BIOLOGY 111 Holyoke Walsh FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE

Section A: Scientific Processes & Introduction to Biology (Ch 1) Topics: Microscope Use | Scientific Method |

1. List the steps of the scientific method: ______

2. Understand how a controlled experiment is conducted. a. What is the manipulated variable in the A scientist wants to know if Miracle Grow will increase the experiment? number of tomatoes on his tomato plants. To tomato plant A he ______adds miracle grow; and to tomato plant B he does not add miracle grow. Both plants are given the same amount of light and water. b. What is the responding variable? After 6 weeks he counts the number of tomatoes are present on ______each plant. c. Which is the control group? ______Plant A = 9 Plant B = 4

3. Microscope Use: a. When first focusing the microscope, which objective do you use? ______Which focus knob? ______b. When using the high power objective, which focus knob do you use? ______c. What are the three objectives found on the microscopes you used in class? ______d. What part of the microscope can be used to adjust the amount of light? ______

4. Terms/Concepts

a. Biology ______b. Science ______c. Hypothesis ______d. Controlled Experiment ______e. Cell ______f. Organism ______g. Louis Pasteur ______h. Spontaneous Generation ______i. Homeostasis ______j. Reproduction ______k. Evolution ______l. Observations ______m. Theory ______5. What are the characteristics of all living things?

Section B: Cells & Cell Processes (Ch 7) Topics: Cell Structure | Organelles | Types of Cells | Cell Transport | Cell Division

1. What structure distinguishes a eukaryote from a prokaryote? ______2. What shape is a plant cell? ______An animal cell? ______3. What part of the cell is describe as selectively permeable? ______4. If you place a few drops of food coloring in a glass full of water, eventually all the water is colored. This is due to the process of ______5. For each of the structures listed, indicate whether it is found in PLANTS (P), ANIMALS (A), or BOTH (B) _____ Chloroplasts ______Cell Membrane ______Nucleus ______Cell Wall ______Mitochondria

6. In each of the situations pictured, indicate whether the cell will gain water, lose water, or stay the same. In each case, the cell in the beaker is 10% salt.

10% salt 2% salt 30% salt

7. Know the function of each of the cell organelles listed: a. Endoplasmic Reticulum ______b. Cell Membrane ______c. Ribosome ______d. Lysosome ______e. Nucleus ______

8. Identify the processes pictured

10. Label the Cell Cell Membrane: Outline the function of the different structures:

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Compare/contrast active and passive transport. Use a diagram to explain your answer:

Section C: Taxonomy Topics: Classification | Theory of Evolution | The Six Kingdoms

1. The word “human” is a common name. What is the scientific name for humans? ______2. Know the taxonomic categories used to describe how organisms are classified. Kingdom, ______, Class, ______, Family, ______Species 3. What does the scientific name tell you about the organism? ______

4. Know what types or organisms go into each of the 6 Kingdoms

Animalia ______Plantae ______Fungi ______Protista ______Archaebacteria ______Eubacteria ______

5. Know the difference between a(n): prokaryote and eukaryote heterotroph and autotroph ______unicellular and multicellular mobile and sessile ______6. According to the cladogram, which two species are most closely related? ______

7. Outline 3 key points about scientific naming:

8. Do you know how to use a dichotomous key?

Section D: Bacteria & Viruses 1. Describe the characteristics of viruses. Are they considered to be living things?

2. What is a bacteriophage? Draw and label one.

3. List some diseases caused by viruses:

4. What is the difference between a lytic and lysogenic pathway?

5. How do vaccines work against viruses? Explain how infection by cowpox granted an immunity to smallpox:

6. Briefly, how does the body’s immune system defend against invaders? BACTERIA

7. Name the 2 Kingdoms in which bacteria are classified. What is the difference between the two?

8. List the 3 common shapes of bacteria. (sketch)

9. Describe how the gram stain is used to identify bacteria.

10. List some common diseases caused by bacteria.

11. How do bacteria reproduce? Obtain nutrition?

Section E: Kingdom Plantae 1. Plants can be either vascular or ______.

2. Vascular tissue includes a ______and a ______What do these structures do in plants?

3. Vascular plants are either gymnosperms or ______. What is the difference?

4. Angiosperms can be either monocots or ______. What is the difference?

5. What are the primary functions of roots, stems and leaves within a plant?

6. Outline briefly, the process of photosynthesis:

7. What are the main components of a flower? Can you label them? Review your lab. Section F: Kingdom Protista & Simple Animals Topics: Protozoans | Parasites | The Animal Kingdom | Sponges | Cnidarians

1. LABEL and IDENTIFY each of the Protists.

2. What is the function of the: Chloroplast ______Contractile Vacuole ______Micronucleus ______Food Vacuole ______Pseudopodia ______Pellicle ______Eyespot ______

3. How do each of these protists move? Euglena ______Paramecium ______Ameba ______

4. Animal-Like Protists are called ______5. To what KINGDOM do the ameba, euglena and paramecium belong? ______6. Check each organism if it is UNICELLULAR _____ Paramecium ______Hydra _____ Sponge _____ Roundworm ____ Ameba 7. For each of the following diseases, name the parasite, vector and symptoms: a. African sleeping sickness b. Malaria c. Giardia d. Amebic Dysentery

8. Where are most protozoans found? ______

9. What organisms belong to the PHYLUM PORIFERA? ______

10. Some animals are asymmetrical, what are the two types of symmetry found in other animals? ______

Sketch:

11. On the animal below, label the dorsal, ventral, posterior and anterior sides.

12. Unlike other animals, sponges do NOT have (check all that apply) ______symmetry ______cells ______tissues ______the ability to reproduce 13. Can sponges reproduce asexually? ______Sexually? ______15. What is a hermaphrodite? ______16. What does “sessile” mean? ______Name an organism that is sessile: ______17. To be classified into the animal kingdom, organisms must be (check all that apply) _____ Multicellular _____ Heterotrophic _____ Hermaphroditic ____ Mobile 18. Cnidarians use their tentacles for: ______19. Which of the following forms is the medusa? Which is the polyp?

Section G: Invertebrates Topics Covered: Roundworms | Flatworms | Mollusks | Annelids | Arthropods

1. What is regeneration? ______2. Roundworms belong to the Kingdom ______and the Phylum ______3. How might a person contract a tapeworm? ______4. Where does a parasitic tapeworm live in the body? [ blood / intestine / brain ] 5. Flatworms, such as the planarian, belong to the Kingdom ______and the Phylum ______7. What Phylum includes all the segmented worms, like a leech or earthworm? ______8. What group of animals is characterized by an exoskeleton? ______9. What are mandibles? ______10. What animal has suckers, a beak, and a fin (most of you dissected it in class) ______11. The digestive tract of an earthworm includes the following structures. Place them in the correct order. ___ Pharynx ___ Gizzard ____ Intestine ____ Mouth ____ Crop ____ Anus 12. In most animals, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach is the ______13. Which of those structures grinds the food? ______Which stores food? ______Which is a muscle to help suck food (soil) in? ______14. The arrow on the drawing points to the ______What is the function of the structure? ______15. What are the three parts of the insect body plan? ______16. How many legs does an insect have? _____ How many legs does a spider have? ______17. What is the function of the “foot” of the mollusk? ______18. Do insects have antennae? ______Do spiders? ______Do crustaceans? ______19. What was the stiff shell-like structure you removed from the squid during the dissection? ______20. For each of the pairs, circle the set that is most closely related a. spiders & scorpions b. spiders & crabs a. sea anemone & sponge b. jellyfish & hydra a. earthworm & leech b. flatworm & roundworm a. crab & lobster b. lobster & millipede a. squid & jellyfish b. squid & snail 21. Identify the following organisms ( Mollusk, Tapeworm, Annelid, Flatworm, Cnidarian (Hydra), Crustacean)

22. On the Crayfish, identify the Antenna Cheliped Cephalothorax Abdomen Walking Legs Swimmerets

23. Of all the phyla, which contains the largest number of species? ______24. The tentacles of a cephalopod are used for what purpose? ______25. On the picture of the dogfish, identify the: (liver, stomach, intestines) 26. Check the box if it applies to the organism Crustacean Spider Insect Chelicerae Member of the Phylum Arthropoda Has 3 Body segments (head, thorax, abdomen) Has 2 Body segments (cephalothorax, abdomen)

27. What is metamorphosis? ______

Your personal study checklist: This is a table for you to list topics/definitions, etc. that you are still unfamiliar with and that will require extra study/help: Once you understand it – simply check it off on the right sided column.

TOPIC TO REVIEW

Be sure to review your: 1. Daily notes 2. Lab duotangs 3. Guided Readings 4. Quizzes/Tests

GOOD LUCK & STUDY HARD!!

Mrs. HW