Advances in Historical Studies, 2013, 2, 19-104 Published Online June 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs/) TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 2 Number 2 June 2013 Letter from Chief-Managing Editorial Staff ARTICLES The Roots of the Theoretical Models of the Nanotechnoscience in the Electric Circuit Theory V. Gorokhov……………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………19 Reflections on the Scientific Conceptual Streams in Leonardo da Vinci and His Relationship with Luca Pacioli R. Pisano……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32 Reclaiming Realism for the Left: Gar Alperovitz and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb P. N. Kirstein……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………46 MISCELLANEA Megalithism and Tribal Ritualism: A Passage through the Kurumbas of Attappadi M. Poyil…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………54 Temple as the Site of Struggle: Social Reform, Religious Symbols and the Politics of Nationalism in Kerala M. R. Manmathan……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………57 Communities Inferred from the Books of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Bible W. Hu………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………70 Les Châteaux de Landiras et de Montferrand and Their Seigneurial Families D. A. Bailey………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………81 ESSAY REVIEW Borderland Theory as a Conceptual Framework for Comparative Local US and Canadian History C. Parham…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………94 Jacket: L’histoire comme images d’autres mondes [The history as images of other worlds], painted by Raffaele Pisano 2013 ©. Copyright © 2013 SciRes. AHS Advances in Historical Studies (AHS) Journal Information SUBSCRIPTIONS The Advances in Historical Studies (Online at Scientific Research Publishing, www.SciRP.org) is published quarterly by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. Subscription rates: Print: $39 per issue. 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Vol.2, No.2 Published Online June 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs) Dear Readers Kindly be informed that Advanced Historical Studies, published by Scientific Research Publishing (SCIRP www.scirp.org), is a brand new International blinded Peer-Reviewed Journal. It concerns advancements in historical research mainly in history and epis- temology of sciences. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in related subjects. Thus a special group of historians and historians-epistemologists-of-sciences were preformed: distinguished experiences in re- searches, teaching and specialities would be of help for high-quality papers publication. Giving thanks to all of Editorial Managing and Editorial Boards/Referees as we prepared for the welcome to our 2013 editing and staff, this marks the last issues for 43 staff Members. We will return for Autumn issues in September with the new historical re- searches and reviews in publishing. We would like to take this time to express our gratitude to all the staff Members and Referees for their precious and specialist suggesting. More information about the journal can be found at http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs/. Sincerely, Chief-Managing Editorial Staff Copyright © 2013 SciRes. Advances in Historical Studies 2013. Vol.2, No.2, 19-31 Published Online June 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ahs) DOI:10.4236/ahs.2013.22006 The Roots of the Theoretical Models of the Nanotechnoscience in the Electric Circuit Theory Vitaly Gorokhov1,2 1Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 2Institute of Technology Assessment and System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received April 8th, 2013; revised May 12th, 2013; accepted May 20th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Vitaly Gorokhov. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons At- tribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the contemporary nanotechnoscience makes natural-scientific experimentation constitutive for design, while research results are oriented equally on interpreting and predicting the course of natural processes, and on designing devices. Nanoystems can be seen as nanoelectrical switches in a nanocircuit. In nano- circuit structure, we find traditional electronic components at different levels, realized on the basis of nanotechnology. In nanotechnoscience explanatory models of natural phenomena are proposed, and pre- dictions of the course of certain natural events on the basis of mathematics and experimental data are formulated, on the one hand, as in classical natural science; as in the engineering sciences, on the other hand, not only experimental setups, but also structural plans for new nanosystems previously unknown in nature and technology are devised. In nanotechnoscience different models (equivalent circuits with stan- dard electronic components) of electric circuit theory are used for the analysis and synthesis of nanocir- cuits, and a special nanocircuit theory is elaborated. So nanotechnology is, at the same time, a field of scientific knowledge and a sphere of engineering activity—in other words, NanoTechnoScience, similar to Systems Engineering as the analysis and design of complex micro- and nanosystems. Keywords: History of Science; History of Engineering Science; Nanotechnoscience; Electric Circuits Theory; Electronic Nanocircuit; Circuits Models of Nanosystems; Natural Science; Engineering Science; Science and Engineering Introduction phy system is at the same time experimental investigation sys- tem and is used for the nanofabrication as so-called “nano- Contemporary technoscience makes natural scientific expe- writer”. rimentation inseparable from design, while research results are It is well-known that, in nanotechnoscience, constructs from equally oriented to interpret and predict the course of natural various scientific theories—classical and quantum physics, processes and to design structures. classical and quantum chemistry, structural biology, etc.—are Engineering theory is oriented not toward interpreting and used, whereas, in nanosystems, different physical, chemical and predicting the course of natural processes but toward designing biological processes take place. However one can also construct engineering schemes. Natural scientific knowledge and laws the circuit on the basis of definite nanosructures, such as, e.g., a must be considerably specified and modified in engineering super-heterodyne radio receiver on the nanolevel (see: Bhushan theory to be applicable to practical engineering problems. To 2004: p. 240). adapt theoretical knowledge to the level of practical engineer- In the nanotechnoscience for analysis and synthesis of the ing recommendations, technical theory develops special rules nanocircuits also are used the different models (equivalent cir- that establish a correspondence between the abstract objects of cuits with standard electronics components) of the electric cir- engineering theory and the structural components of real engi- cuit theory and is elaborated a special nanocircuit theory. In the neering systems and operations that transfer theoretical results structure of the nanocircuits we can find many different tradi- into engineering practice. Engineering sciences are specific be- tional electronic components (“molecular-scale electronics”) cause their engineering practice replaces experiments, as a rule. realized on the nanolevel with the help of nanotechnology: first, It is engineering activity that checks the adequacy of theoretical