Summarize Three Observations Darwin Made in His Research on the South American Mainland

Biology IH Chapter 15 Reading Guide Name ______Assignment # ______

Chapter Vocabulary Study the definitions for each of the following words by preparing flash cards with the word on one side and a context sentence on the reverse side.

artificial selection homologous structure camouflage natural selection analogous structure mimicry evolution vestigial structure fitness ancestral trait embryo fossil derived trait biogeography

15.1 Darwin’s Theory 1. In 1832 most people believed the world was about ______years old and that animals and plants were ______.

2. During his voyage, Darwin read a book titled ______written by Charles Lyell.

3. This book proposed that the Earth was ______.

4. How did Lyell’s book influence Darwin’s thought? ______

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5. Summarize Darwin’s observations made in his research on the Galápagos Islands.

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6. After his return from the Galapagos, Darwin hypothesized that a new species could appear ______.

7. Darwin also read an essay by Thomas Malthus that greatly influenced his thinking. In this essay, Malthus that suggested that ______

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8. This led Darwin to propose his theory of ______as the mechanism whereby new species appear. 9. List the four principles of natural selection.

1) ______2) ______3) ______4) ______

10. What does the term evolution mean to biologists? ______

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11. Compare and contrast the terms natural selection and artificial selection.

Similarity ______Difference______15.2 Evidence for Evolution

1. List 5 the categories of evidence for evolution.

1) ______2) ______3) ______4) ______5) ______

2. How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution? ______

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3. The structures shown above are considered to be ______structures because ______

Chapter 15 Reading Guide 2 4. What are analogous structures? ______

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5. How do homologous and analogous structures differ?

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6. The structures indicated by the arrows in the above illustrations are called ______structures because ______.

7. List three other examples of such structures:

1) ______2) ______3) ______

8. How does comparative embryology suggest evolutionary relationships?

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9. Comparative biochemistry also shows common ancestry. Look at Figure 15.9 in your text. Would the cytochrome c of a reptile of a duck be expected to have more amino acid differences when compared with that of a human? ______Explain your answer

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Chapter 15 Reading Guide 3 10. How do DNA and RNA demonstrate a similar biochemical pattern? ______

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11. Define the term biogeography. ______

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12. What is an adaptation? ______

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13. How do organisms “adapt” to an environment. (e.g., can individuals evolve?) ______

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14. What is meant by the term “fitness?” ______

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15. How do mimicry and camouflage increase the fitness of a species? ______

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16. How might an albino of a species that is normally green and lives among leaves, be less fit?”

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17. From your experience and personal observations, list three adaptations each for animals and plants that increase their fitness:

Animals 1) ______2) ______3) ______

Plants 1) ______2) ______3) ______

Chapter 15 Reading Guide 4