Chapter 16 (Lessons 2 & 3)

Chapter 16 (Lessons 2 & 3) Growth and DevelopmentMale Reproductive System- external and internal organs that, with the help of______, allow physically ______males to produce children- 2 main functions: produce and store ______(male gametes or reproductive cells) and ______of sperm to female’s body during sexual intercourse- usually reaches maturity (puberty) between ages ___ and ___- hormones in pituitary gland stimulate production of ______– male sex hormone - testosterone causes physical changes: o broadening of ______ o development of ______ o ______and body ______ o deepening of voice o production of sperm (after puberty, a male can produce sperm for the rest of his______)External Reproductive Organs ______(testicles)- two small glands that secrete ______and produce ______- located in the scrotum ______- an external skin sac penis- tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body just above the testes- composed of spongy tissue that contains many blood vessels- erection. penis becomes enlarged and erect when blood flow ______. normal body function . occur easily and more frequently during puberty. can occur for no reason. ______(thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system) can be ejected from body when erection occurs. ______- a series of muscular contractions that occur at the height of sexual arousal- if it occurs during ______it may result in ______. ______– thin, loose skin that covers the tip of the penis at birth. ______– surgical removal of the foreskin (often chosen for cultural or ______reasons)- sperm cannot live in temperatures higher than _____ degrees (normal body temp.)- scrotum ______sperm by keeping testes slightly below normal body temperature o body temperature ______→ muscles attached to scrotum relax, causing testes to lower away from body o body temperature ______→ muscles tighten, moving testes closer to body for warmth o ______clothing may interfere with sperm ______- ______ o an ejaculation that occurs when sperm are released during ______ o a ______occurrence to relieve buildup of ______as sperm begin to produce during ______- sperm is produced in the ______and mature and are stored in the ______→ then travels through the ______(tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra) combining with secretions produced by the prostate and Cowper’s glands to form ______→ they also pass through the seminal vesicle combining with fluid that ______the sperm and make them more ______→ semen then exits the body through the ______Maintaining Reproductive Health bathe regularly (wash under ______if uncircumcised)  wear protective equipment during physical activities  ______ perform regular ______(follow guidelines on page 450 for a testicular self-exam) get regular checkupsMale Reproductive System Problems ______- part of the intestines push through a tear in the ______wall- may be caused by straining abdominal muscles or lifting heavy objects- symptoms: lump in groin near thigh, pain in groin or blockage of the intestine- surgery may be needed to repair Sterility - inability to ______- result of ______sperm or sperm of ______quality- causes: exposure to ______or other radiation, toxic chemicals and lead, ______imbalances, mumps contracted during adulthood, using certain medications or drugs like ______and STDs Testicular cancer- occurs most often between ages of _____and _____, but can occur at any age- with early detection, most testicular cancer is ______with surgery, radiation or ______ Prostate problems and prostate cancer- gland becomes enlarged as a result of ______, tumor or ______- ______of prostate cancer increases survival ratesFemale Reproductive System functions: ______female sex hormones, storing ______(female gametes – ova), prepares a place for possible ______ ______- store ova (egg) and produce female sex hormones (estrogen) - located on each side of the ______(hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ that nourishes and protects a fertilized ovum until birth)- females have more than ______immature ova at ______- at ______, pituitary gland produces hormones that cause ova to mature- ______– process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month fallopian tubes- pair of tubes with ______- mature ovum is released into one of two fallopian tubes from ______- lined with tiny hair like structures called ______that help move the ovum with the help of muscular contractions- if ______are present, sperm cell and ovum may unite resulting in ______- fertilized egg is a ______ uterus- zygote enters the uterus after leaving the ______- zygote attaches itself to ______wall- uterine wall thickens with blood to ______zygote as it grows- fetus remains here until ______ ______- muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body- place sperm enter the female reproductive systemMenstruation the shedding of the uterine lining after ______, uterus prepares each month for possible pregnancy if pregnancy ______occur, the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids tissues pass through ______(opening to the uterus) and into vagina females wear sanitary pads or tampons to absorb blood flow most females begin first menstrual cycle between ages of ____ and ____  cycle may be ______at first (not every month or the same length) usually becomes more predictable as female matures controlled by endocrine ______ also influenced by poor ______, stress, excessive exercise, ______body weight and illness occurs from puberty until ______(end of reproductive years, usually between ages 45-55)Maintaining Reproductive Health bathe regularly- change tampons/pads every few hours during menstrual period have ______medical exams – may include (depending on age):- Pap smear (tests for cancerous cells on the cervix)- ______(tests for breast cancer) practice ______- helps to avoid unplanned pregnancy and ______ practice breast self-exams- examine once a ______, right ______menstrual period- ______detection is critical for successful treatment of breast cancerFemale Reproductive System Problems menstrual cramps- sometimes occur at ______of menstrual period- light ______and applying ______to abdomen may help relieve- OTC or prescription meds may sometimes be prescribed premenstrual syndrome (PMS)- disorder caused by ______changes- symptoms: anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain, depression, mood swings and fatigue - regular ______and good ______may reduce severity of symptoms toxic shock syndrome (TSS)- rare but serious ______infection that affects immune system and liver- can be ______- to reduce risk, use tampons with ______absorbency and change them ______- symptoms: fever, ______, diarrhea, rash, red eyes, dizziness, and muscle aches… see a doctorInfertility and Other Disorders*can have several causes endometriosis- ______tissue grows in ovaries, fallopian tubes or lining of ______cavity sexually transmitted diseases- spread during sexual contact- gonorrhea and chlamydia, when left untreated, are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which causes infertility- ______from sexual activity until marriage is the ______way to avoid STDS ______- discharge, odor, pain, itching or burning- two common forms: Candida (yeast infection) and bacterial vaginosis ovarian cysts- ______sacs on the ovary- small, ______cysts may disappear on their own- larger cysts may have to be removed ______ cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers- early sexual activity and ______(like human papillomavirus- HPV) ______the risk of cervical cancer- regular exams are important for early detection and treatment - approved ______can be given in ______to prevent infection from four strains of the HPV virusChapter 17 (Lessons 1 ONLY) Prenatal Care and DevelopmentThe Very Beginning human body begins as one microscopic cell formed through ______– union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell (also known as conception) cell that results is called a ______ zygote ______many times as it travels through the fallopian tube forming a cluster of ______by the time it reaches the ______ ______– process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall after about ____weeks, zygote becomes an ______– cluster of cells that develops between the ______and ______week of pregnancy referred to as a ______after about eight weeksThe Growing Embryo two important structures form outside the embryo- ______– thick fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and ______the developing embryo- ______– ropelike structure that connects fetus with mother’s ______(thick, blood-rich tissue that lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes the embryo. embryo gets ______, ______and disposes of its ______through the umbilical cord cells of embryo continue to divide until _____ layers of tissue are formed- one layer becomes ______and digestive systems- second layer develops into muscles, ______, blood vessels and ______- third layer forms ______system, sense organs and ______ blood supply of mother and embryo kept ______ embryo’s waste is passed to mother’s ______and excreted from the mother’s body along with her own body wastes substances that are ______to the embryo, like tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, can also pass through the ______ time from ______to ______usually takes about ______days, or nine months divided into _____ trimesters- major changes during first trimester:. spinal cord grows, brain, ears, and arms begin to form, heart begins to ______. develops human profile, sex organs, eyelids, fingernails, and toe nails develop. by week _____ can make crying motions and may suck thumb- major changes during second trimester:. can blink and becomes more active. eyebrows and eyelashes develop. can ______conversations, has a regular cycle of waking and sleeping. weight increases ______…about 12 inches long and weighs a little more than ______. may survive if born after ______weeks with specialized care- major changes during third trimester:. uses all 5 ______. begins to pass water from ______. weighs approximately ______pounds when ready to be bornMultiple Births multiple embryos are formed identical twins o ______zygote splits into two ______embryos o identical traits, ______gender- ______twins o two eggs are released and fertilized by two ______sperm o can be ______gendersA Healthy Pregnancy- ______– steps that a pregnant female can take to provide for her own health and the health of her baby- a woman should seek prenatal care as soon as ______and then ______throughout the pregnancy eat healthy- pregnant females are encouraged to take prenatal ______to provide a balance of nutrients such as: o calcium o protein o iron o vitamin A- to achieve a healthy weight gain during pregnancy most females need to consume only an additional ______calories per day- average healthy weight gain is ______pounds- gaining too ______→ can result in a small, undeveloped baby- gaining too much → can result in ______delivery, risk of high blood pressure, ______and varicose veins keep fit- can help a female maintain a healthy weight during pregnancy- before starting any exercise program an expectant mother should check with their ______ avoid tobacco use- smoking accounts for up to ______of low-birth-weight babies, 14 percent of premature births, and 10 percent of all infant ______- can affect growth, mental development and behavior- exposure to repeated ______increases the risk of having a low-birth- weight baby  avoid alcohol use- a fetus breaks down alcohol more ______than the mother → alcohol level in the fetus’s blood is ______and it remains in bloodstream ______- can lead to ______(FAS): a group of alcohol-related birth defects that includes both physical and mental problems- infants born with FAS may have ______, memory, and ______problems, visual and hearing impairments avoid ______- prescription and over-the-counter medications should be used only with the ______of a doctor or health care professional- illegal drugs pose a health risk to both the mother and fetus- infants may have growth problems, respiratory or cardiovascular problems, mental impairments or birth defects- can lead to ______birth, miscarriage or the baby may also be born with an addiction to the drug avoid hazards in the ______- lead. can be found in paint of houses built before ______and in some glassware or dinnerware- mercury. pregnant females should avoid eating certain types of ______with higher levels of ______: shark, swordfish, king mackerel- smog. greatest risk is in 2nd ______of pregnancy because ______are developing- radiation. found in X-rays- use ______when using household chemicals and cleaning-products Complications of Pregnancy- most pregnancies result in the birth of a ______baby- 70 percent of births occur through ______delivery- complications can result in a ______delivery made through an incision in the mother’s abdomen- ______birth → takes place at least three weeks before the due date- miscarriage → spontaneous expulsion of a fetus occurring before the ______week of pregnancy- ______→ delivery of a fetus that has died after the twentieth week of pregnancy- complications can be caused by a ______reason or ______use - ______hypertension → high blood pressure during pregnancy usually occurs after the twentieth week of pregnancy- ______→ high blood pressure, swelling, and large amounts of protein in urine o can prevent placenta from getting enough ______to nourish fetus o treatment: ______blood pressure through bed rest or medication- ______→ results when a zygote implants not in the uterus but in fallopian tube, abdomen, ovary or cervix- ______for fetus to receive nourishment and grow- ______lead to birth of a healthy fetus- number one cause of ______in women in the first trimester of pregnancyChildbirth Step 1: ______- begins with “water breaking” or mild muscle ______- contractions become regular, stronger and ______together- causes cervix to ______, or widen Step 2: ______- begins when ______is fully dilated (10 cm./4 in.)- mother pushes with contractions to help the baby through the birth canal and from the mother’s body - baby takes first breath and cries to clear its lungs of ______ Step 3: ______- placenta still attached to baby….umbilical cord is cut- ______contractions continue until the afterbirth (placenta) is pushed from the mother’s body

Chapter 16 (Lessons 2 & 3)

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