Chapter 16 (Lessons 2 & 3)

Growth and Development

Male Reproductive System

- external and internal organs that, with the help of______, allow physically ______males to produce children

- 2 main functions: produce and store ______(male gametes or reproductive cells) and ______of sperm to female’s body during sexual intercourse

- usually reaches maturity (puberty) between ages ___ and ___

- hormones in pituitary gland stimulate production of ______– male sex hormone

- testosterone causes physical changes:

o broadening of ______

o development of ______

o ______and body ______

o deepening of voice

o production of sperm (after puberty, a male can produce sperm for the rest of his______)

External Reproductive Organs

 ______(testicles)

- two small glands that secrete ______and produce ______

- located in the scrotum

 ______

- an external skin sac

 penis

- tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body just above the testes

- composed of spongy tissue that contains many blood vessels

- erection

. penis becomes enlarged and erect when blood flow ______

. normal body function . occur easily and more frequently during puberty

. can occur for no reason

. ______(thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system) can be ejected from body when erection occurs

. ______

- a series of muscular contractions that occur at the height of sexual arousal

- if it occurs during ______it may result in ______

. ______– thin, loose skin that covers the tip of the penis at birth

. ______– surgical removal of the foreskin (often chosen for cultural or ______reasons)

- sperm cannot live in temperatures higher than _____ degrees (normal body temp.)

- scrotum ______sperm by keeping testes slightly below normal body temperature

o body temperature ______→ muscles attached to scrotum relax, causing testes to lower away from body

o body temperature ______→ muscles tighten, moving testes closer to body for warmth

o ______clothing may interfere with sperm ______

- ______

o an ejaculation that occurs when sperm are released during ______

o a ______occurrence to relieve buildup of ______as sperm begin to produce during ______

- sperm is produced in the ______and mature and are stored in the ______→ then travels through the ______(tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra) combining with secretions produced by the prostate and Cowper’s glands to form ______→ they also pass through the seminal vesicle combining with fluid that ______the sperm and make them more ______→ semen then exits the body through the ______

Maintaining Reproductive Health

 bathe regularly (wash under ______if uncircumcised)

 wear protective equipment during physical activities  ______

 perform regular ______(follow guidelines on page 450 for a testicular self-exam)

 get regular checkups

Male Reproductive System Problems

 ______

- part of the intestines push through a tear in the ______wall

- may be caused by straining abdominal muscles or lifting heavy objects

- symptoms: lump in groin near thigh, pain in groin or blockage of the intestine

- surgery may be needed to repair

 Sterility

- inability to ______

- result of ______sperm or sperm of ______quality

- causes: exposure to ______or other radiation, toxic chemicals and lead, ______imbalances, mumps contracted during adulthood, using certain medications or drugs like ______and STDs

 Testicular cancer

- occurs most often between ages of _____and _____, but can occur at any age

- with early detection, most testicular cancer is ______with surgery, radiation or ______

 Prostate problems and prostate cancer

- gland becomes enlarged as a result of ______, tumor or ______

- ______of prostate cancer increases survival rates

Female Reproductive System

 functions: ______female sex hormones, storing ______(female gametes – ova), prepares a place for possible ______

 ______

- store ova (egg) and produce female sex hormones (estrogen) - located on each side of the ______(hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ that nourishes and protects a fertilized ovum until birth)

- females have more than ______immature ova at ______

- at ______, pituitary gland produces hormones that cause ova to mature

- ______– process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month

 fallopian tubes

- pair of tubes with ______

- mature ovum is released into one of two fallopian tubes from ______

- lined with tiny hair like structures called ______that help move the ovum with the help of muscular contractions

- if ______are present, sperm cell and ovum may unite resulting in ______

- fertilized egg is a ______

 uterus

- zygote enters the uterus after leaving the ______

- zygote attaches itself to ______wall

- uterine wall thickens with blood to ______zygote as it grows

- fetus remains here until ______

 ______

- muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body

- place sperm enter the female reproductive system

Menstruation

 the shedding of the uterine lining

 after ______, uterus prepares each month for possible pregnancy

 if pregnancy ______occur, the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids

 tissues pass through ______(opening to the uterus) and into vagina

 females wear sanitary pads or tampons to absorb blood flow

 most females begin first menstrual cycle between ages of ____ and ____  cycle may be ______at first (not every month or the same length)

 usually becomes more predictable as female matures

 controlled by endocrine ______

 also influenced by poor ______, stress, excessive exercise, ______body weight and illness

 occurs from puberty until ______(end of reproductive years, usually between ages 45-55)

Maintaining Reproductive Health

 bathe regularly

- change tampons/pads every few hours during menstrual period

 have ______medical exams – may include (depending on age):

- Pap smear (tests for cancerous cells on the cervix)

- ______(tests for breast cancer)

 practice ______

- helps to avoid unplanned pregnancy and ______

 practice breast self-exams

- examine once a ______, right ______menstrual period

- ______detection is critical for successful treatment of breast cancer

Female Reproductive System Problems

 menstrual cramps

- sometimes occur at ______of menstrual period

- light ______and applying ______to abdomen may help relieve

- OTC or prescription meds may sometimes be prescribed

 premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

- disorder caused by ______changes

- symptoms: anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain, depression, mood swings and fatigue - regular ______and good ______may reduce severity of symptoms

 toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

- rare but serious ______infection that affects immune system and liver

- can be ______

- to reduce risk, use tampons with ______absorbency and change them ______

- symptoms: fever, ______, diarrhea, rash, red eyes, dizziness, and muscle aches… see a doctor

Infertility and Other Disorders

*can have several causes

 endometriosis

- ______tissue grows in ovaries, fallopian tubes or lining of ______cavity

 sexually transmitted diseases

- spread during sexual contact

- gonorrhea and chlamydia, when left untreated, are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which causes infertility

- ______from sexual activity until marriage is the ______way to avoid STDS

 ______

- discharge, odor, pain, itching or burning

- two common forms: Candida (yeast infection) and bacterial vaginosis

 ovarian cysts

- ______sacs on the ovary

- small, ______cysts may disappear on their own

- larger cysts may have to be removed ______

 cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers

- early sexual activity and ______(like human papillomavirus- HPV) ______the risk of cervical cancer

- regular exams are important for early detection and treatment - approved ______can be given in ______to prevent infection from four strains of the HPV virus

Chapter 17 (Lessons 1 ONLY)

Prenatal Care and Development

The Very Beginning

 human body begins as one microscopic cell formed through ______– union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell (also known as conception)

 cell that results is called a ______

 zygote ______many times as it travels through the fallopian tube forming a cluster of ______by the time it reaches the ______

 ______– process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

 after about ____weeks, zygote becomes an ______– cluster of cells that develops between the ______and ______week of pregnancy

 referred to as a ______after about eight weeks

The Growing Embryo

 two important structures form outside the embryo

- ______– thick fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and ______the developing embryo

- ______– ropelike structure that connects fetus with mother’s ______(thick, blood-rich tissue that lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes

the embryo

. embryo gets ______, ______and disposes of its ______through the umbilical cord

 cells of embryo continue to divide until _____ layers of tissue are formed

- one layer becomes ______and digestive systems

- second layer develops into muscles, ______, blood vessels and ______

- third layer forms ______system, sense organs and ______

 blood supply of mother and embryo kept ______ embryo’s waste is passed to mother’s ______and excreted from the mother’s body along with her own body wastes

 substances that are ______to the embryo, like tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, can also pass through the ______

 time from ______to ______usually takes about ______days, or nine months

 divided into _____ trimesters

- major changes during first trimester:

. spinal cord grows, brain, ears, and arms begin to form, heart begins to ______

. develops human profile, sex organs, eyelids, fingernails, and toe nails develop

. by week _____ can make crying motions and may suck thumb

- major changes during second trimester:

. can blink and becomes more active

. eyebrows and eyelashes develop

. can ______conversations, has a regular cycle of waking and sleeping

. weight increases ______…about 12 inches long and weighs a little more than ______

. may survive if born after ______weeks with specialized care

- major changes during third trimester:

. uses all 5 ______

. begins to pass water from ______

. weighs approximately ______pounds when ready to be born

Multiple Births

 multiple embryos are formed

 identical twins

o ______zygote splits into two ______embryos

o identical traits, ______gender

- ______twins

o two eggs are released and fertilized by two ______sperm o can be ______genders

A Healthy Pregnancy

- ______– steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby

- a woman should seek prenatal care as soon as ______and then ______throughout the pregnancy

 eat healthy

- pregnant females are encouraged to take prenatal ______to provide a balance of nutrients such as:

o calcium

o protein

o iron

o vitamin A

- to achieve a healthy weight gain during pregnancy most females need to consume only an additional ______calories per day

- average healthy weight gain is ______pounds

- gaining too ______→ can result in a small, undeveloped baby

- gaining too much → can result in ______delivery, risk of high blood pressure, ______and varicose veins

 keep fit

- can help a female maintain a healthy weight during pregnancy

- before starting any exercise program an expectant mother should check with their ______

 avoid tobacco use

- smoking accounts for up to ______of low-birth-weight babies, 14 percent of premature births, and 10 percent of all infant ______

- can affect growth, mental development and behavior

- exposure to repeated ______increases the risk of having a low-birth- weight baby  avoid alcohol use

- a fetus breaks down alcohol more ______than the mother → alcohol level in the fetus’s blood is ______and it remains in bloodstream ______

- can lead to ______(FAS): a group of alcohol-related birth defects that includes both physical and mental problems

- infants born with FAS may have ______, memory, and ______problems, visual and hearing impairments

 avoid ______

- prescription and over-the-counter medications should be used only with the ______of a doctor or health care professional

- illegal drugs pose a health risk to both the mother and fetus

- infants may have growth problems, respiratory or cardiovascular problems, mental impairments or birth defects

- can lead to ______birth, miscarriage or the baby may also be born with an addiction to the drug

 avoid hazards in the ______

- lead

. can be found in paint of houses built before ______and in some glassware or dinnerware

- mercury

. pregnant females should avoid eating certain types of ______with higher levels of ______: shark, swordfish, king mackerel

- smog

. greatest risk is in 2nd ______of pregnancy because ______are

developing

- radiation

. found in X-rays

- use ______when using household chemicals and cleaning-products Complications of Pregnancy

- most pregnancies result in the birth of a ______baby

- 70 percent of births occur through ______delivery

- complications can result in a ______delivery made through an incision in the mother’s abdomen

- ______birth → takes place at least three weeks before the due date

- miscarriage → spontaneous expulsion of a fetus occurring before the ______week of pregnancy

- ______→ delivery of a fetus that has died after the twentieth week of pregnancy

- complications can be caused by a ______reason or ______use

- ______hypertension → high blood pressure during pregnancy usually occurs after the twentieth week of pregnancy

- ______→ high blood pressure, swelling, and large amounts of protein in urine

o can prevent placenta from getting enough ______to nourish fetus

o treatment: ______blood pressure through bed rest or medication

- ______→ results when a zygote implants not in the uterus but in fallopian tube, abdomen, ovary or cervix

- ______for fetus to receive nourishment and grow

- ______lead to birth of a healthy fetus

- number one cause of ______in women in the first trimester of pregnancy

Childbirth

 Step 1: ______

- begins with “water breaking” or mild muscle ______

- contractions become regular, stronger and ______together

- causes cervix to ______, or widen

 Step 2: ______

- begins when ______is fully dilated (10 cm./4 in.)

- mother pushes with contractions to help the baby through the birth canal and from the mother’s body - baby takes first breath and cries to clear its lungs of ______

 Step 3: ______

- placenta still attached to baby….umbilical cord is cut

- ______contractions continue until the afterbirth (placenta) is pushed from the mother’s body