An Appraisal of Municipal Soild Waste Management in Lagos State

APPRAISAL

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE MANAGEMENT

LAGOS STATE

LASISI, ADEDOYIN K. S.

(EXTRACT FROM WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN LAGOS STATE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. (In Publication) 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Waste Definition 2.0 Description of Lagos State 2.1 Physical Characteristics 2.2 Scio –Economic characteristics 2.3 Political Characteristics 3.0 Status of MSW Management 3.1 Brief History 3.2 Waste Generation Characteristics 3.3 Waste Collection 3.4 Waste Disposal 5.0 Financing in Solid Waste Management in Lagos State

Conclusion Recommendation Reference

INTRODUCTION

The statutory definition of solid waste is not based on the physical form of the material (i.e, whether or not it is solid as opposed to a liquid or gas) but on the fact that the material is a waste. The United State Environmental Protection Agency (USCPA) 2001), define solid waste as any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste water treatment plant, water supply treatment plant or air deed material, including solid, liquid, semi- solid or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial mining and agricultural operations and from community activities.

Solid waste can be broadly divided into two heads: 1. Organic or combustible matters 2. Inorganic or mineral or non- combustible matter

Organic or combustible matter: This includes dry animal and vegetable refuse, animal excreta, tree leaves, sticks, rags etc. This waste is subject to decay with time and evolve highly offensive odour and gas with are highly detrimental to health.

Inorganic waste: This consist of non- organic, non- combustible materials such as grit, dust, mud, metal, plastic broken glass, tiles, waste building materials etc. it is not subject to decay and therefore stay so long. Solid wastes other than hazardous and radioactive materials are considered and are often called municipal solid waste (MSW). Municipal solid waste is useless or unwanted material discharged as a result of human or animal activity. Most commonly, it is solids, semi solids or liquids in containers thrown out of houses, commercial or industrial premises (Morgan, 1980).

The fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) produced in domestic households is called refuse. The component of refuse are gar badge or food wastes: rubbish, including glass, tin cans, and paper, and fresh / garden wastes, which includes larger items like tree limbs, old appliances, pallets e.tc. that are not usually deposited in garbage cans.

Municipal solid waste varies in composition, which may be influenced by many factors such as culture, affluence, etc. Municipal solid waste management defends on the characteristics of the MSW: gross composition, moisture content, particile size, chemical composition and density, which usually help in the disposal, recovery and processing of MSW for materials and energy. (Lasisi K.S.A, 2004)

It must be re- emphasized that the volume of solid waste generated per se does not invariably measure the degree to which the environment will be polluted. Thus, if the waste can be evacuated and disposed of, satisfactorily and as fast as it is generated, there would be no accumulation and hence no insult, abuse and pollution. It is when evacuation and disposal perpetually lag behind the rate of generation that solid waste becomes an environmental nuisance. Municipal solid waste generation, both domestic and industrial, continues to increase world wide in tender with growth in consumption. In developing countries, per capital waste generation increased nearly fold over the last two decades, reaching a level five to six times higher than in developing countries. With increase in populations and living standards, solid waste generation in developing countries is also increasing rapidly, current decade. If the current trends continue, the world may see a five – fold increase in waste generation by the year 2005.

In Nigeria today, most urban centuries are experiencing an increased rate of environmental deterioration, with refuse dumped along the streets, behind homes and along drainage channels. Most cities in Nigeria are faced with waste management problem. The insufficiency of services results in adulteration of the urban environment.

Lagos, though one of the smallest in terms of Land area is the most populous in the country. There is a marked difference between the day population of the state and that of the night. Because of the high concentration of industrial and commercial interest in the state, there is mass movement of people form the rural and suburbs into the city centre as specific periods of the day. 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF LAGOS STATE

Lagos is the economic hub of Nigeria and it is the largest city with a population of 17,000,000 (LASG 2006). It is currently the largest city in the world, but with current annual growth rates of (i.e up to 8 % annual growth rate). it is projected to become the 3rd largest city in the world by 2015.

The history of Lagos municipality could be traced to the 19th century. The small Yoruba kingdom of Lagos was once a fishing depot founded by a man known as Olofin. Olofin was the ancestor of the white cap chiefs of Lagos, today. (LAS9 1988) On the 6th of August, 1861, the small Yoruba Kingdom of Lagos was ceded to Britain by Oba Dosumu. Thus, Lagos became the first town to experience British rule in present day Nigeria. In 1914, it was proclaimed the capital of Nigeria, and remained so until when Abuja was declared as the Federal capital and seat of Government was moved there on the 12th of December 1991.

Politically, Lagos state was created as one of the twelve (12) states of Nigeria in May 1967. it size remain when Nigeria was further split into 19, and 30 states. 2.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS The land area of Lagos state is 3,577 square kilometers. It is comparatively 0.4 per cent of Nigeria and hence the smallest. State in Nigeria. It uses to the south western part of the country and is bounded on the no the than east by Ogun State, in the west by the neighboring Republic of Benin and has on the beautiful sandy beaches.

The area of Lagos constitutes of two major regions: the Island, which is the origin city and the mainland, which is made up by readily growing settlements. The climate in Lagos is tropical, hot and coet. The environment is characteristic as coastal with wetlands sandy barrier islands, beaches, low- lying tidal flats and estuaries. The average temperature in Lagos is 270C and the annual average rainfall 1533mm (Aina 1994)

2.2 Socio- economic characteristics:

Lagos as often be called a city that never sleeps. This is one of the major factor for the every growing population of the state. The total population growth rate is much higher in Lagos than the national average. Lagos was until 1991 the capital of Nigeria. However, the state is still Nigeria’s industrial, commercial and financial center. Lagos is estimated to count for over 60 per cent of nation’s industrial and commercial establishment, 90 percent of foreign trade and controlling about 80 per cent of the total volume value of the imports of the country. There are over 5- five star hotels in Lagos and over 50 nigh club. There are other various social hangouts in Lagos and nearly every weekends there is always a celebrative show.

2.3 Political characteristics Like most part of Nigeria, Lagos state has been administered by both democratically elected and chosen military administrators of self imposed military ruler.

In the present democratic system, there are 20 local government are as and 37 local development community in Lagos each headed by a democratically elected council under the coordination of the state governor. 3.0 STATUS OF MSW MANAGEMENT 3.1 HISTORY OF MSW MANAGEMENT IN LAGOS

Although waste removal is one of the most pressing issues in Nigerian cities, it is not a new problem. As Onibokunb (1989) observed, the history of urban management (including waste management) in Nigerian cities is closely tied to that of local government, which went through four evolutionary periods: the pre-colonial period, the colonial period, the immediate pre- and post independence period.

Various factors has be adjured as the caused of the crippled performance of local government in waste management. The local government structures were unstable because of the set up, financial allocation, administrative machinery, composition, headship, etc. all this makes urban management a problem after the independence. Most Nigerian cities are along with heaps of refuse in street corners, side- walks e.t.c. The problems become an international embarrassment during the pack of hosting an international festival of Art and culture FESTAC. 77, when Lagos, the then Federal Capital city, was described as the detiest capital city in the world.

This embarrassment led to the emergency of first waste management agency in Nigeria established by the Lagos State Military Government in 1977. 1st April, 1977 Refuse Disposal Board was formed under Edict Nos 9, of 1977. The Board started as centralized body with stated duties and the state government wholly responsible for its sustenance. The board commences operations with Powell Duferen Pollution Control of United Kingdom as managers. (Oresanya 2005) In 1980, this changed to waste Disposal Board some of the organization duties with local authorities and it was re- centralized in 1991, the organization was renamed via Edict No. 55 of Lagos state.

The organization was named Lagos State waste management Authority, with mandate of collection and disposal of municipal and industrial waste in the state and proved commercial services to the state and local governments.

Between 1994 and 1996, LAWMA started the private sector participation (formal / informal) in waste management in the state. These methods give rise to waste collection capacity especially from the industries. By 1996, a committee comprising ministries of Environment and physical planning and local government administration, chairman Shomolu local government and community Development council (CDC), Lagos state chapter submitted proposed for the establishment of Private Sector Participation in domestic refuse management (Oresanya 2005).

The pilot programme saw the emergence of 22 private operators appointed on the basis of a political ward per operator by February 1997 within Somolu and Kosofe Local Governments. Operators were licensed to collect and transport waste generated in the 22 wards of the two Local Governments. Riding on the success of the pilot scheme, the programme was extended state wide in 1988 (covering a total of 20 LGAS). By July 1999, a total of 624 private refuse operators were appointed by local government and licensed by the ministry to collect and transport house hold wastes from tenements on street basis to designated landfill sites at fees to be paid by serviced clients. The programme was adjudged to be successful till 2001 as evidenced by the state’s winning a National Award for Best practices in improving living Environment in 2001, organized by Federal Ministry of Housing (Makanjuola 2005)

However, due to resurgence of communal depot through pick- up- points, illegal dumping of waste into water and land environment by last pushers and individual alike necessitated the review of waste management and disposal system in the state. By 2004, 75 companies were appointed on a basis of a minimum of 10 waste compactor / or 10s (20 tonners) tipping trucks, appointment of established billing companies to generate and distribute demand notice to enumerated residences and appointment of designated banks where all demand bills would be paid within allocated zones.

In readiness for the Lagos metropolitan Development Governance project supported by the world Bank, the Lagos state restructure the Lagos State waste management Authority in 2005. Since then, LAWA has taken over the responsibility of waste management in the state. The Agency is presently taking care of refuse on Highways, markets, Hospitals, Industrial and commercial areas and also supervising over 116 PSP operators registered by the ministry under the restructure mega PS programme. 3.2 WASTE GENERATION

Solid waste generation is part of every human activity or process stream. Thus, the entire population of the country or region contributes to the solid waste streams from their activities at home or at work. The trends in solid waste sources, generation and characteristics in Nigeria are similar to those of other third world countries (Nwankwo 1994).The like most developing countries, scientific data are scare are very scanty. The data on waste generation in Lagos is scanty. However, the estimated waste generation of waste in Lagos is shown below:

Year Total (Tonnes) 1990 4,267,521 1991 3,749,333 1992 5,169,215 1994 8,316,036 1995 7,486,815 1996 6,400,000 1997 6,654,132 1998 7,684,095 1999 8,651,320 2000 7,684,095 2001 8,102,032 2002 6,356,265 2003 8,971,000 2004 8,781,201

ANNEXURE VI

LOCAL POPULATION ESTIMATES ESTIMATED ANNUAL WASTE ESTIMATED ANNUAL WASTE ESTIMATED HOUSEHOLDS GOVT AREA 2006 2007 2008 GENERATION TONES) GENERATION TONES) 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 1. Agege 1,325,755 1,431,816 1,546,361 241,951.20 261,307.15 282,210.70 662.88 715.91 773.18 265,151 286,363 309,272 2. Badagry 381,382 411,893 444,844 69,601.85 75,171.75 81,183.30 190.69 205.95 222.42 76,276 82,379 88,969 3. Epe 326,898 353,050 381,294 59,673.85 64,433.45 69,587.25 163.49 176.53 190.65 65,380 70,610 76,259 4. Eti- Osa 490,348 529,576 571,942 89,487.05 96,648.35 104,379.05 245.17 264.79 285.97 98,070 105,915 114,388 5. Ibeju – Lekki 79,183 87,101 97,553 14,450.35 15,895.75 17,804.70 39.59 43.55 48.78 15,837 17,420 19,511 6. Ikeja 653,797 706,101 762,589 119,318.50 128,863.25 139,170.85 326.90 353.05 381.29 130,759 141,220 152,518 7. Ikorodu 581,153 627,645 677,857 106,061.70 114,544.30 123,709.45 290.58 313.82 338.93 116,231 125,529 135,571 8. Lagos Island 526,670 568,804 614,308 96,115.45 103,806.00 112,109.75 263.33 284.40 307.15 105,334 113,761 122,862 9. Lagos 871,730 941,468 1,016,785 159,099.55 171,816.45 183,737.35 435.87 470.73 503.39 174,346 188,294 203,357 Mainland 10. Mushin 1,707,137 1,843,708 1,991,205 311,553.05 336,475.25 363,394.00 853.57 921.85 995.60 341,427 368,742 398,241 11. Ojo 690,119 745,329 804,955 125,946.90 136,020.90 146,905.20 345.06 372.66 402.48 138,024 149,066 160,991 12. Shomolu 1,144,145 1,235,677 1,334,531 208,805.55 225,511.60 243,553.55 572.07 617.84 667.27 228,829 247,135 266,906 13. Alimosho 1,362,077 1,432,164 1,546,737 248,579.60 261,369.20 282,280.05 681.04 716.08 773.37 272,415 286,433 309,347 14. Oshodi- Isolo 1,434,721 1,549,499 1,673,459 261,836.40 282,783.75 305,406.40 717.36 774.75 836.73 286,944 309,900 334,692 15. Surulere 1,471,043 1,588,726 1,715,824 268,464.80 289,941.40 313,137.15 735.52 794.36 857.91 294,209 317,745 343,165 16 Ajeromi- 1,881,747 2,039,846 2,203,034 343,417.55 372,270.80 402,054.80 940.87 1,019.92 1,101.52 376,349 407,969 440,607 Ifelodun 17 Amuwo Odofin 708,280 764,942 826,136 129,261.10 139,601.55 150,770.55 354.14 382.47 413.07 141,656 152,988 165,227 18 Apapa 490,348 529,576 571,942 89,487.05 96,648.35 104,379.05 245.17 264.79 285.97 98,070 105,915 114,388 19 Ifako Ijaiye 744,602 804,170 868,504 135,889.50 146,762.85 158,501.25 372.30 402.09 434.25 148,920 160,834 173,701 20 Kosofe 1,307,594 1,412,202 1,525,178 238,637.00 257,726.50 278,345.35 653.80 706.10 762.59 261,519 282,440 305,036 9,089.40 9,801.64 10,582.52 3.3 WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION Waste collection is an important aspect of waste management, over the years, various waste collection methods has been adopted in Lagos. However, six methods of waste collection are noticeable. They are:- i. House to house ii. Communal depots iii. Kerbsides iv. Block systems of collection v. Commercial and industrial waste collection vi. Bulk loading Over the years, various means of transfer and methods are used to transport waste to disposal site in Lagos state. They are i. Cart ii. Open bed trucks iii. Trucks iv. Compactors

3.4 WASTE DISPOSAL Disposal of solid waste generated in a community is the ultimate step in a SWM system. In the advanced technologies, disposal is preceded by engineering activities such as sorting, volume reduction and / or receding.

The open dump method of solid waste disposal is considered as both naïve and dangerous. This is because the leachate effect (i.e the chemical and biological contaminant in wastes) will constitute a direct risk to human health. At the inception of waste management in Lagos state, there are several disposal sites. These sites are not engineer landfill sites but open dumped turned to dumping site.

Most are evacuation site for construction, and are later turned into dumping site. As at 1990, there are 8 of those sites in Lagos State. The sites are list below with the capacity and type of waste they received.

S/N DUMPING SITE CAPACITY TYPE OF WASTE 1. Adeniji Adele 50,000 Domestic 2. Anthony Village 1,400,000 Domestic 3 Isolo 2,300,000 Domestic 4 Omole 4,000,000 Domestic 5 Abeokuta Expressway 3,150,000 Domestic 6 Ojota 70,000 Domestic 7 Orile 50,000 Domestic 8 Achape 60,000 Domestic

Presently, there are 3 functional “Semi- landfill sites in Lagos

S/N Landfill sites Tones of waste Types of waste per day 1. Olushosun 2,500 Domestic 2. Abule- Egba 1,000 Domestic 3 Solous 500 Domestic 4.0 FINANCING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LAGOS STATE The greatest constraint on the way of effective and quality solid waste management is the inadequate financing of the process. Studies in most developing counties indicates that the proportion of total recurrent expenditures devoted to solid waste management appear high (ranging between 5% and 24% on the average) it varies from countries.

CONCLUSION There is no doubt that the Government of Lagos State demonstrated a commitment to ensuring effective waste management.However, with increasing population, urbanization, industrialization and changing life style, the future presents daunting challenges in the field of solid waste management in Lagos State.

References 1. United state Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1979: Nigeria Environmental Survey. 2. Lagos State Government (1988): Window on Lagos State: Publication of Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism. 3. Aina E.O A and Adedipe, N.O (1990) FEPA Monograph 1, (Ibaddan University press) 4. FEPA 1995 proceedings of the National seminar for Directorial General manager in charge of state Environmental protection Agencies (SEPAS) in Nigeria Kaduna 1995