______</p><p>3. ______6. ______Types of Minerals Minerals can be classified by many different characteristics. The most common classification of minerals is based on ______composition. Minerals can be divided into ______groups based on the elements of which they are composed. Silicate Minerals: ______and ______are the two most common elements in the Earth’s crust. Minerals that contain a combination of these two elements are called ______. Silicate minerals make up _____ percent of the earth’s crust - the rest is made up of non-silicate minerals. Silicon and oxygen usually combine with other elements, such as ______, ______, ______, and ______, to make up silicate minerals. Common Silicate Minerals Feldspar - Feldspar minerals make up about ______of the earth’s crust. They contain the elements ______and ______along with ______, ______, ______, and ______. Biotite Mica - Mica minerals are ______and soft, and they separate easily into ______when they break. Biotite is but one of several varieties of mica.</p><p>Quartz - Quartz (______, SiO2) is the basic building block of many rocks. If you look closely at a piece of ______, you can see the quartz crystals.</p><p>Non-silicate Minerals: Non-silicate minerals ______contain silicon and oxygen. Some of these minerals are made up of elements such as ______, ______, ______, and ______. Classes of Non-silicate Minerals Native Elements – Minerals composed of only ______element. Ex. Gold, Sliver, Copper Carbonates – Minerals that contain combinations of ______and ______.</p><p>Ex. Calcite (CaCO3) Halides – Compounds that form when ______, ______, iodine, or bromine combine with ______, ______, or calcium. Ex. Halite (NaCl), Fluorite, (CaF2). Oxides – Compounds that form when an element such as ______or iron combines with </p><p>______. Ex. Corundum (Al2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4).</p><p>Sulfates – Minerals that contain ______and ______(SO4). Gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O) is a common sulfate. Sulfides – Minerals that contain one or more elements, such as ______, ______, or ______, combined with ______. Ex. Galena (PbS). Section 2: Identifying Minerals Minerals have many different ______characteristics. Understanding the differences in these characteristics can be helpful in identifying an unknown mineral. There are several different properties that you can use to help identify minerals.</p><p>COLOR The color of a mineral, while the ______to determine, is usually the ______reliable method of identifying a mineral. Minerals come in many different colors and the same mineral can come in a ______of colors. ______, for example, can be clear, red, or purple in color depending on the kinds of impurities found in the mineral.</p><p>LUSTER The way a surface ______light is called luster. Luster refers to the general appearance of a mineral surface in reflected light. Luster is classified three ways.</p><p>Metallic Luster – appears ______as if from a metallic surface. These minerals tend to be opaque and dense. Submetallic Luster – luster somewhere between metallic and non-metallic.</p><p>Non-metallic Luster – have a more ______appearance and tend to be lighter in color, transparent or translucent, and less ______than metallic luster minerals. There are various types of non-metallic luster.</p><p>STREAK The streak of a mineral is the color of a mineral’s ______on a streak plate. A mineral’s streak is more ______than color as a method of identification.</p><p>CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Different types of minerals ______in different ways. He way a mineral breaks is determined by the ______of its atoms.</p><p>Cleavage – The tendency of some minerals to break along ______surfaces. Cleavage may occur at ______angles or not at right angles and may occur on from one to six planes. Fracture – The tendency of some minerals to break ______along curved or irregular surfaces. Fracture may be described as irregular, uneven, splintery, jagged, or conchoidal. HARDNESS Hardness refers to a mineral’s ______to being scratched. Ten common minerals make up Moh’s hardness scale with increasing hardness indicated by larger numbers. When determining hardness, ______objects are used. Fingernail (2.5), Penny (3.5), Nail or Glass plate (5.5), Streak Plate (6.5). Quartz, with a hardness of seven, is also commonly used as a reference object.</p><p>SPECIFIC GRAVITY Specific Gravity (S.G.) compares the ______of a mineral to that of water. To determine S.G. find the weight of the mineral dry then find its weight while it is submerged in water. Calculate as follows:</p><p>Specific Gravity = ______weight of mineral (dry)______weight of mineral (dry) – weight of mineral (wet)</p><p>Section 3: The Formation and Mining of Minerals Almost all known minerals can be found in the Earth’s ______. They form in a large variety of environment under a variety of ______and ______conditions. The ______in which a mineral forms determines the mineral’s properties. Minerals can form deep ______the Earth’s surface and on or ______the Earth’s surface.</p><p>Formation of Minerals (Refer to the descriptions and pictures on pages 68 & 69 to complete the following statements) Minerals can form from ______salt water and fresh water, from ______water below the surface, from changes in rock due to ______, ______or chemical make up, and from the ______of liquid rock (magma). When a body of salt water evaporates minerals such as ______and ______are left behind. Surface water and ground water carry dissolved minerals into lakes and seas where they crystallize on the bottom forming minerals such as ______and ______. Changes in temperature pressure, and chemical make up can from new minerals. Minerals such as ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, form in metamorphic rock. Ground water is heated by magma forming a hot liquid solution in which dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out to form new minerals. ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______form in such environments. As magma moves upward it can form teardrop shaped bodies called ______. The presence of hot fluids causes the ______to become extremely large. Many gems such as ______and ______form in this way. As magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools ______, forming millions of mineral crystals. Eventually the entire magma body solidifies to form a ______. Minerals that form from magma are ______, ______, ______, and ______.</p><p>Matching: Chose the mineral in Column B that best matches the description in Column A</p><p>1. Forms from slowly cooled magma that solidifies into a pluton a. Gold</p><p>2. Forms when a body of salt water evaporates b. Garnet</p><p>3. Crystallizes out of ground water that has been heated by magma c. feldspar</p><p>4. Forms in pear-shaped pegmatites in the presence of hot fluids d. gypsum</p><p>5. Forms in metamorphic rock e. calcite</p><p>6. Forms from materials dissolved in water that eventually crystallize f. topaz</p><p>Mining Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined in order to extract the valuable elements they contain. If a mineral deposit is large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit it is described as ______.</p><p>Rocks and minerals can be removed from the ground by one of two methods:</p><p>1. ______</p><p>2. ______The method the miners choose depends on how far down in the Earth the mineral is located and how valuable the ore is.</p><p>Surface mining is ______</p><p>______</p><p>Types of surface mines include ______, ______and ______. Materials mined in this way include ______and ______. </p><p>Deep mining is ______</p><p>______</p><p>The ore is reached by ______</p><p>The retrieval of ______and ______requires deep mining.</p><p>Responsible Mining Mining gives us the minerals we need, but it also creates problems. Mining can ______or ______the habitats of plants and animals. The ______products from a mine can get into water sources, polluting both ______and ______water.</p><p>One way we can reduce the harmful effects of mining is by the process of reclamation.</p><p>Reclamation is ______</p><p>Another way to reduce the effects of mining is to ______</p><p>______. We can do this by ______many of the mineral products we currently use.</p><p>Minerals resources are ______; therefore, the more we recycle, the more we will have in the future.</p>