United Nations Environment Programme s3

United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Facility Project Document for additional financing proposal (Phase II)

Country: Comoros

Project title: Expedited financing for (interim) measures for capacity building in priority areas (Phase II)

GEF Focal Area: Climate Change Country Eligibility: [x] Eligible under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC [x] Eligible under paragraph nine (b) of the Instrument Date of Ratification: GEF Financing (Phase I): US$ 310,000 GEF Additional financing (Phase II): US$ 100,000 Total Costs: US$ 410,000

GEF Implementing Agency: UNEP

Executing Agency: General Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Development, Infrastructures, Post and Telecommunications and International Transport

Date of Submission of the Initial National communication: March 2003

Estimated start date: September 2003

Duration: 12 months

Brief description of project:

This project is a follow-up to the initial National Communication, which has been finalised and submitted to the UNFCCC. Comoros prepared its initial national communications in parallel to building its national capacity through several training workshops using the technical expertise of ENDA and University of Dakar in Senegal. This project is intended to help

1 Comoros retain the capacity built through the preparation of the initial National Communication project. It will only be appropriate that Comoros now utilises its assessment to identify technological needs in the area of climate change. The General Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Development, Infrastructures, Post and Telecommunications and International Transports that prepared the national communications to the UNFCCC will co-ordinate this Phase II project. A - Overview of the main activities achieved during the preparation of the Initial National Communication

Introduction

1. Comoros submitted its initial national communications to the UNFCCC in March 2003 which included the following sections: - Summary - National circumstances - National Greenhouse Gas Inventory - Mitigation Options - Vulnerability Assessment - Education, training and public awareness - Actions taken in support of the Convention - Capacity strengthening and financial needs

National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory

2. The five emission sectors/categories that were considered in this report are Land-Use Change and Forestry, Agriculture, Energy, Waste, and Industrial Process Sectors. The national inventory was conducted according to the methodology developed by the IPCC, and the values reported have been calculated using the Revised 1996 IPCC methodology. The directives for Non- annex 1 countries recommend accepting only the contribution to the radiation

effect of the direct greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane

(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), for the base year 1994. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) are also included in the Comoros inventory. The emissions from sources and

uptakes by sinks are converted to CO2 equivalents (CO2-Eq).

3. In order to assess net GHG emissions, Comoros accounted for the uptakes by sinks for the same year. The difference between emissions and uptakes gives the national inventory results. 4. The analysis of emissions per source shows the predominance of the Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector that constitute the main source of emissions with

2 775,454 tons CO2-Eq, followed by Agriculture 459,957 tons CO2-Eq, Energy

70,524 tons CO2-Eq and Waste 9,963 tons CO2-Eq.

Emissions by sources, in tons E-CO2

Waste Energy 1% 5%

Agriculture 35%

Land-Use Change and Forestery 59%

5. The analysis of emissions by gas shows that the carbon dioxide (CO 2) is by far the most important GHG in Comoros, with 835,757 tons, ahead of the other

direct radiation effect GHG: CH4 (73,660 tons CO2-Eq) and N2O (406,471 tons

CO2-Eq). Other GHG included in the inventory are carbon monoxide (CO), which

accounts for 4,445 tons CO2-Eq, and nitrous oxide NOx at 140 tons CO2-Eq.

6. Emissions from the Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector are 765,233 tons CO2-

Eq and represents 59% of the country’s total emissions of CO2 . Land clearing, slash-and-burn cultivation, absence of crop/land rotation and forest converted to cropland are the main activities resulting in emissions.

7. GHG emissions from the Energy Sector are mainly from the use of fuel-wood by households and distilleries, and of petroleum products utilised in transportation

and electricity generation. Emissions of carbon dioxide CO2 (70,524 tons CO2-Eq)

accounts for 8% of total national emissions of CO2 (835,756 tons). This low contribution reflects the little industrialisation of the country and absence of steady scheduled international airline services to the archipelago.

8. Emissions of GHG from the Agriculture Sector amount to 459 947 tons CO2-Eq, which represents 35% of the country’s total emissions. These emissions are generated by enteric fermentation, on-site burning of plant waste and cultivated soils.

9. In the Comoros, emissions from solid waste landfills and human sewage are generally not covered with soil so they do not generate methane. It explains

3 why emissions from the Waste Sector total only 9,963 tons CO2-Eq and account for 1% of national emissions.

10. Total CO2 emissions of GHG from the Industrial Process Sector result from the chemical reactions linked to production processes. In Comoros, it consists of non-significant emissions of Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)

totalling 7,140 tons CO2-Eq generated by the paving of roads and bakeries.

11. Anthropogenic activities that modify land-use can either lead to emissions or sequestering of carbon dioxide, depending of the use that is made of disturbed soil. When cleared-land is used for agriculture, it becomes a sink of carbon. In

Comoros, the estimated uptake of CO2 resulting from the use of disturbed soil

for agriculture is – 264,477 tons CO2-Eq. The sequestering power of the

country’s total biomass is estimated to be 1,406,090 tons CO2-Eq, for a total up-

take of 1,670,567 tons CO2-Eq.

12.Difficulties encountered in the inventory were due to lack of national data. Also to the recommended IPCC methodology that do not account for native species of plants. Mitigation options

13. The analysis of carbon dioxide emissions suggests that mitigation actions in the Energy Sector would contribute to reduce GHG emissions in the country. Alternatives to the use of fossil fuel resources are hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy in Comoros.

14.A study of Anjouan et Moheli main rivers conducted in 1989 showed that in Anjouan, a hydroelectricity development on river Tatinga, that has a potential of 3000 kW, could cover the demand for electricity of the island for the coming years. In Moheli two hydroelectricity developments could be made, a first one on river Ouamlémbéni and a second one on river Deoua. The Comoros is an ideal site for the use of solar energy. It is mostly sunny all year long. The greatest constraint to the development of solar energy is its initial cost. The use of wind energy requires minimum wind power that constitutes an absolute threshold for feasibility. Data on annual mean wind power on the islands are currently not available.

15.In Grande Comore, advanced studies need to be conducted before any geothermal energy development can be considered. In the case where studies are positive about the geothermal potential of the island, exploitation could be envisaged to begin in 2020. One geothermal deposit would provide enough energy to supply half of the Grande Comore demand of 2020.

4 16. Scenarios in which GHG emissions are reduced or mitigated relative to a baseline case (1999) were analysed for the Energy Sector for the year 2050. Analysis of the results demonstrates that the development of photovoltaic energy and wind energy would contribute to reduce emissions in Grande Comore by 12%, in Moheli by 86% and 33% in Anjouan, for a total national reduction in GHG emissions of 17%.

17.Decision-makers must assess mitigation options against each island’s unique potential and specificity. The island of Moheli known for its windy shores seems to offers the best prospect for the development of wind energy. In Grande Comore, solar energy combined with the long-term development of geothermal energy could be envisaged, while hydroelectricity appears highly feasible in Anjouan.

Vulnerability studies

18. The studies made in the initial National Communication on Climate Change are based on the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) study on impacts and adaptation of Indian Ocean small island states. Changes in climate to be anticipated in Comoros by year 2050 are estimated to be a rise in mean annual air temperature to an average of 28˚C, a change that represents a 1˚C increase compared to the current situation. A sea level increase of 4 mm/year for a total increase of 20 cm by 2050 is also expected. Vulnerability and adaptation assessment studies were made for agriculture, coastal infrastructure and resources, health, and water.

19.Expected impacts of climate change are the intrusion of salted water in the coastal aquifers; an increase in the occurrence of malaria and of food poisoning resulting from consumption of marine animals; a decrease in crop yields, agricultural production and fisheries; the displacement of 10% of the country’s coastal inhabitants whose habitat would be flooded; and lastly, the destruction of coastal infrastructure and habitat for an estimated value of 400 million USD, 2.2 times the Gross Domestic product (GDP) for Comoros in 2001.

Agriculture

20.It is expected that the increase in air temperature combined with high intensity rainfall events would contribute to accelerate the process of soil erosion in Comoros. The main consequence would be a decrease in agricultural production. It should be noted that low intensity rainfall during the dry season would have the same impact on agriculture as heavier rainfall during the rainy season.

21.Crops cultivated in the open field system would be the most vulnerable to climate changes given the typical lack of vegetation and forest cover of that system of

5 production. The systems that feature mixed cropping (traditional agroforestry and culture under natural forest) would resist climate changes better than monocultures and the open field cultural system.

22.The small coastal plains where monocultures are found will be threatened by underground and surface salt-water intrusion. The monoculture of coconut palm trees and ylang-ylang are found in the coastal plains, while clove and vanilla grow in the lowland areas. Given their economic importance, the global impact of any loss of earnings resulting from a decrease in production and export, even partial, would cause a serious impact to the country’s economy.

23.Farm businesses will be prone to damage due to the proliferation of plant diseases resulting from changes in climatic conditions. The incidence of most plant diseases and pest breeding is stimulated by heavy rainfall and extended periods of drought.

24.Other factors of vulnerability of the Comorian farm businesses are the small size of the units (0.25 to 2.00 hectares) and their lack of equipment (mostly hoes and bush knifes or machetes), which do not make their adaptation to change any easier. The use of agricultural inputs is very small. Most farming is done without the use of any fertilisers or phyto sanitary products.

25. Adaptation measures to cope with adverse impacts of climate change on agricultural production are: (1) improving and changing management practices and techniques, (2) managing soil fertility and fighting against plant diseases and agricultural pests, (3) using agrometeorologic information in decision making and agricultural calendars, and optimising the existence of micro-climate in agricultural production, (4) increasing agricultural production, (5) adopting suitable crop varieties, and (6) providing financial assistance to farming businesses, and promoting small rural agriculture irrigation infrastructure.

Coastal zone

26. Estimated rise of sea level would result in the flooding of 734 hectares of low- lying coastal areas on the islands. All infrastructure and fixed assets located in the coastal areas would be affected by the expected increase. Sea level rise anticipated could at time be accompanied by storm surges and cyclones and by flood. Coastal populations would be greatly exposed.

27.Projections based on expected population growth estimate that 65% of the country’s total population will be living in coastal areas and low-lying lands by 2050. Based on available information, the cost of the destruction of coastal infrastructure and assets directly caused by climate changes is estimated to be 400 million USD in 2050, 2.2 times the country’s GDP for 2001.

6 28. Coral reef systems would be vulnerable to the bleaching caused by the increase of sea-surface temperature, coastal pollution and a break in the biological link critical to coral survival. In 1998 in the Indian Ocean, a 1 to 1.5°C rise of sea-surface temperature caused the bleaching and destruction of 60% the coral. Coral reefs are important sources of economic and subsistence resources in the Comoros since coastal fisheries are essentially reef based. Death of the reefs would be highly detrimental to the population’s food security.

29.Various technological and institutional mechanisms provide a means for the government of Comoros to minimise the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on the coastal areas.

30. Water resources are already stressed on the islands of Comoros and are vulnerable to negative impacts under GHG scenarios. Supply of water is currently insufficient to meet population needs. The situation is expected to further deteriorate in the future. Current demand is 28 600m3/day. It will be 46 498 m3/day in 2025 and 79 200 m3/day in 2050.

31.Already scarce, water supply in Grande Comore and Moheli is threatened by the fragile equilibrium between fresh water/salted water, potential contamination of underground water by the septic tanks that are buried deep into the ground; sub-standard equipment and insufficient number of water pumps in Grande Comore; and decrease in the number of rivers and overall quality of ground water in Anjouan and Moheli.

32.The increase in air temperature could further bring an increase in evapotranspiration and negatively impact long-term underground water supply. The over-exploitation of underground water and coastal aquifers could easily undermine the equilibrium in fresh water/salted water. Sea level rise would also contribute to the disequilibrium. The impact of tides on underground water results in change in water salt content.

Health

33.Health problems most likely to be aggravated by climate changes are malaria and food poisoning resulting from consumption of marine animals. Increases in the incidence of both problems are to be expected.

34. Malaria is endemic in Comoros and ranks first among health problems that require medical advice and follow-up. Malaria transmission is known to be

7 sensitive to both temperature and rainfall. A global rise in temperature would increase vector capacity of the Anophele gambiae (the mosquito that carries the parasite), traditionally confined to lowland areas. Villages located in the high lands, which have so far been spared by their colder temperature, would then be infested. Improved survival of the mosquito would also extend the traditionally seasonal pattern of outbreaks to yearlong infestation.

35.Likely increase in the incidence of cyclones, storms and flooding would cause the destruction of 17 health centres and 35 nursing stations.

36. Food poisoning resulting from consumption of marine animals would considerably increase. Rise in sea-surface water would cause major coral destruction that would result in generation of toxic algae that causes poisoning. Several cases of food poisoning by consumption of marine animals have been witnessed in Comoros and elsewhere in the Indian Ocean in the past. It is estimated that over 200 coastal communities would be exposed to the danger.

37.In order to diminish the risks on the population’s health, actions must be taken now. It is imperative to diminish morbidity and mortality caused by vector born diseases to the lowest possible rates, so that by the year 2050 they do not constitute any public health concern.

38.Measures to decrease the risks linked to food poisoning by consumption of marine animals include epidemiological surveillance, the monitoring of oceanographic changes and of coral health, and the training of medical care providers.

8 Education, Training and Public Awareness

39. Initiatives have been taken to raise the environmental awareness level of students and teachers. Programs in secondary schools include a small program on ecology.

40. The GEF funded project on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development in Comoros regularly produces environmental education documents on marine ecosystems and flora, and islands’ forests and wildlife. It also organised various workshops for environmental associations (Ulangas) in villages located in the Marine Park of Moheli. The park’s eco-guards and guides attended the workshops and were also trained by the Association d’Intervention pour le Développement et l’Environnement (NGO AIDE) on coral reef health monitoring.

41. Formal workshops on GHG inventory, vulnerability and adaptation were organised for the national team of experts on climate change.

42. Religious leaders, community traditional leaders, Ulanga associations, environmental NGOs as well as state employees working on environment could all contribute to public awareness campaigns on climate change. Religious leaders and community traditional leaders in particular are highly respected and could be used to transmit information to the most remote villages.

43. The subject matter of climate change is new to Comoros and Comorians know little about it generally, which impedes efforts to raise public awareness. Awareness of climate change impacts and possible mitigation and adaptation solutions at all levels of development need to be promoted among decision-makers and stakeholders as well. Once a sufficient level of information is available, larger public awareness campaigns could be organised.

Institutional and legal frameworks

44.The Department of Environment (Direction Générale de l’Environnement - DGE) is the focal point for the UNFCCC. It is also in the Department of Environment that all environmental projects implemented in the Comoros are housed. Two research institutes, the National Institute for Research on Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment (Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, la Pêche et l’Environnement – INRAPE) and the National Centre for Scientific Research and Documentation (Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique – CNDRS) offset the absence of universities in the country.

9 45.Comoros has a national environmental policy and a framework law on environment. All orders and secondary legislation have not yet been drafted and the legislation will be improved to be more specific on environmental impact assessment and GHG emissions, and to integrate climate change concerns in general.

46.The national agricultural policy in Comoros was formed in 1994 and subsequently revised in 2001, and a draft of framework law on forestry is currently under consideration. The state also considers adopting legislation on the use of pesticides and fertilisers. A decree on marine pollution has been drafted and is currently being studied by the relevant authorities.

Capacity strengthening and financial needs

Vulnerability and adaptation

47.Climate change is expected to have a negative impact on the country’s already vulnerable agriculture. It is urgent that Comoros gains a better understanding of expected impacts on agriculture production and acquires the skills required to develop appropriate mitigation measures. The country needs to:

a) Better train its experts on vulnerability, impact assessments and adaptation of the agriculture sector to climate change, b) Acquire an assessment methodology suited to mixed cropping and associated cultures in order to properly assess risks associated to climate change on local crops, soil and forests, c) Develop short-term and long-term adaptation policies, and a coherent legal framework as required for the implementation of the adaptation measures identified, d) Integrate climate change concern into the country’s relevant sector legislation, and e) Raise public awareness about climate change impacts and adaptation.

B - GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE PHSAE II PROJECT

Objective of the Project

48.The main objective of the project is to enhance capacity building at national level and maintain efforts to sensitise and inform the public on climate change issues.

49.The specific objectives are:

10 (a) To help meet the added requirement of enhancing capacity in order to identify and analyse technological needs; (b) To build capacity at national level in order to enable participation in systematic observation networks; (c) To build the capacity to prepare climate change programmes; (d) To build the capacity to improve the quality of climate change enabling activities; (e) To inform and sensitise the public on climate change.

C - ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS OF THE PROJECT

50.Set out below are the planned capacity building and retaining activities as well as their expected outputs aimed at enabling Comoros to avail itself of the opportunities offered by the Convention, by reconciling the consideration of climate change issues with the attainment of national development objectives.

Activity 1(a) Identification/submission of technological needs

51.This project will be based on the three projects for GHG mitigation proposed in the initial national communications. The first project relates to the studies required to assess the use of geothermal energy in Grande Comore. The second project is to consider promotion of non-metal local material to be used instead of wood in the construction industry, whereas the third project outlines measures and alternatives to reduce the use of fuel-wood for burning. Comoros will conduct a need assessment to identify the technologies needed for these projects.

52. In addition other areas of priority may be identified. The key technologies will be identified for use in order to contribute to the greenhouse gas emission reduction and hence minimise the negative impacts of climate change. This will involve: identification of needs and effective technologies in specified economic sectors; identification of sources and suppliers including means of technology acquisition and assimilation and identification of the main barriers that hamper smooth transfer of technologies.

53. In the adaptation sector the project will look at the five adaptation projects agreed in the context of national communications as a priority for the country. Two of them deal with water and two are related to health. The third one was in the agricultural sector. Some of the technologies to be assessed are the following:

11 - Identification of building material that can withstand cyclone and high intensity rainfall to replace sod and straw traditionally used in habitats, - Technologies for flood control structures, breakwaters and dykes to protect the country’s key infrastructure (power plants, ports, fuel tanks, airports), - Technologies for building of alternative roads, and, - Technology for development of national disaster preparedness program.

54. In addition technologies for improved management and maintenance of water supply networks, watershed management and reforestation, and expansion of rainwater storage capacity will be considered.

Activity 1(b) Establishment of the basis for technology needs assessment

55.The project will lead to an establishment of the basis for assessment of technology needs; study of methods to access information presented by international centres and networks; and co-operation with the centres to facilitate acquisition of new clean technologies.

56.The main emphasis will be placed on:

 A workshop to agree on a work plan to prioritise technologies and expertise in geothermal, burning of wood fuels for domestic use and building material which is alternative to timber in the construction industry.

 The purpose of this activity is to gather the views of the potential users of this technology. Their assessment of the various technologies will help promoters and researchers in their quest to find optimum ways of further improving the most appropriate technologies.

Output:

 This activity is expected to have as the main output, a list of prioritised technologies approved by the stakeholders.

 Identification of effective mechanisms to maintain sustainable business and market development providing necessary information related to the technological co-operation with international donors and contribute to project financing;

 Promotion of a dialogue among national organisations;

12  Support consensus building among key stakeholders on technology priorities and strategies;

 Identify policy initiatives needed to encourage technology transfers through the market;

 Implementation of measures for the improvement of co- ordination among humanitarian organisations with regard to providing technical co-operation;

57.Strengthen and broaden overall budget for personnel and experts required for identification and implementation of the activities related to new technology options. The budget should provide room for participation of Government Ministries, Government bodies from the islands, private sector and Non- governmental Organisations ;

58.Establishment of the basis for non-governmental organisations to participate in activities of technology needs assessment, assist in some barriers removal and increase public and political awareness to overcome these barriers;

59.Access to technology information will comprise the following activities:

 access to the information centres and networks at the national/regional level and collaboration with them in a field of information dissemination, information services and acquiring of clean technologies;  expansion of access to the different types of information, which is not available at the moment. For example, the information on demands concerning development of efficient (from a point of view of investments) projects, productivity data, and also information on new technologies;  regulation of collaboration between the region's countries and the donor-countries in the field of information exchange on scientific studies and markets for environment-friendly technologies.

60.Project development and management activities will envisage:

 development of medium and long-tem strategies for energy efficiency and energy consumption needs in rural and urban sectors of economy;  formation of a management system to ensure project realisation including its formulation and development;

13  identification of the role and barriers for involvement of private sector in the mechanism of technological transfer and acquisition and to generally broaden the participation of the private sector;  to maintain the national capacity on climate change already established during Phase I of the project.

Activity 2 - Capacity building for participation in systematic observation networks with the purpose of reducing the level of scientific uncertainties, connected with definition of influence, scales and terms of climate change:

61.Climate research and monitoring are also commitments Parties have under the Convention. The Comoros has yet to create an institution or unit to monitor climate change in order to:

a) develop emission factors and vulnerability indices adapted to national specificity, b) monitor change in water quality, c) monitor and measure underground water volume, recharge and piezometry levels, d) monitor and measure ground water flows, e) monitor coastal erosion and coral reef health, and f) monitor oceanographic changes such as sea-surface temperature, sea level rise and swells, and marine currents.

62.The Comoros needs to strengthen the capacity of its Meteorological Service Agency. At the present time, it is barely functioning because of the lack of proper equipment.

63.Through this project the country will execute the following activities:

 description of the status of national programme on systematic observation to satisfy of needs of the meteorological and hydrological observations in climate system, in accordance with the Programme on Global Observation System of the World Meteorological Organisation and in conformity with the article 5 of the Convention.  definition of priority needs aimed at strengthening capacity for participation in the systematic global climate observation network.

14 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

64.To utilise the existing scientific and technical expertise from the past and on- going projects, the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) under the auspices of the General Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Development, Infrastructures, Post and Telecommunications and International Transport under Phase I of the Project will manage this Phase II project as well. The Steering Committee (SC) will also continue to provide overall policy guidance to the NST.

65.The General Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Development, Infrastructures, Post and Telecommunications and International Transport will execute the project, which is the institution responsible for all environmental matters in the country. The General Directorate of Environment is also the national focal point for UNFCCC and GEF. The project team of the initial National Communication will remain on board for this project.

66.The policy guidance for the project will be provided by the National Climate Change Committee and the UNEP Climate Change Enabling Activity Programme (CCEAP) and UNEP Collaborating Center on Energy and Environment (UCCEE) will provide administrative and technical support for the project.

NATIONAL LEVEL SUPPORT

67.This project enjoys a very high level of government support and a wide range of national support. It will be executed by the General Directorate of Environment supported by other relevant ministries and the NCCC, which has broad representation from both the public and private sectors, including experts from universities and NGOs. This proposal is fully endorsed by the national GEF Operational Focal Point (see attached letter).

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

68.The Project Co-ordinator will provide a monthly progress report to the NCCC, which will share it with UNEP. These reports will enable the General Directorate of Environment and its supporting institutions to evaluate the implementation of the project on an on-going basis and identify difficulties and shortcomings at an early stage. They will be reviewed by the NCCC for their quality and standard, comprehensiveness, and conformity to the proposed terms of reference and dates of completion.

69. The NCCC will meet on a quarterly basis to review project implementation and provide scientific, technical, policy and strategic guidance. The minutes of these meetings will be shared with all participating institutions. The NCCC will guide

15 the project co-ordinator on reports and make recommendation to the General Directorate of Environment, which in turn, will provide quarterly progress reports and quarterly financial reports to UNEP based on UNEP’s standard format.

70.UNEP will provide its established monitoring and evaluation guidelines and assessment procedures, which will be applied to evaluate the progress of the project during mid-term and after its completion.

16 Table 1: Activity Matrix for Phase II of Enabling Activity in Comoros

A Planni Gathering Institutiona Training cti ng of data and l and vi and research strengtheni Education ti execu ng es tion 1 X X X X (a ) Id e nt ifi ca ti o n a n d su b m is si o n of te ch n ol o gi ca l n e e ds

17 1 X X X (b ) C a p ac it y b uil di n g to as se ss te ch n ol o g y n e e ds (I ) pr oj ec t d ev el o p m e nt a

18 n d m a n a g e m e nt (ii ) ac ce ss to te ch n ol o g y in fo r m at io n 2. X X X C a p ac it y b uil di n g fo

19 r p ar tic ip at io n in th e sy st e m at ic o bs er va ti o n n et w or k 3. Pr oj ec t m a n a g e m e nt

20 4. X M o ni to ri n g a n d ev al u at io n

21 Table 2: Cost estimates for Comoros Climate Change Enabling Activity (PhaseII)

A P G I T A C

1 2 7 9 - 3

1 1 6 7 2 3

2 5 4 7 4 2

T 4 1 2 6 1 1 , ( ( ( 0 0 0 ( 4 7 % )

22 Table 3

Table 3: Workplan (indicative draft)

OUTPUTS/ACTIV SCHEDULE IN MONTHS ITIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1

(a) Identification/Submission of technology needs Organise the meeting of national climate change committee to co-ordinate and promote processes for the identification of needs and transfer of technologies. Identify and evaluate national human and institutional capacity in legal aspects and practices for technology needs assessment Hold a training workshop to design processes on technology needs assessment that is suited to the selected sectors. Create awareness among various key stakeholders on tools for technology needs assessment by sector. The focus will be identifying and building human capacity in this area. Hold workshops in order to build and/or strengthen human and institutional capacity to assess technology needs as well as the barriers in GHG mitigation and/or adaptation measures. (b) Capacity building to assess technology needs, modalities to acquire and absorb them, design, evaluate and host projects Collect and analyse data on the energy and other selected sectors to determine the areas of the private sector that can assist with promoting clean technologies. Evaluate and modify, as

23 necessary, existing mechanisms and regulations associated with technology transfer to ensure that they are suitable for promoting clean technologies in the private sector. Define an institutional framework that will assist with the promotion of environmentally clean technologies. This definition will require stakeholder consultations, including a workshop as appropriate. Identify, adapt, and develop information resources on clean technologies for their consideration in local educational institutions Output 3. Capacity building for participation in systematic observation networks Collect and evaluate data on the existing human and institutional capacities to participate in the systematic observation of the climate change Assess the capacity building required to successfully conduct systematic observation on climate change within Nepal Output 4. Final Report Preparation Output 5. Monitoring and Evaluation Output 6. Submission of Terminal Report