Parenthetical Or in Text Citations

PARENTHETICAL OR IN TEXT CITATIONS

(in parentheses) done directly in writing

PURPOSE: To give proper credit to a source of information To allow a reader access to the works that you discuss in a paper To avoid plagiarism!

METHOD for CITATIONS: After every sentence of a research paper whose information comes from a different source, or from a different page of the same source, list the appropriate information either directly in the text OR (in parentheses) before the final punctuation mark of the sentence.

IT DOES NOT MATTER THAT THE INFORMATION IS WRITTEN IN YOUR OWN WORDS—YOU MUST STILL GIVE CREDIT TO THE SOURCE! Since most of the information each of you had to find was new to you, ALL OF YOUR ANNOTATIONS MUST BE CITED.

The appropriate information you will include is the following…

For information from a database:

Roosevelt initiated the New Deal upon his inauguration as President in 1933 (“New Deal”).

If you had two sources of information that began with “New Deal,” you would then have to include additional information to distinguish each source. So using the same example above you would change the citation to (“New Deal,” St. James Encyclopedia).

Notice, too, how “directly quoted information” should be incorporated into your annotation in this example:

Roosevelt’s New Deal programs were created to “alleviate the suffering” of the Great Depression that plagued the nation since 1929 (“New Deal,” Gale Encyclopedia).

***IMPORTANT NOTE: Since the assignment requires that you use only one source per research parts, this should make the citations easier for you to complete. You should only be citing the source that you attach the annotation to. However, you will be required to include in text citations as well. This is just another form of giving credit to a source, this time including it directly into the writing.

How to incorporate research information into your prose and give proper credit through an IN TEXT CITATION:

According to the article “New Deal” in the St. James Encyclopedia, Roosevelt’s New Deal programs were created to “alleviate the suffering” of the Great Depression that plagued the nation since 1929.