Schoolhouse Brook WHIP Monitoring

Report of the Mansfield Plant Monitors, Spring – Fall 2008

Establishment and Description of Permanent Monitoring Plots in Schoolhouse Brook Park and Their Potential Use in Assessing Impact of Invasive Species Control Efforts

Pat Bresnahan, Roberta Coughlin, Jean Haskell, Becky Lehman, Charlotte Pyle

March 19, 2009

1 Executive Summary...... 2

2 Origins and Purpose of the Project...... 3

3 Monitoring Sites and Protocol...... 3

3.1 The WHIP Fields...... 3 3.2 The Monitoring Sites...... 5 3.3 Plant Data Collection...... 6

4 Invasive Removal Operations...... 9

5 Observations and Discussion...... 9

5.1 Updated Schoolhouse Brook Park Species List...... 9 5.2 Species Counts and Nativity...... 10 5.3 Optimum Sampling Dates and Plant Phenology...... 12

6 Future Work...... 18

APPENDICES...... 19 1 Executive Summary

TODO: Anyone want to take a shot at this? 2 Origins and Purpose of the Project

The Mansfield Plant Monitors (MPM) are a group of volunteers interested in observing and chronicling plant biodiversity in the Town of Mansfield. Members conduct hikes in town parks and maintain records of their observations in a central database. In 2008, the group focused its efforts on a set of permanent plots established in Schoolhouse Brook Park. This work was motivated by an interest in monitoring the impact of an invasive species removal project funded by a grant to the town from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Wildlife Habitat Improvement Program (WHIP). By focusing on these plots and the surrounding areas, the MPM work will:

 Update the park’s plant species checklist  Provide a set of baseline information about the park that can be used by future observers to assess long-term environmental change  Help assess the impact of the invasive control efforts, and the degree to which assessment can be conducted by trained volunteers

3 Monitoring Sites and Protocol

The 2008 work focused on three of the ten fields designated as work areas under the WHIP grant. One of the first tasks of the group was to develop a sampling protocol for the fields that could easily be implemented by volunteers. After much discussion and trial-and-error, it was decided to establish several pairs of permanent 1 x 1 meter quadrant plots in each field. Each quad pair consisted of two plots: a “Heavy” plot dominated by one or more invasive species, and a “Light” plot, located nearby with a similar physical environment, but few or no invasives. Plots were visited periodically throughout the growing season and on each visit, the number and phenological stage of each species in the plot were recorded. In addition, a general reconnaissance of the parent “field” was conducted and its species information recorded.

3.1 The WHIP Fields

In XXXX the town of Mansfield received a $XXXX “Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program” (WHIP) grant from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) for invasive species control in Schoolhouse Brook Park. Because the invasive removal work would be conducted over a ten year period, a series of ten fields were identified to help define the scope of work for each year (see Figure 1). These fields lie along the riparian corridor in the park. Because invasive removal work was scheduled to begin in Fields 8, 9 and 10, the MPM survey began with these fields in 2008. The locations and descriptions of the three fields are provided in Table 1 below.

Figure 1. Map of Schoolhouse Brook WHIP Fields.

TODO: Clean up the map or get a better one. Should we include maps of the individual fields we worked on with approximate locations of witness trees and plots?

Table 1. Description of WHIP Fields 8, 9 and 10 Field Location Habitat Field 8  South of Clover Mill Road Dry, high, open woods,  East of Barrows Pond, east of old foundation maples, Barberry infestation on hillcrest  North of Barrows Trail Field 9  South of Clover Mill Road North bank of stream, shaded,  East of #120 Clover Mill Road, between rich soil, Japanese Knotweed road and stream, near stream infestation Field 10  North of Clover Mill Road Damp meadow in abandoned  North of main parking lot. orchard, with blueberries.  Field to Right of beginning of Roadrunner Various invasives, including Trail large Autumn Olive. 3.2 The Monitoring Sites

In Field 8 and Field 10, two pairs of permanent 1x1 meter quadrant plots were set up. In Field 9, three pairs of quadrant plot were set up. Each pair was given a quad ID (i.e., “Q1”), with the heavily and lightly invaded plots designated with “H” or “L” as in Q1H, Q1L. Plots were anchored at their due north and south corners by approx 2’ long sections of rebar, pounded into the ground. In order to be able to locate these sites in the future, the positions (angles and distances) of the north corners were measured relative to two witness trees, and the trees were marked with numbered, metal tags. The descriptions and locations of the witness trees are listed in Table 2. In some cases, the same witness tree was used for more than one plot. The distances and angles of each plot’s north corner from the witness trees are listed in Table 3.

Table 2. Site Witness Trees: Location and Description Field Witness Witness Witness Tree Notes Number Tree Tag Tree Species Number Field 8 37 Red Maple 1' diameter next to dead tree Field 8 41 Red Maple Near where slope breaks downward. Flanked by 2 small beech saplings; with 3: branch, 4' from base. One of two medium sized maples located E of stone wall, running E-W, about 13 m apart Field 8 42 Red Maple N most red maple in clump of 5 live + 1 dead. Just outside of foundation wall S of opening. Medium sized maples located E of stone wall, running E-W, about 13 m apart Field 8 45 Red Maple? 10" diameter, with 5" diameter branch 10' up trunk Field 9 40 Medium sized ? 20 ft S of Clover Mill Rd Field 9 43 Sugar Maple Medium sized, 10 ft N of brook Field 9 44 Medium sized 10 feet N of brook Field 9 46 Oak? 6" diameter, 5' west of stream edge Field 9 47 Oak? 10" diameter, 10' N of stream Field 9 100 Sugar Maple 10" diameter, between large boulder and stream, 3' N of stream Field 10 38 Unknown No notes Field 10 39 Pignut Hickory 70 cm circumference Field 10 729 Old Apple Field 10 763 Eastern Red Cedar

TODO: Clean up the tree species and descriptions

Table 3. Quad Plot Locations Relative to Witness Trees Field Plot ID Witness Meters Degrees Tree From Tree From Tree Number Field 8 Q1_H 41 6.84 252 Field 8 Q1_H 42 6.33 100 Field 8 Q1_L 41 3.05 256 Field 8 Q1_L 42 9.73 86 Field 8 Q2_H 37 7.45 32 Field 8 Q2_H 45 0.81 68 Field 8 Q2_L 37 1.15 156 Field 8 Q2_L 45 7.02 42 Field 9 Q1_H 40 4.65 82 Field 9 Q1_H 44 10.3 354 Field 9 Q1_L 40 6.90 162 Field 9 Q1_L 44 4.95 304 Field 9 Q2_H 43 0.37 0 Field 9 Q2_H 46 3.58 0 Field 9 Q2_L 43 3.09 2 Field 9 Q2_L 46 1.30 136 Field 9 Q3_H 47 8.10 267 Field 9 Q3_H 100 2.40 85 Field 9 Q3_L 47 6.35 267 Field 9 Q3_L 100 4.10 85 Field 10 Q1_H 38 36.50 108 Field 10 Q1_H 39 26.75 9 Field 10 Q1_L 729 24.20 246 Field 10 Q1_L 763 36.95 278 Field 10 Q2_H 729 11.04 177 Field 10 Q2_H 763 15.82 283 Field 10 Q2_L 729 7.96 206 Field 10 Q2_L 763 20.60 292

3.3 Plant Data Collection

Volunteer monitors conducted field work on seventeen days during the 2008 growing season: three in April, two in May, three in June, four in July, two in August and three in September (see Table 4). Most of the initial work focused on setting up the permanent plots. Once the plots were set up, the group’s goal was to visit each field at least once per month. The trips normally lasted 2-3 hours, and normally 2 or 3 people participated per trip. In the field, a quad plot was located and a plastic PVC 1x1 meter frame was aligned with the north and south corners’ permanent rebar stakes. Each species in the plot was identified to the extent possible. Initial identifications of the more common species were made in the field using Newcomb’s Guide1. Gleason and Cronquist2 and the associated Illustrated Guide3 were used for more difficult IDs. Gleason was also followed for the scientific names for plant family, genus and species. An attempt was also made to cross reference these names with the USDA’s plant ID codes.4 In addition to recording

1 Newcomb’s Guide to Wildflowers. TODO: Get reference 2 Gleason and Cronquist. TODO: Get reference 3 Illustrated Britton and Brown: TODO: Get reference 4 Reference the USDA plant ID code system. quadrant plot species, a general reconnaissance of the plant species in the area surrounding the plots was also made. Table 4. Plot Monitoring Schedule, 2008. Numbers indicate days visited. Date Field 8 Field 9 Field 10 Q1_H Q1_L Q2_H Q2_L Q1_H Q1_L Q2_H Q2_L Q3_H Q3_L Q1_H Q1_L Q2_H Q2_L 09-Apr-08 1 1 12-Apr-08 1 1 26-Apr-08 1 1 1 1 1 1 03-May-08 1 1 1 1 1 1 26-May-08 1 1 1 1 01-Jun-08 1 1 1 1 1 1 14-Jun-08 1 1 25-Jun-08 1 1 1 1 06-Jul-08 1 1 1 1 13-Jul-08 20-Jul-08 1 1 1 1 1 1 26-Jul-08 1 1 1 1 10-Aug-08 1 1 1 16-Aug-08 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 01-Sep-08 1 1 1 1 1 13-Sep-08 1 1 1 1 21-Sep-08 1 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL VISITS 5 5 4 4 6 6 7 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 Invasive Removal Operations

Invasive control operations were begun during the growing season. A description of the work undertaken is provided in Table 5.

Table 5. Invasive Control Operations, Summer 2008 Field Date Control Invasive Description Species Method Field 8 Field 9 Field 10

TODO: Complete this table

5 Observations and Discussion

5.1 Updated Schoolhouse Brook Park Species List

An updated list of the plant taxa reported from Schoolhouse Brook Park is provided in Appendix A. This list was compiled by merging the observations made in 2008 with those reported by others in previous years. The previous list for the park had 126 taxa and the new list has over 300, so roughly 175 new species were added to the list as a result of this year’s field work. The identifications should be taken as tentative, since voucher specimens were not collected and identities were not confirmed. An analysis of the nativity of the park’s species is shown in Figure 2. Roughly 70% of the reported species are native, 10% are non-native and with 20% nativity is unknown, either because identification was only to genus or because nativity information was unavailable at the time the species was entered into the database. Where nativity is known, then, about 85% of the species are native and 15% non-native. 350

250 s t n u 200 Unknown o C

s NonNative e i

c 150 e Native p S 100

0 SHBP F08 F09 F10

100% 95% 90% 85% 80% NonNative 75% Native 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% SHBP F08 F09 F10

Figure 2. Park and study field species counts and percentages. Note higher percentage of non- native species in Field 10.

5.2 Species Counts and Nativity

Species counts and percentages for the three study fields are also shown in Figure 2. Field 10, the abandoned orchard, had the most species with a count of 127, Field 8 the least with a count of 79, and Field 9 had 100 species. The abandoned orchard also had the highest percent of identifiably non-native species at about 25% while Fields 8 and 9, the forested areas, had about 10%. TODO: Get acreages for park and estimated for fields As might be expected, the 1x1 meter plots had far fewer species than their surrounding, several-acre fields (see Figure 3). There is some indication that plots “heavily” infested with invasives had fewer species than “lightly” infested plots. Of the seven quad pairs, six had more species in the “Light” plot than the “Heavy” plots, which were often dominated by one or two large individuals of an invasive species such as barberry or Autumn Olive. With so many species with “unknown” nativity, comparison of the percentages of native vs. non-native species in the plots may not be meaningful. Nevertheless, of the seven quad pairs, five seemed to have a higher percent non-native in the “Heavy” plot, one had a lower percent, and in one the percent was about the same.

100 s t n u

o 80 Unknown C

s NonNative e i 60 c Native e p S 40

80% NonNative Native 70%

Figure 3. Field and permanent monitoring quad species counts and percentages 5.3 Optimum Sampling Dates and Plant Phenology

The MPM group managed to get teams in the field for at least three weekends per month during the growing season, and one Field (2 or 3 quad pairs) could usually be monitored in a 2 or 3 hour period, usually a Saturday or Sunday morning. The number of species that are present and identifiable changes throughout the growing season. In the forested areas, the spring ephemerals such as Rue Anemone are seen and identified only in early spring, while the meadow, the various species of asters and goldenrods are only identifiable in late summer to early fall.

Species Numbers, By Date. Figure 4 shows the total number of taxa that were observed in a sampling location by sampling week. Historical data for the entire Schoolhouse Brook Park are provided as reference. While a few species are identifiable in early – mid April, large numbers are not usually seen until late April or early May. Within a Field, species numbers then held relatively steady from May through July, and in the forested areas (but not the meadow) the number of species observed declined in August. For the park as a whole, based on historical anecdotal reports combined with the 2008 data, species numbers seem to peak in July. (For Field 10 the July data are incomplete because the quads could not all be located, and plots were not set up until the week of May 24).

Species Composition, By Date. Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the actual species that were seen in Fields 8, 9 and 10. The figures also show the weeks of the year that these species have been reported by MPM on hikes in Mansfield over the past 20 years or so. These observed date ranges do not necessarily correspond to the true phenological range of a species, however in many cases, especially for the more common and easily identifiable species, they give a good indication of what that phenological range might be. Similar lists for each quad are shown in Appendix B.

The database developed by the Mansfield Plant Monitors contains records of plant species seen in the Town of Mansfield. Most of the observations were made on hikes taken since about 1988. Other species lists have been contributed over the years that were not associated with particular hikes, so observation dates are not associated with those records. By pooling the records for a particular species and retrieving the earliest and latest dates in the year that these plants were reported, some sense of that plant’s phenology can be determined. However, this is most reliable for the most common and easily identifiable species. The rarer species are not often seen, so their date ranges are less likely to represent their true phenology. Also, in many cases a species can only be identified to genus early or late in the season. So species with narrow ranges on the following graphs may either be rarer, or perhaps misidentified. PARK AND FIELDS FIELD 8 ONLY

91 91 81 81 71 71 t t

n n SHBP_F08 u 61 SHBP u 61 o o SHBP_F08_Q1_H C C

SHBP_F08

s 51 s 51 SHBP_F08_Q1_L e e

i SHBP_F09 i

c c SHBP_F08_Q2_H e 41 SHBP_F10 e 41 p p SHBP_F08_Q2_L S 31 S 31 21 21 11 11 1 1 29- 12- 26- 10- 24- 7- 21- 5-Jul 19- 2- 16- 30- 13- 27- 11- 29- 12- 26- 10- 24- 7- 21- 5-Jul 19- 2- 16- 30- 13- 27- 11- Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct

FIELD 9 ONLY FIELD 10 ONLY

91 91 81 81 71 71 t t

n SHBP_F09 n SHBP_F10 u 61 u 61 o SHBP_F09_Q1_H o SHBP_F10_Q1_H C C

s 51 SHBP_F09_Q1_L s 51 SHBP_F10_Q1_L e e i i

c SHBP_F09_Q2_H c SHBP_F10_Q2_H

e 41 e 41 p SHBP_F09_Q2_L p SHBP_F10_Q2_L S 31 S 31 SHBP_F09_Q3_H 21 SHBP_F09_Q3_L 21 11 11 1 1 29- 12- 26- 10- 24- 7- 21- 5-Jul 19- 2- 16- 30- 13- 27- 11- 29- 12- 26- 10- 24- 7- 21- 5-Jul 19- 2- 16- 30- 13- 27- 11- Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct Mar Apr Apr May May Jun Jun Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Oct

Figure 4. Species Count By Observation Week Field 08 Species: Historical Identification Periods

Hamamelis virginiana Fraxinus sp. Circaea lutetiana Osmunda claytoniana Acer platanoides Viburnum acerifolium Thelypteris noveboracensis Osmunda cinnamomea Lamium sp. Dennstaedtia punctilobula Medeola virginiana Thalictrum sp. Cardamine pensylvanica Alnus sp. Osmorhiza claytonii Aster divaricatus Prenanthes sp. Parthenocissus Oxalis stricta Smilacina racemosa Ranunculus sp. Pteridium aquilinum Polygonatum pubescens Fagus grandifolia Clethra alnifolia Chelone glabra Amelanchier sp. Acer sp. Iris versicolor Unknown Unknown1 Geranium maculatum Polygonatum sp. Osmunda sp. Fern sp. Viola cucullata Urtica sp. Oxalis sp. Cardamine sp. Viola macloskeyi PreID Viola blanda TotWeeks Euonymus atropurpurea Vinca minor PostID Taxus sp. Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Trillium erectum Rosa multiflora Ranunculus abortivus Maianthemum canadense Lindera benzoin Euonymus sp. Acer saccharum Ranunculus hispidus Acer rubrum Quercus rubra Anemonella thalictroides Anemone quinquefolia Panax trifolius Polystichum acrostichoides Mitchella repens Aster sp. Viola sp. Uvularia sp. Polygonum cuspidatum Lycopodium sp. Lycopodium lucidulum Geum sp. Euonymus alata Celastrus orbiculatus Carex sp. Moss sp. Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii Onoclea sensibilis Arisaema triphyllum Veratrum viride Erythronium americanum Trillium sp. Symplocarpus foetidus 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data) Figure 5. Field 8 Species: reported date range in historical MPM database Field 09 Species: Historical Identification Periods

Unknown sp. Sporobolis vaginiflorus Laportea canadensis Leersia virginica Vitis labrusca Oryzopsis racemosa Geum virginianum Betula sp. Polygonum sp. Cryptotaenia canadensis Danthonia spicata Liverwort sp. Amphicarpaea bracteata Smilax sp. Mushroom sp. Ulmus americana Osmunda regalis Osmorhiza longistylis Botrychium sp. Athyrium filix-femina Smilax herbacea Hamamelis virginiana Fraxinus sp. Circaea lutetiana Osmunda claytoniana Acer platanoides Viburnum acerifolium Thelypteris noveboracensis Osmunda cinnamomea Lamium sp. Dennstaedtia punctilobula Medeola virginiana Thalictrum sp. Cardamine pensylvanica Alnus sp. Osmorhiza claytonii Aster divaricatus Prenanthes sp. Parthenocissus Oxalis stricta Smilacina racemosa Ranunculus sp. Pteridium aquilinum Polygonatum pubescens Fagus grandifolia Clethra alnifolia Chelone glabra Amelanchier sp. Acer sp. PreID Iris versicolor Unknown Unknown1 TotWeeks Geranium maculatum Polygonatum sp. PostID Osmunda sp. Fern sp. Viola cucullata Urtica sp. Oxalis sp. Cardamine sp. Viola macloskeyi Viola blanda Euonymus atropurpurea Vinca minor Taxus sp. Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Trillium erectum Rosa multiflora Ranunculus abortivus Maianthemum canadense Lindera benzoin Euonymus sp. Acer saccharum Ranunculus hispidus Acer rubrum Quercus rubra Anemonella thalictroides Anemone quinquefolia Panax trifolius Polystichum acrostichoides Mitchella repens Aster sp. Viola sp. Uvularia sp. Polygonum cuspidatum Lycopodium sp. Lycopodium lucidulum Geum sp. Euonymus alata Celastrus orbiculatus Carex sp. Moss sp. Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii Onoclea sensibilis Arisaema triphyllum Veratrum viride Erythronium americanum Trillium sp. Symplocarpus foetidus 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data) Figure 6. Field 9 Species: reported date range in historical MPM database

Field 10 Species: Historical Identification Periods

Tridens flavus Aster lateriflorus Gentiana clausa Solidago canadensis Eupatorium dubium Populus sp. Panicum dichotomum Solidago gigantea Vitis labrusca Agrostis perennans Cuscuta sp. Habenaria lacera Lobelia inflata Euthamia graminifolia Lilium canadense Cuscuta gronovii Hypericum punctatum Erigeron sp. Rhamnus sp. Polygonum caespitosum Solidago rugosa Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Erigeron strigosus Lyonia ligustrina Fragaria vesca Unknown Moss Phleum pratense Lobelia spicata Carex swanii Juncus tenuis Unknown Grass Prunella vulgaris Hypericum perforatum Erigeron annuus Rudbeckia hirta Rubus hispidus Spiraea alba Oenothera perennis Carex vulpinoidea Gaylussacia sp. Galium triflorum Galium mollugo Thelypteris palustris Potentilla recta Mentha arvensis Liriodendron tulipifera Calystegia sepium Apocynum cannabinum Trifolium aureum Smilax rotundifolia Carex rosea Rhamnus cathartica Narcissus pseudonarcissus Pedicularis canadensis Hieracium caespitosum Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Linaria canadensis Vitis sp. Solidago sp. Fraxinus sp. Vaccinium myrtilloides Spiraea sp. Panicum clandestinum PreID Circaea lutetiana Orobanche uniflora TotWeeks Sedum sp. Erigeron pulchellus PostID Viburnum dentatum Hieracium sp. Eleagnus angustifolia Senecio aureus Osmunda cinnamomea Dennstaedtia punctilobula Zizia aurea Potentilla simplex Eleagnus umbellata Daucus carota Aster divaricatus Achillea millefolium Prenanthes sp. Parthenocissus quinquefolia Oxalis stricta Trifolium pratense Smilacina racemosa Pteridium aquilinum Potentilla sp. Acer sp. Iris versicolor Vaccinium pallidum Unknown Unknown1 Rosa sp. Geranium maculatum Uvularia sessilifolia Monotropa uniflora Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Trillium erectum Rosa multiflora Maianthemum canadense Fragaria virginiana Acer saccharum Viola conspersa Ranunculus hispidus Acer rubrum Hedyotis caerulea Viburnum sp. Polystichum acrostichoides Aster sp. Viola sp. Galium sp. Celastrus orbiculatus Carex sp. Moss sp. Grass sp. Cerastium sp. Pyrola rotundifolia Glechoma hederacea Ranunculus bulbosus Iris sp. Berberis thunbergii Taraxacum officinale Potentilla canadensis Onoclea sensibilis Arisaema triphyllum Vaccinium corymbosum Rubus flagellaris Juncus sp. SpeciesName 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data) Figure 7. Field 10 Species: reported date range in historical MPM database 6 Future Work

In March 2009, the MPM group met to discuss plans for the upcoming season. The group discussed setting up additional monitoring plots, modifying the sampling protocol, refinement of the observation database and recruitment of new members.

 Monitoring Additional Whip Fields. In 2009 additional plots will be set up in WHIP Fields 5, 6 and 7. A preliminary reconnaissance hike took place, and some potential sites identified.  Sampling Protocol Development. The group discussed problems related to the spatial patterns of the plants and their associated habitats, and debated the potential merits of using transects. However due to limited volunteer time, the group decided to continue with the paired-quadrat plot approach. Additional information may be collected at each plot, such as percent cover. The protocols recommended by the New England Wildflower Society and others are being considered  Database Management. The current database scientific plant names are based on Gleason and Cronquist. The group recognizes the value of using a nationally recognized nomenclature, and will attempt to add the USDA plant codes. Other means of cross referencing will be considered.  Volunteer Recruitment and Training. The MPM welcome any and all people interested in helping out. This is intended to be a long-term effort, so some continuity of membership is needed, but new members are also needed, especially as the number of monitoring plots increases. Knowledge of plants is helpful, but we are willing to share what we know. While we hope the monitoring has some value to the town, we also value the opportunity to get to know each other, the parks, and just have fun. APPENDICES

Appendix A Schoolhouse Brook Plant Species List (Rev. 2008)

NOTE: The following are plants believed to have been observed in the park. Identifications are not guaranteed to be correct!

CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Aceraceae Acer platanoides Norway maple Invasive Aceraceae Acer rubrum Red maple Native Aceraceae Acer saccharum Sugar maple Native Aceraceae Acer sp. Anacardiaceae Rhus sp. Sumac Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy Native Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron vernix Poison sumac Native Apiaceae Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort Native Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's Lace Alien Apiaceae Osmorhiza claytonii Sweet Cicely Native Apiaceae Osmorhiza longistylis Long-styled sweet cicely Native Apiaceae Zizia aurea Common Golden alexanders Native Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp Native Apocynaceae Vinca minor Periwinkle Alien Aquifoliaceae Ilex verticillata Winterberry Native Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Native Araceae Symplocarpus foetidus Skunk-cabbage Native Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis Wild sarsaparilla Native Araliaceae Panax trifolius Dwarf Ginseng Native Aspleniaceae Athyrium filix-femina Lady-fern Native Aspleniaceae Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas Fern Native Aspleniaceae Thelypteris noveboracensis New York fern Native Aspleniaceae Thelypteris palustris Marsh-fern Native Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Yarrow Alien Asteraceae Ambrosia artemesiifolia Common Ragweed Native Asteraceae Aster cordifolius Common blue heart-leaved aster Native Asteraceae Aster divaricatus Common white heart-leaved aster Native Asteraceae Aster lanceolatus Eastern lined or Panicled Aster Native Asteraceae Aster lateriflorus Goblet aster or Calico aster Native Asteraceae Aster novi-belgii New York aster Native Asteraceae Aster pilosus Awl-aster or Heath aster Native Asteraceae Aster racemosus Small-headed aster Native Asteraceae Aster sp. Asteraceae Aster umbellatus Tall flat-topped white aster Native Asteraceae Aster undulatus Clasping heart-leaved or Wavy- Native leaved aster Asteraceae Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ox-eye daisy Alien CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Asteraceae Erigeron annuus Daisy Fleabane Native Asteraceae Erigeron pulchellus Robin's Plantain Native Asteraceae Erigeron sp. Fleabane Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus Lesser Daisy Fleabane Native Asteraceae Eupatorium dubium Eastern Joe-Pye Weed; Three- Native nerved JPW Asteraceae Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset Native Asteraceae Euthamia graminifolia Lance-leaved Goldenrod Native Asteraceae Gnaphalium obtusifolium Fragrant Cudweed Native Asteraceae Hieracium caespitosum Yellow king-devil Alien Asteraceae Hieracium gronovii Beaked hawkweed Native Asteraceae Hieracium paniculatum Panicled hawkweed Native Asteraceae Hieracium scabrum Sticky hawkweed Native Asteraceae Hieracium sp. Hawkweed Asteraceae Lactuca sp. Asteraceae Mikania scandens Climbing Boneset Native Asteraceae Prenanthes sp. Asteraceae Prenanthes trifoliata Gall-of-the-Earth Native Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan Native Asteraceae Senecio aureus Heart-leaved groundsel Native Asteraceae Solidago bicolor Silver-rod Native Asteraceae Solidago caesia Axillary or Blue-stemmed Native goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago canadensis Common goldenrod Native Asteraceae Solidago gigantea Smooth goldenrod Native Asteraceae Solidago juncea Early goldenrod Native Asteraceae Solidago nemoralis Gray goldenrod Native Asteraceae Solidago rugosa Wrinkle-leaved or Rough-stemmed Native goldenrod Asteraceae Solidago sp. Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Alien Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Touch-me-not Native Berberidaceae Berberis thunbergii Japanese barberry Alien Betulaceae Alnus sp. Betulaceae Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Birch Native Betulaceae Betula lenta Sweet Birch Native Betulaceae Betula nigra River Birch Native Betulaceae Betula populifolia Gray Birch Native Betulaceae Betula sp. Unknown Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana Musclewood Native Betulaceae Ostrya virginiana Hop Hornbeam Native Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Alien Brassicaceae Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania bitter-cress Native Brassicaceae Cardamine sp. Campanulaceae Campanula aparinoides Marsh-bellflower Native Campanulaceae Lobelia inflata Indian tobacco Native CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Campanulaceae Lobelia spicata Spiked lobelia Native Caprifoliaceae Viburnum acerifolium Flowering maple Native Caprifoliaceae Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood Native Caprifoliaceae Viburnum sp. Caryophyllaceae Cerastium sp. Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink Alien Celastraceae Celastrus orbiculatus Oriental Bittersweet Alien Celastraceae Euonymus alata Winged Burning Bush Alien Celastraceae Euonymus atropurpurea Celastraceae Euonymus sp. Clethraceae Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush Native Clusiaceae Hypericum canadense Canada St. John's -wort Native Clusiaceae Hypericum mutilum Dwarf St. John's-wort Native Clusiaceae Hypericum perforatum Common Alien Clusiaceae Hypericum punctatum Spotted St. John's-wort Native Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium Hedge-bindweed A and N Cornaceae Cornus alternifolia Alternate-Leaved Dogwood Native Cornaceae Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum Native Crassulaceae Sedum sp. Cupressaceae Juniperus communis Common Juniper Native Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar Native Cuscutaceae Cuscuta gronovii Common Dodder Native Cuscutaceae Cuscuta sp. Dodder Cyperaceae Carex gracillima "Dinky Drooping Sedge" Native Cyperaceae Carex intumescens "Giant Cluster Sedge" Native Cyperaceae Carex laevivaginata "Smooth Sheath Sedge" Native Cyperaceae Carex lurida Native Cyperaceae Carex rosea "Little Starry Sedge" Native Cyperaceae Carex sp. Cyperaceae Carex swanii "Hairy Hard Cylindar Sedge" Native Cyperaceae Carex vulpinoidea Foxtail Sedge Native Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus Wool Grass Native Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay-scented Fern Native Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern Native Eleagnaceae Eleagnus angustifolia Russian Olive Alien Eleagnaceae Eleagnus umbellata Autumn Olive Alien Equisetaceae Equisetum sp. Horsetail Ericaceae Gaultheria procumbens Wintergreen Native Ericaceae Gaylussacia sp. Ericaceae Lyonia ligustrina Male-berry native Ericaceae Rhododendron periclymenoides Pinkster-flower Native Ericaceae Vaccinium angustifolium Common lowbush-blueberry Native Ericaceae Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush-blueberry Native Ericaceae Vaccinium myrtilloides Velvetleaf Blueberry Native Ericaceae Vaccinium pallidum Hillside Blueberry Native CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Ericaceae Vaccinium sp. Euphorbiaceae Acalypha rhomboidea Rhombic Copperleaf Native Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge Alien Fabaceae Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog peanut Native Fabaceae Apios americana Ground Nut Native Fabaceae Trifolium aureum Palmate hop-clover Alien Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red clover Alien Fabaceae Trifolium repens White clover Alien Fagaceae Castanea dentata American Chestnut Native Fagaceae Fagus grandifolia Beech Native Fagaceae Quercus alba White Oak Native Fagaceae Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak Native Fagaceae Quercus velutina Black Oak Native Fern Fern sp. Unknown Gentianaceae Gentiana clausa Meadow closed or Bottle gentian Native Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum Wild geranium Native Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana Witch Hazel Native Iridaceae Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Iris versicolor Northern Blue Flag Native Iridaceae Sisyrinchium sp. Blue-eyed Grass Juglandaceae Carya cordiformis Butternut Hickory Native Juglandaceae Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory Native Juglandaceae Carya tomentosa Mockernut Hickory Native Juncaceae Juncus sp. Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Path-rush Native Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Gill-over-the-ground Alien Lamiaceae Lamium sp. Lamiaceae Lycopus uniflorus Northern water-horehound Native Lamiaceae Mentha arvensis Wild Mint Native Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris Self-heal Native Lamiaceae Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Narrow-leaved Mountain Mint Native Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog skullcap Native Lauraceae Lindera benzoin Spice-bush Native Lentibulariaceae Utricularia vulgaris Common bladderwort Native Liliaceae Allium tricoccum Ramps; Wild leek Native Liliaceae Erythronium americanum Trout Lily Native Liliaceae Hypoxis hirsuta Common star-grass Native Liliaceae Lilium canadense Wild yellow lily Native Liliaceae Maianthemum canadense Wild lily of the valley Native Liliaceae Medeola virginiana Indian cucumber-root Native Liliaceae Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil Escape Liliaceae Polygonatum pubescens Hairy Solomon's seal Native Liliaceae Polygonatum sp. Solomon's seal Native Liliaceae Smilacina racemosa False solomon's seal Native Liliaceae Trillium erectum Purple trillium Native CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Liliaceae Trillium sp. Trillium Liliaceae Uvularia sessilifolia Sessile-leaved bellwort Native Liliaceae Uvularia sp. Liliaceae Veratrum viride False hellebore Native Liverwort Liverwort sp. Unknown Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium lucidulum Shining clubmoss Native Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium sp. Clubmoss Native Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree Native Monotropaceae Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe Native Moss Moss sp. Unknown Mushroom Mushroom sp. Unknown Myricaceae Comptonia peregrina Sweet Fern Native Nymphaeaceae Nuphar sp. Nymphaeaceae Nuphar variegata Spatterdock Native Oleaceae Fraxinus americana White Ash Native Oleaceae Fraxinus sp. Onagraceae Circaea lutetiana Common Enchanter's Nightshade Native Onagraceae Epilobium coloratum Purple-leaved Willow-herb Native Onagraceae Oenothera biennis Common evening-primrose Native Onagraceae Oenothera perennis Little sundrops Native Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive fern Native Ophioglossaceae Botrychium sp. Grape fern Native Orchidaceae Cypripedium acaule Pink Lady's Slipper Native Orchidaceae Goodyera pubescens Downy Rattlesnake Plantain Native Orchidaceae Habenaria lacera Ragged fringed orchid Native Orchidaceae Habenaria sp. Orobancaceae Epifagus virginiana Beechdrops Native Orobancaceae Orobanche uniflora Cancer-root Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon fern Native Osmundaceae Osmunda claytoniana Interrupted fern Native Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis Royal fern Native Osmundaceae Osmunda sp. Oxalidaceae Oxalis sp. Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta Common yellow wood-sorrel Native Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus Celandine Alien Pinaceae Abies balsamea Balsam Fir Native Pinaceae Larix laricina Tamarack Native Pinaceae Picea glauca White Spruce Native Pinaceae Pinus resinosa Red Pine Native Pinaceae Pinus strobus White Pine Native Pinaceae Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock Native Plantaginaceae Plantago major Common plantain Alien Poaceae Agrostis hymalis Ticklegrass Poaceae Agrostis perennans Autumn Bent Grass Poaceae Andropogon gerardii Big Bluestem Native CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Poaceae Danthonia spicata Poverty Oatgrass Native Poaceae Grass sp. Unknown Poaceae Leersia virginica White Grass Native Poaceae Muhlenbergia frondosa Muhlenbergia Native Poaceae Oryzopsis racemosa Blackseed-ricegrass Native Poaceae Panicum clandestinum Deer-tongue grass Native Poaceae Panicum dichotomum Woodland Panic Grass Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy Alien Poaceae Sporobolis vaginiflorus Poverty Grass Native Poaceae Tridens flavus Purple-top Native Polygonaceae Polygonum caespitosum Long-bristled smartweed Alien Polygonaceae Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese Knotweed Alien Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiperoides Mild Water Pepper Native Polygonaceae Polygonum scandens Climbing False Buckwheat Native Polygonaceae Polygonum sp. Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Red sorrel Alien Pontederiaceae Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Native Pontederiaceae Pontederia sp. Primulaceae Lysimachia quadrifolia Whorled loosestrife Native Primulaceae Lysimachia terrestris Swamp candles or Bulbil- Native loosestrife Primulaceae Trientalis borealis Starflower Native Pyrolaceae Chimaphila maculata Spotted wintergreen Native Pyrolaceae Chimaphila umbellata Prince's pine or Pipsissewa Native Pyrolaceae Pyrola elliptica Elliptic shinleaf Native Pyrolaceae Pyrola rotundifolia Round-leaved Pyrola Native Pyrolaceae Pyrola sp. Ranunculaceae Actaea alba Doll's Eyes Native Ranunculaceae Anemone quinquefolia Wood-anemone Native Ranunculaceae Anemonella thalictroides Rue-anemone Native Ranunculaceae Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold Native Ranunculaceae Ranunculus abortivus Small-flowered crowfoot Native Ranunculaceae Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous buttercup Alien Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hispidus Hispid buttercup Native Ranunculaceae Ranunculus recurvatus Hooked crowfoot Native Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sp. Buttercup Ranunculaceae Thalictrum pubescens Tall meadow-rue Native Ranunculaceae Thalictrum sp. Meadow rue Native Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cathartica Common Buckthorn Alien Rhamnaceae Rhamnus sp. Unknown Buckthorn Rosaceae Amelanchier sp. Shadbush Rosaceae Fragaria sp. Rosaceae Fragaria vesca Wood Strawberry Native Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Wild Strawberry Native Rosaceae Geum canadense White avens Native CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Rosaceae Geum sp. Avens Rosaceae Geum virginianum Cream-colored avens Native Rosaceae Potentilla canadensis Dwarf cinquefoil Native Rosaceae Potentilla recta Rough-fruited cinquefoil Alien Rosaceae Potentilla simplex Old-field Native Rosaceae Potentilla sp. Cinquefoil Rosaceae Prunus serotina Wild black cherry Native Rosaceae Prunus sp. Cherry, unknown Rosaceae Prunus virginiana Choke-cherry Native Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflowered rose Alien Rosaceae Rosa sp. Rosaceae Rubus flagellaris Northern dewberry Native Rosaceae Rubus hispidus Dewberry Native Rosaceae Rubus sp. Rosaceae Spiraea alba Meadowsweet Native Rosaceae Spiraea sp. Rosaceae Spiraea tomentosa Hardhack Native Rubiaceae Galium circaezans Wild licorice Native Rubiaceae Galium mollugo Wild Madder Alien Rubiaceae Galium sp. Bedstraw Rubiaceae Galium triflorum Sweet-scented bedstraw Native Rubiaceae Hedyotis caerulea Bluets Native Rubiaceae Mitchella repens Partridgeberry Native Salicaceae Populus sp. Salicaceae Populus tremuloides Quaking aspen Native Saxifragaceae Saxifraga pensylvanica Swamp-saxifrage Native Scrophulariaceae Chelone glabra White turtlehead Native Scrophulariaceae Linaria canadensis Toadflax Native Scrophulariaceae Melampyrum lineare Cow-wheat Native Scrophulariaceae Mimulus ringens Monkey Flower Native Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis canadensis Wood-betony Native Smilacaceae Smilax herbacea Carrion Flower Native Smilacaceae Smilax rotundifolia Catbrier Native Smilacaceae Smilax sp. Sparganiaceae Sparganium sp. Taxaceae Taxus sp. Ulmaceae Ulmus americana American Elm Native Unknown Unknown Grass Unknown Unknown Moss Unknown Unknown sp. Unknown Unknown Unknown1 Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle Native Urticaceae Laportea canadensis Wood nettle Native Urticaceae Pilea pumila Clearweed Native Urticaceae Urtica dioica Stinging nettle Alien CHECKLIST SCHOOLHOUSE BROOK PARK LatinFamily Genus Species CommonName Native Urticaceae Urtica sp. Verbenaceae Verbena hastata Common vervain Native Violaceae Viola blanda Sweet white Native Violaceae Viola conspersa American dog-violet Native Violaceae Viola cucullata Blue marsh-violet Native Violaceae Viola macloskeyi Wild white violet Native Violaceae Viola pubescens Yellow forest-violet Native Violaceae Viola sp. Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia-creeper Native Vitaceae Vitis labrusca Fox Grape Native Vitaceae Vitis sp. Grape Appendix B. Quad species and their historical reported date ranges in the MPM database FIELD 8 QUAD 1: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Aster lateriflorus Prunus sp. Carex laevivaginata Betula sp. Carex rosea Solidago sp. Circaea lutetiana Carex gracillima Oxalis stricta Fagus grandifolia Amelanchier sp. Acer sp. Toxicodendron radicans Lindera benzoin Acer saccharum Viola conspersa Quercus velutina Aster sp. Viola sp. PreID Galium sp. ID Period Celastrus orbiculatus PostID Carex sp. Moss sp. Grass sp. Cerastium sp. Taraxacum officinale Arisaema triphyllum HEAVY Circaea lutetiana Parthenocissus quinquefolia Toxicodendron radicans Lindera benzoin Acer saccharum Galium sp. Carex sp. Moss sp. Grass sp. Cerastium sp. Berberis thunbergii

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

We e k o f Y e a r S pe c ie s Wa s R e po rte d ( M a n s fie ld , H is to ric a l D a ta ) FIELD 8 QUAD 2: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Athyrium filix-femina Parthenocissus quinquefolia Clethra alnifolia Unknown Unknown1 Vaccinium sp. Lindera benzoin Anemone quinquefolia Celastrus orbiculatus Arisaema triphyllum Symplocarpus foetidus HEAVY PreID Unknown Moss ID Period Thalictrum pubescens PostID Clethra alnifolia Chelone glabra Toxicodendron radicans Lindera benzoin Viola sp. Galium sp. Carex sp. Moss sp. Berberis thunbergii Arisaema triphyllum Symplocarpus foetidus

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

We e k o f Y e a r S pe c ie s Wa s R e po rte d (M a n s fie ld, H is to ric a l D a ta ) FIELD 9 QUAD 1: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Mushroom sp. Osmunda regalis Smilax herbacea Fraxinus sp. Acer platanoides Osmunda cinnamomea Thalictrum sp. Polygonatum Amelanchier sp. Acer sp. Polygonatum sp. Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Acer saccharum Ranunculus hispidus Polystichum PreID Carex sp. ID Period Moss sp. Arisaema triphyllum PostID HEAVY Vitis labrusca Smilax herbacea Smilacina racemosa Polygonatum Acer sp. Polygonatum sp. Toxicodendron radicans Trillium erectum Acer saccharum Acer rubrum Polygonum cuspidatum Euonymus alata Onoclea sensibilis Arisaema triphyllum Trillium sp.

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

We e k o f Y e a r S pe c ie s Wa s R e po rte d (M a ns fie ld, H is to ric a l D a ta ) FIELD 9 QUAD 2: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Unknown sp. Leersia virginica Danthonia spicata Amphicarpaea bracteata Smilax sp. Ulmus americana Athyrium filix-femina Smilax herbacea Fraxinus sp. Osmunda claytoniana Thelypteris noveboracensis Medeola virginiana Aster divaricatus Ranunculus sp. Polygonatum pubescens Clethra alnifolia Acer sp. Fern sp. Vaccinium sp. Maianthemum canadense Lindera benzoin Acer saccharum Anemone quinquefolia Polystichum acrostichoides Aster sp. Viola sp. Uvularia sp. Polygonum cuspidatum Lycopodium sp. Carex sp. Moss sp. Grass sp. PreID Berberis thunbergii Arisaema triphyllum ID Period Veratrum viride PostID Erythronium americanum Symplocarpus foetidus HEAVY Sporobolis vaginiflorus Liverwort sp. Botrychium sp. Hamamelis virginiana Aster divaricatus Smilacina racemosa Polygonatum pubescens Chelone glabra Amelanchier sp. Fern sp. Viola cucullata Viola macloskeyi Toxicodendron radicans Maianthemum canadense Lindera benzoin Ranunculus hispidus Aster sp. Viola sp. Polygonum cuspidatum Lycopodium sp. Lycopodium lucidulum Geum sp. Euonymus alata Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii Arisaema triphyllum Veratrum viride Erythronium americanum Symplocarpus foetidus 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data) FIELD 9 QUAD 3: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Oryzopsis racemosa Polygonum sp. Smilax sp. Ulmus americana Fraxinus sp. Thelypteris Dennstaedtia punctilobula Aster divaricatus Prenanthes sp. Oxalis stricta Smilacina racemosa Polygonatum pubescens Unknown Unknown1 Osmunda sp. Fern sp. Toxicodendron radicans Trillium erectum Lindera benzoin Acer saccharum Ranunculus hispidus Aster sp. Viola sp. Polygonum cuspidatum Lycopodium lucidulum Geum sp. Carex sp. Moss sp. PreID Grass sp. ID Period Berberis thunbergii Arisaema triphyllum PostID Veratrum viride Symplocarpus foetidus HEAVY Liverwort sp. Botrychium sp. Hamamelis virginiana Aster divaricatus Smilacina racemosa Polygonatum pubescens Amelanchier sp. Unknown Unknown1 Polygonatum sp. Maianthemum canadense Lindera benzoin Acer rubrum Panax trifolius Aster sp. Viola sp. Uvularia sp. Polygonum cuspidatum Lycopodium lucidulum Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii Arisaema triphyllum Veratrum viride Erythronium americanum Symplocarpus foetidus

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data) FIELD 10 QUAD 1: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Panicum dichotomum Vitis labrusca Cuscuta gronovii Rhamnus sp. Solidago rugosa Fragaria vesca Unknown Moss Unknown Grass Calystegia sepium Rhamnus cathartica Hieracium caespitosum Vitis sp. Solidago sp. Fraxinus sp. Panicum clandestinum Viburnum dentatum Hieracium sp. Potentilla simplex Eleagnus umbellata Oxalis stricta Acer sp. Vaccinium pallidum Rosa sp. Geranium maculatum Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Rosa multiflora Fragaria virginiana Acer saccharum Acer rubrum Hedyotis caerulea Aster sp. Celastrus orbiculatus Carex sp. PreID Moss sp. Grass sp. ID Period Taraxacum officinale Onoclea sensibilis PostID Vaccinium corymbosum Rubus flagellaris Juncus sp. HEAVY Populus sp. Lobelia inflata Solidago rugosa Fragaria vesca Rubus hispidus Spiraea alba Liriodendron tulipifera Narcissus pseudonarcissus Solidago sp. Vaccinium myrtilloides Spiraea sp. Potentilla simplex Achillea millefolium Parthenocissus quinquefolia Oxalis stricta Potentilla sp. Rosa sp. Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Rosa multiflora Maianthemum canadense Fragaria virginiana Acer saccharum Aster sp. Celastrus orbiculatus Carex sp. Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii Onoclea sensibilis Rubus flagellaris 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data) FIELD 10 QUAD 2: Species: Historical Identification Periods

LIGHT Lyonia ligustrina Fragaria vesca Rubus hispidus Spiraea alba Thelypteris palustris Calystegia sepium Carex rosea Solidago sp. Spiraea sp. Dennstaedtia punctilobula Potentilla simplex Oxalis stricta Trifolium pratense Smilacina racemosa Potentilla sp. Vaccinium pallidum Unknown Unknown1 Geranium maculatum Toxicodendron radicans Vaccinium sp. Fragaria virginiana Aster sp. Carex sp. Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii PreID Onoclea sensibilis ID Period Vaccinium corymbosum PostID Rubus flagellaris HEAVY Aster lateriflorus Solidago rugosa Fragaria vesca Mentha arvensis Calystegia sepium Apocynum cannabinum Smilax rotundifolia Solidago sp. Eleagnus angustifolia Potentilla simplex Eleagnus umbellata Oxalis stricta Potentilla sp. Toxicodendron radicans Rosa multiflora Fragaria virginiana Viburnum sp. Galium sp. Celastrus orbiculatus Carex sp. Grass sp. Berberis thunbergii Arisaema triphyllum

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 Week of Year Species Was Reported (Mansfield, Historical Data)