Human Biology Chapter 5 Cardiovascular System: Heart And Blood Vessels

HUMAN BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

1. What are the two parts of cardiovascular system and what are the functions of each part 2. Explain where exchanges occur in the body and the importance of those exchanges.. 3. Which of the three types of blood vessels are most numerous? Explain. 4. Describe the structure of the heart, including the chambers and valves. 5. Trace the path of blood through the heart, including chambers, valves, and vessels the blood travels through. 6. Describe the cardiac cycle, using the terms systole and diastole. What is the role of the SA node and AV node in the cardiac cycle? 7. Distinguish between the internal and external controls of the heartbeat. Explain how an ECG relates to the cardiac cycle. 8. Explain why skeletal muscle contraction has an affect on venous flow but not arterial flow? 9. Describe the process of by which nutrients are exchanged for wastes across a capillary, using glucose and carbon dioxide as examples. 10. What is the most probable association between high blood pressure and a heart attack? With this association in mind, what type of diet might help prevent a heart attack?

11. The transport function of blood is dependent on what components? The defense function of blood is dependent on what components? The regulatory functions of blood are dependent of what components? 12. The osmotic pressure of blood is dependent on what components of blood? 13. Describe the structure of a red blood cell, including the molecule, hemoglobin. What is the role of red blood cells in the blood? How is the production of red blood cells regulated? 14. What are the two main categories of white blood cells? Which white blood cells are phagocytes? Explain. 15. What formed element is crucial to blood clotting? What other substances are necessary for clotting? Explain the steps that take place when blood clots. 16. List and describe three disorders involving RBCs, three disorders involving WBCs, and two disorders involving platelets. 17. For each type of ABO blood, give the antigen(s) and antibody(ies) present. List which blood type each can receive and to which type each can be given.

Blood type antigen on RBC antibodies in can give to can receive from plasma Type A

Type B Type AB

Type O

18. Explain what occurs in hemolytic disease of the newborn. 19.Describe the basic characteristics of bacteria. Explain how five particular features contribute to the ability of bacteria to cause disease. 20.What is the structure of a virus? Is a virus living? Explain how a virus is able to reproduce. 21.What are prions and how do they cause disease? 22.Why are the red bone marrow and the thymus gland termed primary lymphatic organs. 23.In what ways are the spleen and lymph nodes similar, and in what ways are they different? 24.How do nonspecific defenses differ from specific defenses? 25.What is the first line of defense? Describe several methods of protection. 26.What is the second line of defense? Describe the various cells and chemicals and their roles in protecting the body. What are the four signs of inflammation, and what causes them? 27.What two types of cells are involved in providing specific defenses against pathogens? What type of immunity does each provide? 28.What is the clonal selection model as it applies to B cells? What becomes of the clones that are produced? 29.Explain how T cells recognize an antigen. What are the types of T cells, and how do they function in immunity?

30.How is active immunity achieved? How is passive immunity achieved?

31. Name as many structures as you can that connect to the pharynx.

32. How is the structure of the trachea important for respiration, as well as digestion?

33. Describe the structure of an alveolus, and explain how it is suited for gas exchange. 34. What are the steps of inspiration and expiration? How is breathing controlled? 35. Describe what occurs during external respiration, utilizing two important equations. What is the driving force for the gas exchange? 36. Describe what occurs during internal respiration, utilizing two important equations. What is the driving force for the gas exchange?

37. Name and describe several upper and lower respiratory tract disorders (other than cancer). If appropriate, explain why breathing is difficult with these conditions.