7) Describe the 4 Processes Involved in Respiration

Internal Systems Unit Test Review

Digestive and Respiratory systems

1) Label the items on this spirograph and explain how to measure each of them.

Example: Residual Volume (RV) + Vital Capacity (VC) = Total Lung Volume (TLV)

1. IRV 2. TV 3. ERV 4. RV 5. VC 6. TLV

How would one calculate:

IC = TRV - FRC VC = IC + ERV FRC = ERV + RV TV= IC - IRV RV= TLV - VC

2) Label the diagram below:

Nasal cavity Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bonchi

Lungs Heart Rib/Rib cage 3) For all simple/complex organisms, what are the two requirements for the respiratory system to perform gas exchange?

A respiratory surface (large surface area) and respiratory environment (moist environment so surface can remain permeable)

4) Name one common structure used by both the respiratory and digestive systems.

Mouth, Pharynx, Epiglottis, etc

5) Name structures in the respiratory and digestive systems that are different in purpose, but perform their role in a similar manner/principle. (Hint: gas exchange, nutrient absorption, surface area…) Alveoli vs Villi (surface area increase) Trachea vs esophagus (tube) Mouth vs Rectum (breathes out waste from gas exchange vs expels waste from nutrient absorption)

6) Looking at the gas law for pressure and volume and the inhalation process, describe in parallel the exhalation process of the lung in the box below.

PRESSURE CHANGE

V V P P Exhalation

Inhalation Exhalation begins with the Inhalation begins with the relaxation of the intercostals contraction of the intercostal muscles muscles. This causes the between the ribs; this Exhalation Inhalation chest cavity to lower. The causes an expansion in diaphragm relaxes. This the chest cavity. Then causes a decrease in takes place the onset of interpleural space and an contraction of the diaphragm, which increase in positive results in expansion of pressure. This positive the intrapleural pressure generates airflow space and an increase in because of pressure negative pressure differences between according to Boyle's Law. atmosphere and alveoli. Air This negative pressure exits, deflating the lung generates airflow because of the pressure difference through either the nose or between the atmosphere the mouth. CO2 is and alveolus. Air enters, eliminated as waste. inflating the lung through either the nose or the mouth into the pharynx (throat) and trachea before entering the alveoli. 7) Name 4 processes involved in respiration, and briefly describe them. - Breathing - External Respiration - Internal Respiration - Cellular Respiration

8) Name the enzymes and describe their roles in each of the following organ:

Mouth: Amylase: digests starch (sugars, carbohydrates) into glucose

Stomach: Pepsin (proteases): break down proteins into amino acids Lipases: break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Small intestine: Trypsin (proteases): break down proteins into amino acids Lipases: break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol Amylase: break down starch into glucose

9) Place the following in the right order from when the food enters the mouth to when it leaves the body.

Egestion, absorption, ingestion and digestion

Ingestion Digestion  Absorption  Egestion

10) Explain the role of bicarbonate in the digestive process. What organ releases bicarbonate?

Neutralizes acidity, neutralizing gastric juices released by the stomach

11) What is the function of the saliva? Where is saliva produced?

Amylase is the onset of chemical digestion Also protects the body from foreign particles (breaks them down) Heats up and moistens the air inhaled Is made in the salivary glands 12) Describe the function of the liver. Detoxify/clean body Release bile salts to emulsify fat droplets. Stores glycogen for later usage etc

13) What happens if a person has his/her gall bladder removed? What types of food should they avoid? No place to store bile salts from liver. Little bile salts will be available to emulsify lipids. Therefore fatty/oily foods should be avoided.

14) What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine? Produces vitamin B and K and helps in waste production/elimination

15) Label the following:

Salivary glands Teeth Tongue Epiglottis Esophagus

Liver Gall Baldder Stomach N/A Duodenum (small intestines) Pancreas

Large Intestines Small intestines

Rectum/Anal canal (or Anus if Appendix it is pointing at the hole) 16) Describe similarities amongst the 4 processes of respiration in:

a. Fish and frog Internal/external/cellular respiration

b. Grasshopper and humans Internal/external/cellular respiration

c. Bacterial cell and sperm cell Cellular respiration (and gas diffusion if you are specific)

17) State and explain the lung capacity ratio of FEV/FVC for both restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases and compare to the ratio in normal lung capacity.

The ratio of FEV/FVC for obstructive lung disease is reduced by approximately 50%. For example, 80% to 40%. This means that the compliance is increased and the elasticity is decreased. Therefore, air is easily inhaled but not easily exhaled. Over time TLV inceases, but RV increases as well thus decreasing the Vital Capacity used to breath

The ratio of FEV/FVC for restrictive lung diseases is increased by approximately 10%. For example, 80% to 90%. This means that the compliance of the lungs is reduced, elasticity is increased (more stiff). The air is easily exhaled by the lungs, but not easily inhaled. Over time, the lungs decrease volume because of the decrease of the inspiratory reserve volume IRV, which decreases the inspiratory capacity IC, which decreases the vital capacity VC, which decreases the total lung volume TLV.

18) Explain the function of the nasal cavity. Heats up and filters the air. Also moistens the air entering the lungs

19) Gases will diffuse from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. TRUE or FALSE? True

20) In lungs, identify the terms VC, TV, ERV and IRV. Describe how the VC, IRV and ERV may be different for a sedentary individual versus an athletic individual.

Athletic: Increaesd VC, therefore, the IRV and ERV are increased, but tidal volume should remain the same. Therefore the athletic person should have a larger lung than the sedentary person. 21) Interpret the graph below and give an example of a pulmonary disease associated with it.

The forced expiratory volume for a person with obstructive disease decreases compared to a normal person’s FEV. As a result, the VC (the ability of the lungs to forcefully exhale all of the air) also decreases compared to FVC of a normal lung.

In obstructive diseases, the slope of the line is less steep than of a normal lung. The FVC remains fairly similar. Therefore the ratio of the FEV/FVC decreases by approximately 50%

22) How would this graph change for restrictive pulmonary disease?

The slope for the restrictive diseased lung will be lower. Therefore the ratio of the FEV/FVC will be 10% higher than of a normal lung.

24) List one digestive disorder you know and explain the diagnosis and treatment for this disorder. (Exempt: We did not cover much on specific names of disorders, only general effects when a certain organ is lost)

Ans: IBS, Heartburn, Giardiasis, E.Coli, etc.