Supplemental Online Material s1

1 Supplemental Online Material

2 Appendix A

3 Table A1. Functional group definitions and aggregation from the PEIs ECOPATH model (Gurney 2013) including ECOTRAN detrital groups.

no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. 1 Ope >20μm in size, predominantly diatoms n ocea n large phyt opla nkto n 2 Ope <20μm in size, nano- and picophytoplankton n ocea n smal l phyt opla nkto n 3 Islan Diatoms, predominantly Chaetoceros radiacans, Rhizoselena curvata, Dictyocha speculum or Fragilariopsis d- asso ciate d bloo ms 4 Mac Predominantly the kelp Macrocystis laevis and Durvillea antarctica roph

1 no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. ytes 5 Smal Arthropods (total 60): Calanoid copepods (48), Cyclopoid copepods (4), Harpacticoid copepods (2), 66 l Ostracods (6) crust acea n zoop lankt on 6 Larg Arthropods: Euphausiids (14); Amphipods (18); Decapods (6) 38 e crust acea n zoop lankt on 7 Othe Molluscs: Pteropods (8); Cephalopods (8); Annelids: Polychaeta (9); Ctenophores: Ctenophores (2); Cnidaria 45 r (total 11): Hydrozoa (10), Schyphozoa (1); Chaetognaths (2): Eukrohnia hamata, Sagitta spp.; Salps (3); zoop Appendicularians (2): Oikopleura spp., Frittilaria spp. lankt on 8 Bent Benthic decapod Nauticaris marionis 1 hic deca pod 9 Bent Arthropods (total 125): Cirripedia (1), Amphipoda (68), Isopoda (32), Tanaidacea (12), Decapoda (4), 427 hos Reptantia (8); Brachiopods: Brachiopoda (3); Molluscs (total 94): Solenogastres (1), Bivalvia (35), Gastropoda (53), Polyplacophora (3), Scaphopoda (1), Cephalopoda (1); Pycnogonids (total 17): Pycnogonida (17); Echinodermata (total 69): Asteroidea (33), Ophiuroidea (22); Echinoidea (2); Holothuroidea (10); Crinoidea (2); Annelids: Polychaeta (89); Coelenterata: Hydrozoa (11); Bryozoa (19) 10 Smal Cephalopods >36 l Ceph

2 no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. alop ods 11 Larg Cephalopods >36 e Ceph alop ods 12 Myct Lanternfish Diaphus sp.; Electron sub-Antarctic Electrona carlsbergi; Rough lanternfish Electrona subaspera; 17 ophi Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus bolini; Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus braueri; Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus fraseri; d False-midas lanternfish Gymnoscopelus hintonoides; Nichol's lanternfish Gymnoscopelus nicholsi; Lanternfish Fish Gymnoscopelus opisthopterus; Southern blacktip lanternfish Gymnoscopelus piabilis; Lanternfish Krefftichthys anderssoni; Diamondcheek lanternfish Lampanyctus intricarius; Lantern fish Nannobrachium achirus; Lanternfish Protomyctophum bolini; Lanternfish Protomyctophum choriodon; Norman's lanternfish Protomyctophum normani; Lanternfish Protomyctophum tenisoni 13 Smal Boulenger's snaggletooth Astronesthes boulengeri; Deep-sea smelt Bathylagus tenuis; Pearleyes 18 l Benthalbella macropinna; Snaggletooth Borostomias antarcticus; Sloane's viperfish Chauliodus sloani; Pela Smallhead flyingfish Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus altipennis; Black swallower Chiasmodon niger; gic Bristlemouth Cyclothone sp.; Rebains' portholefish Diplophos rebainsi; Snaketooth Dysalotus alcocki; Fish Stoplight loosejaw Malacosteus niger; Magellanic Rockcod Paranotothenia magellanica; Silver lightfish Phosichthys argenteus; Tubeshoulder Platytroctidae gen. sp.; Crested bigscale Poromitra crassiceps; Boa dragonfish Stomias boa boa; Threelight dragonfish Trigonolampa miriceps; Slender lightfish Vinciguerria attenuata 14 Pata Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides 1 goni an toot hfish 15 Larg Short snouted lancetfish Alepisaurus brevirostris; Daggertooth Anotopterus pharaoh; Black dragonfish 10 e Idiacanthus atlanticus; Barracudinas Macroparalepis sp.; Southern barracudina Magnisudis prionosa; Pela Barracudinas Notolepis sp.; Slender escolar Paradiplospinus gracilis; Southern driftfish Psedoicichthys gic australis; Smallscale waryfish Scopelosaurus hamiltoni; Barracudinas Stemonosudis sp. Fish 16 Smal Triangular Rockcod Gobionotothen acuta; Lobe-lip notothen Gobionotothen marionensis; South Georgia 3 l spiny plunderfish Harpagifer georgianus

3 no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. Insh ore Dem ersal s 17 Smal Messmate Echiodon cryomargarites; Austral cod Guttigadus kongi; Painted notie Lepidonotothen larseni; 10 l Snailfish Liparididae gen. sp.; Antarctic armless flounder Mancopsetta maculata maculate; Marbled moray Cont cod Muraenolepis marmorata; Patagonian moray cod Muraenolepis orangiensis; Cod and Haddock inen Physiculus sp.; Southern flounder Pseudomancopsetta andriashevi; Antarctic horsefish Zanclorhynchus tal spinifer Slop e Dem ersal Fish 18 Larg Grey Rockcod Lepidonotothen squamifrons; Black Rockcod Notothenia coriiceps; Marbled Rockcod 3 e Notothenia rossii Noto then iid Dem ersal Fish 19 Larg Slickhead Alepocephalus sp.; Blue antimora Antimora rostrata; Southern seadevil Ceratias tentaculatus; 12 e Finless flounder Neoachiropsetta milfordi; Longnose tapirfish Polyacanthonotus challenger; Unicorn icefish Dem Channichthys rhinoceratus; Grenadier or rattail Coryphaenoides sp.; Slender codling Halargyreus johnsonii; ersal Abyssal halosaur Halosauropsis macrochir; Morid cod Lepidion sp.; Ridge scaled rattail Macrourus carinatus; Fish Bigeye grenadier Macrourus holotrachys 20 Shar Southern lanternshark Etmopterus granulosu; Skate/ray Raja sp; Bigthorn skate Rajella barnardi; Greenland 6 ks shark Somniosus microcephalus; Skate Bathyraja sp (tuff); Porbeagle Lamna nasus and Rays 21 Prio Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur; Salvin's Prion Pachyptila salvini; Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea; Great-winged 14 ns Petrel Pterodroma macroptera; Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis; Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa

4 no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. and brevirostris; Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea; White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis; Grey-backed Petr Storm Petrel Garrodia nereis; Black-bellied Storm Petrel Fregetta tropica; South Georgian Diving Petrel els Pelecanoides georgicus; Common Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix; Antarctic tern Sterna paradisae; Kerguelen tern Sterna virgata 22 Gian Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus; Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli 2 t Petr els 23 Dark Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca 1 - man tled Soot y Alba tross 24 Light Light-mantled Sooty Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata 1 - man tled Soot y Alba tross 25 Yello Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri 1 w- nose d Alba tross 26 Grey Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 1 - head ed

5 no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. Alba tross 27 Wan Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans 1 deri ng Alba tross 28 Gent Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua 1 oo Peng uin 29 Sout Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome filholi 1 hern Rock hop per Peng uin 30 Mac Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus 1 aron i Peng uin 31 King King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 1 Peng uin 32 sub- sub-Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus tropicalis 1 Anta rctic Fur Seal 33 Anta Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella 1 rctic Fur

6 no. of Functional Group Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates spp. Seal 34 Sout Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonina 1 hern Elep hant Seal 35 Orca Orca Orcinus orca 1 36 Pela n/a gic detri tus * 37 Bent n/a hic detri tus * 38 Mac n/a roph yte detri tus * 4 * ECOTRAN uses two terminal detritus pools, pelagic and benthic. Macrophyte detritus (an original group of the ECOPATH model) was included as a separate detritus pool.

7 6 Table A2. ECOPATH parameters from the balanced PEI model (Gurney 2013) (B = biomass, P = production, C = consumption, EE = ecotrophic efficiency, TL =

7 trophic level, AE = assimilation efficiency) calculated including ECOTRAN detrital groups.

B (t .k Functional m C/B group -2) P/B (y-1) (y-1) P/C EE TL AE 1. 7 0 0 1 Open ocean large phytoplankton 0 150.00 0.028 1.00 6. 8 0 1 2 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0 150.00 0.885 1.00 0. 0 0 0 3 Island associated blooms 4 200.00 0.310 1.00 0. 1 0 9 4 Macrophytes 5 5.22 0.704 1.00 1 6. 0 0.80 0 43.00 5 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0 10.00 0 0.2326 0.696 2.33 5. 0 0.80 0 14.00 6 Large zooplankton crustaceans 0 5.00 0 0.3571 0.433 2.73 7. 0 0.80 0 96.00 7 All other zooplankton 0 24.00 0 0.2500 0.948 2.00 8 Benthic decapod 0. 1.45 4.420 0.3281 0.690 2.21 0.80 0 8 3 8 0. 5 0.80 0 10.00 9 Benthos 0 2.50 0 0.2500 0.708 2.27 0. 0 0.80 4 18.25 10 Small Cephalopods 5 4.50 0 0.2466 0.779 3.27 0. 0 0.80 6 10.95 11 Large Cephalopods 5 2.70 0 0.2466 0.532 4.05 3. 3 0.80 7 12 Myctophids 5 0.50 6.100 0.0820 0.984 3.37 1. 1 0.80 2 10.50 13 Small pelagics 5 0.90 0 0.0857 0.164 3.39 0. 0 0.80 0 14 Patagonian toothfish 4 0.13 1.600 0.0813 0.986 4.63 0. 0 0.80 4 15 Large Pelagics 2 0.22 2.560 0.0859 0.162 4.31 0. 0 0.80 0 16 Small Inshore Demersals 7 0.32 6.000 0.0533 0.507 3.28 0. 0 0.80 1 17 Small Continental Slope Demersals 2 0.50 7.330 0.0685 0.180 3.14 18 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0. 0.21 3.400 0.0618 0.470 3.28 0.80 0 1 9 0 0. 0 0.80 2 19 Large Demersals 9 0.19 1.980 0.0960 0.170 3.79 4. E- 0.80 0 20 Sharks and Rays 4 0.14 3.700 0.0378 0.180 4.56 0. 0 0.80 0 191.7 21 Prions and Petrels 1 0.16 00 0.0008 0.459 3.78 4. E- 0.80 0 32.24 22 Giant Petrels 5 0.07 0 0.0022 0.025 5.18 3. E- 0.80 0 68.11 23 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 5 0.03 0 0.0004 0.065 4.36 7. E- 0.80 0 59.82 24 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 6 0.03 0 0.0005 0.065 4.30 8. E- 0.80 0 57.48 25 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 5 0.03 0 0.0005 0.065 4.39 8. E- 0.80 0 49.39 26 Grey-headed Albatross 5 0.05 0 0.0010 0.035 4.36 1. E- 0.80 0 57.10 27 Wandering Albatross 4 0.04 0 0.0007 0.044 4.52 4. E- 0.80 0 62.50 28 Gentoo Penguins 5 0.20 0 0.0032 0.322 3.91 10 0. 0 0.80 0 93.70 29 Southern Rockhopper Penguins 1 0.16 0 0.0017 0.497 3.59 0. 0 0.80 0 76.75 30 Macaroni Penguins 4 0.19 0 0.0024 0.339 3.80 0. 0 0.76 1 42.46 31 King Penguins 5 0.13 0 0.0029 0.476 4.41 0. 0 0.80 0 14.97 32 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 9 0.10 0 0.0067 0.061 4.38 0. 0 0.80 0 14.06 33 Antarctic Fur Seals 0 0.10 0 0.0071 0.068 4.40 0. 0 0.80 0 12.78 34 Southern Elephant Seals 1 0.07 0 0.0058 0.077 4.67 3. E- 0.80 0 35 Orcas 5 0.06 5.390 0.0111 0.000 4.98 5. 0 0 36 Pelagic detritus 0 0.909 1.00 2 4. 0 0 37 Benthic detritus 0 0.271 1.00 0. 0 3 38 Macrophyte detritus 7 0.522 1.00 11 39 PT fishery 5.63 8

12 9 Table A3. ECOPATH diet matrix for the PEI model (Gurney 2013) including ECOTRAN detrital groups. The original ECOPATH detritus groups are split into

10 pelagic and benthic components. Consumers are columns and food items/prey are rows.

Consumers Code Food items/prey 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 Open ocean large phytoplankton - 0.0500 0.0500 ------2 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0.6000 0.0500 0.0500 ------3 Island associated blooms - - 0.0500 ------4 Macrophytes - - 0.0200 - - - 0.0500 - - 0.0300 0.1000 0.2800 0.1300 5 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0.1000 0.0500 0.0800 0.6000 0.1000 0.3500 0.5170 - - 0.3500 0.3000 0.0550 0.0700 6 Large zooplankton crustaceans - - 0.0500 0.1000 0.2400 0.3500 0.2420 0.0500 0.2000 0.1000 0.1000 0.0700 0.1500 7 All other zooplankton 0.2000 - 0.0800 0.3000 0.0400 0.3000 0.0700 - - - 0.2500 0.1300 0.0400 8 Benthic decapod - 0.0100 0.0010 - - - 0.0010 - - 0.2700 0.0500 - - 9 Benthos - 0.1000 - - - - 0.0700 - - 0.2500 0.2000 0.1400 0.1600 10 Small Cephalopods - - - - 0.1000 - - 0.2000 0.0500 - - - - 11 Large Cephalopods ------0.4100 0.1000 - - 0.0100 0.1900 12 Myctophids - - - - 0.4000 - 0.0500 0.2010 0.5000 - - 0.2700 0.2200 13 Small pelagics - - - - 0.1200 - - 0.0980 0.1500 - - 0.0400 0.0400 14 Patagonian toothfish ------15 Large Pelagics ------0.0350 - - - - - 16 Small Inshore Demersals ------0.0050 - 17 Small Continental Slope Demersals ------0.0060 - - - - - 18 Large Nototheniid Demersals ------19 Large Demersals ------20 Sharks and Rays ------21 Prions and Petrels ------22 Giant Petrels ------23 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross ------24 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross ------25 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross ------26 Grey-headed Albatross ------27 Wandering Albatross ------28 Gentoo Penguins ------29 Southern Rockhopper Penguins ------30 Macaroni Penguins ------31 King Penguins ------32 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals ------33 Antarctic Fur Seals ------34 Southern Elephant Seals ------35 Orcas ------13 36 Pelagic detritus 0.1000 ------37 Benthic detritus - 0.3700 0.6000 ------38 Macrophyte detritus - 0.3700 0.0190 ------39 Import ------11

14 13 Consumers (cont’d) Code Food items/prey 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 Open ocean large phytoplankton ------2 Open ocean small phytoplankton ------3 Island associated blooms ------4 Macrophytes ------5 Small zooplankton crustaceans - 0.4000 0.0004 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100 0.0700 0.2600 0.3000 0.0050 - - - 6 Large zooplankton crustaceans - 0.2000 0.0001 0.0200 0.0200 0.0200 0.0200 0.1500 0.5000 0.4500 0.0050 0.0010 - - 7 All other zooplankton - 0.0400 - 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100 0.0100 0.0300 0.1000 - - - - - 8 Benthic decapod ------0.1500 0.0500 - - 0.0010 0.0010 - 9 Benthos 0.2000 - - - - - 0.0200 ------10 Small Cephalopods 0.0100 0.1200 0.0220 0.4500 0.4500 0.2700 0.2500 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0700 0.0050 0.0100 0.2250 11 Large Cephalopods 0.4400 0.0200 0.0320 0.1000 0.0100 0.1100 0.1000 - - 0.0400 0.0700 0.0050 0.0300 0.3250 12 Myctophids 0.0390 0.2000 0.0260 0.3300 0.4200 0.4600 0.3960 - 0.0550 0.1400 0.7900 0.9500 0.9000 0.1875 13 Small pelagics 0.0110 0.0200 0.0090 0.0800 0.0800 0.1200 0.1900 - 0.0140 0.0400 0.0600 0.0320 0.0480 0.0625 14 Patagonian toothfish 0.0500 ------0.0010 0.0010 0.0083 15 Large Pelagics 0.0500 ------0.0010 0.0010 0.0812 16 Small Inshore Demersals 0.0500 ------0.2000 0.0010 - - 0.0010 0.0010 0.0135 17 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0.0500 ------0.2000 - - - 0.0010 0.0010 0.0228 18 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0.0500 ------0.1900 - - - 0.0010 0.0010 0.0185 19 Large Demersals 0.0500 ------0.0010 0.0010 0.0551 20 Sharks and Rays ------0.0007 21 Prions and Petrels - - 0.0360 ------22 Giant Petrels ------23 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross ------24 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross ------25 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross ------26 Grey-headed Albatross ------27 Wandering Albatross ------28 Gentoo Penguins - - 0.0020 ------29 Southern Rockhopper Penguins - - 0.0300 - - - 0.0010 - - - - - 0.0010 - 30 Macaroni Penguins - - 0.1760 - - - 0.0010 - - - - - 0.0020 - 31 King Penguins - - 0.6320 - - - 0.0020 - - - - - 0.0020 - 32 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals - - 0.0310 ------33 Antarctic Fur Seals - - 0.0010 ------34 Southern Elephant Seals - - 0.0030 ------35 Orcas ------36 Pelagic detritus ------37 Benthic detritus ------38 Macrophyte detritus ------15 39 Import ------14 Consumers (cont’d) Code Food items/prey 35 36 37 38 1 Open ocean large phytoplankton - - - - 2 Open ocean small phytoplankton - - - - 3 Island associated blooms - - - - 4 Macrophytes - - - - 5 Small zooplankton crustaceans - - - - 6 Large zooplankton crustaceans - - - - 7 All other zooplankton - - - - 8 Benthic decapod - - - - 9 Benthos - - - - 10 Small Cephalopods 0.0410 - - - 11 Large Cephalopods 0.0591 - - - 12 Myctophids 0.0750 - - - 13 Small pelagics 0.0250 - - - 14 Patagonian toothfish 0.0165 - - - 15 Large Pelagics 0.1624 - - - 16 Small Inshore Demersals 0.0271 - - - 17 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0.0455 - - - 18 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0.0369 - - - 19 Large Demersals 0.1102 - - - 20 Sharks and Rays 0.0014 - - - 21 Prions and Petrels 0.0085 - - - 22 Giant Petrels 0.0005 - - - 23 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.0003 - - - 24 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.0001 - - - 25 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 0.0011 - - - 26 Grey-headed Albatross 0.0011 - - - 27 Wandering Albatross 0.0018 - - - 28 Gentoo Penguins 0.0005 - - - 29 Southern Rockhopper Penguins 0.0091 - - - 30 Macaroni Penguins 0.0528 - - - 31 King Penguins 0.1893 - - - 32 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 0.1187 - - - 33 Antarctic Fur Seals 0.0034 - - - 34 Southern Elephant Seals 0.0128 - - - 35 Orcas - - - - 36 Pelagic detritus - - - - 37 Benthic detritus - - - -

16 38 Macrophyte detritus - - - - 39 Import - - - - 15 Appendix B. End-to-end production matrix of the PEI ecosystem aggregated ECOTRAN model (trace fraction, TR < 0.0005). Expressed as the proportion of

16 nitrogen or carbon transferred from producer p (columns) to consumer c (rows) including recycling in the lower web. NO 3- and NH4 set to 0 in scenario

17 analyses when the model was driven by phytoplankton input (*).

Producer p Code Consumer c 1 * 3 * 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 1 14 15 16 17 18 3 - 1 NO3 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.567 0 . 5 5 2 Pelagic NH4 * 0.443 0.550 0 3 0.553 0.718 0.714 0.539 0.536 3 Benthic NH4 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.550 0 0 0 0 0.180 0.179 4 Open ocean large phytoplankton 0.199 0.199 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0.799 0.799 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Island associated blooms 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Macrophytes 0.001 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0 0 0.404 0 0 0 0 0.205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Large zooplankton crustaceans 0 0 0.021 0 0 0.041 0 0.021 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 All other zooplankton 0 0 0.460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Benthic decapod 0 0 TR 0 0 TR 0 0 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Benthos 0 0 TR 0.310 0.098 0.001 0.004 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Small Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 0.001 TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 8 14 Large Cephalopods 0.002 TR 0 7 0 0.014 0.007 0 0 15 Myctophids 0 0 0 0 0 0.010 0.103 0.009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Small pelagics 0 0 0 0 0.580 0.009 0.041 0.001 0.165 0 0 0.029 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 17 Patagonian toothfish TR 0 0 2 0.004 TR TR 0 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 18 Large Pelagics TR 0 0 7 0.015 0.003 0.001 0 0 17 19 Small Inshore Demersals 0 0 0 0 0.001 TR TR 0 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0 0 0 0 0.008 TR TR TR 0.003 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0 0 0 0 0.009 TR TR TR 0.001 0 TR TR TR 0 0 22 Large Demersals 0 0 0 0 0.007 TR TR TR 0.002 0 0.015 0.001 TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 23 Sharks and Rays 0 0 TR R 0.001 TR TR 0.010 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 1 24 Prions and Petrels TR TR 0 8 0.004 0.001 TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR T 25 Giant Petrels TR 0 0 R TR TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 0 26 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross TR TR 0 1 TR TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR T 27 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross TR TR 0 R TR TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 0 28 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross TR TR 0 2 0.001 TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 0 29 Grey-headed Albatross TR TR TR 1 0.001 TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 0 30 Wandering Albatross TR TR 0 4 0.005 TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR T 31 Gentoo Penguins TR TR 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 0 32 Southern Rockhopper Penguins TR TR 0 2 0 TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 . 0 1 33 Macaroni Penguins 0.002 0 0 2 0.018 0.002 0.001 0 0 34 King Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 TR TR 0 0 0 0.061 0.024 0.003 0 0 . 0 18 5 3 0 . Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR 0 0 1 0.001 0.006 TR 0.020 0.001 T Antarctic Fur Seals 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R TR TR TR 0.001 TR 0 . Southern Elephant Seals 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.006 TR TR 0.015 0.010 T Orcas 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R TR TR TR TR TR 39 Macrophyte detritus 0 0 0 0 0.296 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 PT fishery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.034 0 41 Pelagic detritus 0 0 0.086 0.069 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Benthic detritus 2 5 42 0 0 0.029 0.621 0 0.371 0.403 0.213 0.273 4 0.315 0.201 0.272 0.201 0.272 18

19 Producer p (cont’d) Code Consumer c 19 21 3 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 1 32 33 34 35 36 - 1 NO3 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 7 9 2 Pelagic NH4 * 0.373 0.369 0.381 0.799 0.798 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.799 7 0.798 0.798 0.757 0.793 0.793 3 Benthic NH4 * 0.373 0.369 0.381 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Open ocean large phytoplankton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Island associated blooms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Macrophytes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Large zooplankton crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 All other zooplankton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Benthic decapod 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Benthos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Small Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 14 Large Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Myctophids 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Small pelagics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Patagonian toothfish 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Large Pelagics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Small Inshore Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0.004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Large Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Sharks and Rays 0.002 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Prions and Petrels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 25 Giant Petrels 0 0 0 TR 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 TR TR 26 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Grey-headed Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR TR TR 0 0 30 Wandering Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR TR TR 0 0 31 Gentoo Penguins 0.012 0.015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 Southern Rockhopper Penguins 0.002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 Macaroni Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 King Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 0.003 0.004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 Antarctic Fur Seals TR TR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TR TR TR 0 0 37 Southern Elephant Seals 0.004 0.007 0.007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 38 Orcas TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR R TR TR TR TR TR 39 PT fishery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 Pelagic detritus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 Fishery offal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 0 42 Benthic detritus 0.226 0.233 0.231 0.200 0.202 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.201 2 0.201 0.202 0.242 0.206 0.207 20

20 22 Producer p (cont’d) Code Consumer c 37 38 39 40 41 42 - 1 NO3 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Pelagic NH4 * 0.794 0.789 0 0 0.667 0 3 Benthic NH4 * 0 0 0 0 0 0.250 4 Open ocean large phytoplankton 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Island associated blooms 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Macrophytes 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0.204 0 9 Large zooplankton crustaceans 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 All other zooplankton 0 0 0 0 0.099 0.737 11 Benthic decapod 0 0 0.206 0 0 TR 12 Benthos 0 0 0.316 0 0 0.013 13 Small Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Large Cephalopods 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Myctophids 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Small pelagics 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Patagonian toothfish 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Large Pelagics 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Small Inshore Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Large Demersals 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Sharks and Rays 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Prions and Petrels 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 Giant Petrels TR 0 0 0 0 0 26 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Grey-headed Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 Wandering Albatross 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 Gentoo Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 Southern Rockhopper Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 Macaroni Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 King Penguins 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 Antarctic Fur Seals 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 Southern Elephant Seals 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 Orcas TR 0 0 0 0 0 39 PT fishery 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 Pelagic detritus 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 Fishery offal 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 Benthic detritus 0.205 0.211 0.478 0 0.030 0 23

21 25 Appendix C. Detritus and excretion fates defined for each functional group / species for use in ECOTRAN model.

+ Cod Functional group Faeces fate NH4 excretion e Pelagic Benthic Pelagic Benthic Surface Sub-surface 1 NO3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Pelagic NH4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Benthic NH4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Open ocean large phytoplankton 0 0 0.10 0.90 0 0 5 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0 0 0.75 0.25 0 0 6 Island associated blooms 0 0 0.10 0.90 0 0 7 Macrophytes 0 0 0 1 0 1 8 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0 1 0 1 1 0 9 Large zooplankton crustaceans 0 1 0 1 1 0 10 All other zooplankton 0 1 0 1 1 0 11 Benthic decapod 0 1 0 1 0 1 12 Benthos 0 1 0 1 0 1 13 Small Cephalopods 0 1 0 1 1 0 14 Large Cephalopods 0 1 0 1 1 0 15 Myctophids 0 1 0 1 1 0 16 Small pelagics 0 1 0 1 1 0 17 Patagonian toothfish 0 1 0 1 0.75 0.25 18 Large Pelagics 0 1 0 1 0.75 0.25 19 Small Inshore Demersals 0 1 0 1 0.50 0.50 20 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0 1 0 1 0.50 0.50 21 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0 1 0 1 0.50 0.50 22 Large Demersals 0 1 0 1 0.50 0.50 23 Sharks and Rays 0 1 0 1 0.50 0.50 24 Prions and Petrels 0 1 0 1 1 0 25 Giant Petrels 0 1 0 1 1 0 26 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 1 0 1 1 0 27 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 1 0 1 1 0 28 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 0 1 0 1 1 0 29 Grey-headed Albatross 0 1 0 1 1 0 30 Wandering Albatross 0 1 0 1 1 0 31 Gentoo Penguins 0 1 0 1 1 0 32 Southern Rockhopper Penguins 0 1 0 1 1 0 33 Macaroni Penguins 0 1 0 1 1 0 34 King Penguins 0 1 0 1 1 0 35 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 0 1 0 1 1 0

22 36 Antarctic Fur Seals 0 1 0 1 1 0 37 Southern Elephant Seals 0 1 0 1 1 0 38 Orcas 0 1 0 1 1 0 39 Macrophyte detritus 0 0 0 1 0 1 40 PT fishery 0 1 0 0 0 0 41 Pelagic detritus 0 0 0 1 1 0 42 Benthic detritus 0 0 0 1 0 1 26

23 27 Appendix D. Maximum allowed ecotrophic efficiencies (EE) and uncertainties (coefficients of variation) about each parameter value (Gurney 2013) used for

28 Monte Carlo analysis of error propagation.

P B

( C V LANDINGS Num Group Max EE B (CV) ) QB (CV) PQ (CV) AE (CV) DIET (CV) (CV) 0 0.3 . 0 0 0 1 Open ocean large phytoplankton 0.995 6 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0 0 0 2 Open ocean small phytoplankton 0.995 6 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0 0 0 3 Island associated blooms 0.995 6 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0 0 0 4 Macrophytes 0.995 6 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 5 Small zooplankton crustaceans 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 6 Large zooplankton crustaceans 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 7 All other zooplankton 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 8 Benthic decapod 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 9 Benthos 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 10 Small Cephalopods 0.995 0.8 0 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.7 0 . 24 6 0 0.8 . 0.6 0.6 11 Large Cephalopods 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.5 . 0.6 0.6 12 Myctophids 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.5 . 0.6 0.6 13 Small pelagics 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 14 Patagonian toothfish 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0.7 0 0.5 . 0.6 0.6 15 Large Pelagics 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 16 Small Inshore Demersals 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.6 0.6 17 Small Continental Slope Demersals 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.5 . 0.6 0.6 18 Large Nototheniid Demersals 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.5 . 0.6 0.6 19 Large Demersals 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.5 . 0.6 0.6 20 Sharks and Rays 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.5 0.5 21 Prions and Petrels 0.995 3 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 22 Giant Petrels 0.995 4 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 23 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.995 4 0.2 0.7 0

25 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 24 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.995 2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 25 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 0.995 4 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 26 Grey-headed Albatross 0.995 2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 27 Wandering Albatross 0.995 2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 28 Gentoo Penguins 0.995 2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 29 Southern Rockhopper Penguins 0.995 4 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 30 Macaroni Penguins 0.995 2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 . 0.5 0.5 31 King Penguins 0.995 2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 32 Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 33 Antarctic Fur Seals 0.995 6 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.1 . 0.5 0.5 34 Southern Elephant Seals 0.995 1 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.5 . 0.5 0.5 35 Orcas 0.995 5 0.2 0.7 0 36 Pelagic Detritus 0.995 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 37 Benthic Detritus 0.995 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 38 Macrophyte Detritus 0.995 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 29 26 + 30 Appendix E. Estimation of Island NH4 runoff into the PEIs nearshore zone

31 The contribution of guano runoff to nearshore phytoplankton production was derived from the

32 model-derived estimates of excretion (metabolism) and faeces production rates. Both of these rates

33 were scaled by the fraction of time each model group spends within the 200 nautical mile PEIs model

34 domain each year, the fraction of time (and excretion) on land, the fraction of terrestrially deposited

+ 35 excreta washed to sea, and the NH4 content of the excreta.

36 In nitrogen units, metabolic excretion and faeces production rates are defined by the biomasses

37 and physiological parameters of the PEIs ECOPATH model:

38 (1)

39 (2)

40 where:

41 fc = faeces excretion rate of consumer c in nitrogen units (Table E1),

42 mc = metabolic excretion rate of consumer c in nitrogen units (Table E1),

43 qc = model-estimated consumption rate of consumer c,

44 ec = defined assimilation efficiency (AE in Table A2),

45 (p/q) = defined net production efficiency (or growth efficiency) of consumer c (P/C in Table A2),

46 ke= ratio of nitrogen weight to wet weight of excreta (= 0.013); assumes elemental composition of

47 excreta is the same as the composition of fish in diet using a dry weight to wet weight ratio of 0.3

48 (Kitchell and others 1977), a carbon to dry weight ratio of 0.65 (Moku and Kawaguchi 2008), and a

49 nitrogen to carbon ratio of 0.66 (Sterner and George 2000) for fishes.

51 Table E1. Model-estimated annual metabolic and faeces excretion rates in wet weight units (t km-2 y-1).

52 (Values in parentheses are standard deviations from 1000 randomly generated models)

Metabolism Faeces King penguins 0.3319 (0.1683) 0.1071 (0.0661) Macaroni penguins 0.1964 (0.0947) 0.0494 (0.0342) Southern Rockhopper penguins 0.0412 (0.0219) 0.0101 (0.0073) Gentoo penguins 0.0015 (0.0007) 0.0004 (0.0002)

27 Elephant seals 0.0073 (0.0033) 0.0019 (0.0012) Antarctic fur seals 0.0022 (0.0013) 0.0006 (0.0004) Sub-Antarctic fur seals 0.0695 (0.0403) 0.0178 (0.0131) Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.0011 (0.0006) 0.0003 (0.0002) Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.0003 (0.0001) 0.0001 (0.0000) Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 0.0030 (0.0015) 0.0008 (0.0005) Grey-headed Albatross 0.0026 (0.0012) 0.0006 (0.0005) Wandering Albatross 0.0050 (0.0024) 0.0013 (0.0009) Prions and petrels 0.0784 (0.0416) 0.0202 (0.0151) Giant Petrels 0.0007 (0.0003) 0.0002 (0.0001) 53

54 For each land-based predator, a rough point estimate of the annual rate of input of terrestrial

55 nitrogen excreta to the 20 nautical mile nearshore zone was calculated as:

56 (3)

57 where:

58 T = fraction of year population is within the model domain (Table E2),

59 F = 100, ratio of 200 nautical mile EEZ model domain area to area of 20 nautical mile nearshore

60 domain, used to distribute terrestrial runoff across the nearshore domain rather than across the full EEZ

61 domain (assumes foraging area is centred around the islands),

62 S = ratio of time (and excretion) on land to time spent at sea during seasons when group in PEIs

63 region (assumed to be 50% for each group),

64 W = fraction of terrestrial excreta that is washed to the ocean = 0.88; from Lindeboom (1979; 1984)

65 studies of guano fate (reviewed in Smith and Froneman 2008).

67 Table E2. Fraction of each season that each predator group is present in the Prince Edward Islands

68 model domain (compiled from Gurney 2013; Cooper and Brown 1990; Ryan and Bester 2008).

Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual* King penguins 1 1 1 1 1 Macaroni penguins 0 0.67 1 0.67 0.58 Southern Rockhopper penguins 0 0.5 1 0.83 0.58 Gentoo penguins 1 1 1 1 1 Elephant seals 0.17 1 1 0.5 0.67 Antarctic fur seals 0 0 1 0.33 0.33

28 Sub-Antarctic fur seals 1 0.33 1 1 0.83 Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross 0.17 1 1 1 0.79 Light-mantled Sooty Albatross 0 0.67 1 1 0.67 Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross 1 1 1 1 1 Grey-headed Albatross 0 1 1 0.33 0.58 Wandering Albatross 1 1 1 1 1 Prions and petrels 0.26 0.71 0.60 0.45 0.46 Giant Petrels 0 1 1 0.17 0.55 69 * As applied by Gurney (2013) in PEIs ECOPATH model and already factored into rate estimates of Table E1.

71 References

72 Cooper J, Brown CR. 1990. Ornithological research at the Sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands a review of

73 achievements. South African Journal of Antarctic Research 20: 40-57.

74 Gurney LJ. 2013. An ecosystem study of the Prince Edward Archipelago (Southern Ocean). PhD Thesis,

75 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (available on:

76 http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45694).

77 Kitchell JF, Magnuson JJ, Neill WH. 1977. Estimation of caloric content for fish biomass. Environmental

78 Biology of Fishes 2: 185-188.

79 Lindeboom HJ. 1979. Chemical and microbiological aspects of the nitrogen cycle on Marion Island (sub-

80 Antarctic). PhD thesis, Rijksuniversiteit, Groningen, The Netherlands.

81 Lindeboom HJ. 1984. The nitrogen pathway in a penguin rookery. Ecology 65: 269-277.

82 Moku M, Kawaguchi K. 2008. Chemical composition of three dominant myctophid fish, Diaphus theta,

83 Stenobrachius leucopsarus, and S. nannochir, in the subarctic and transition waters of the western

84 North Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 843-846.

85 Ryan PG, Bester MN. 2008. Pelagic predators. Chown SL, Froneman PW, editors. The Prince Edward

86 Islands: land-sea interactions in a changing ecosystem. Stellenbosch: Sun Press. p121-164.

87 Smith VR, Froneman PW. 2008. Nutrient dynamics in the vicinity of the Prince Edward Islands. Chown SL,

88 Froneman PW, editors. The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in a changing ecosystem.

89 Stellenbosch: Sun Press. p164-179.

29 90 Sterner RW, George NB. 2000. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry of cyprinid fishes.

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