The Human Body: an Orientation

The Human Body: An Orientation You are responsible for all of the information in these notes for the length of this course. You may or may not be quizzed/tested over this information during this unit but will still be held responsible for this information during all subsequent units. I. Introduction to the 3 essential concepts of A&P: A. ______B. ______C. ______II.Overview of A&P

A. Anatomy: study of ______

B. Physiology: study of ______III.Complementarity of Structure & Function – Relationship between A & P

A. Can be stated as______determines ______IV. Hierarchy of Structural Organization – Memorize the 6 levels of structural complexity/organization V. Organ System Overview

Study the info on pages 6-7 - know the name of each system, major components & functions - Notice that 11 systems are listed and the immune system is not included. This is because the immune system is included with the lymphatic system in this textbook. Know the following: -immune: attacks foreign substances to protect your body - lymphatic: houses & circulates white blood cells involved in immunity

1 VI. Homeostasis - Maintenance of Life A. Maintaining boundaries 1. Define

2. Main system(s) involved

B. Movement 1. Define

C. Responsiveness/Irritability 1. Define

D. Digestion 1. Define

E. Metabolism 1. Define

3. Anabolic (reactions that build) + Catabolic (reactions that take apart) = Metabolism (total chemical reactions in body)

F. Excretion 1. Define

G. Reproduction 1. Define

2 2. Main system(s) involved

H. Growth 1. Define hypertrophy

2. Define hyperplasia 3. Increase in EC matrix will also cause growth.

VII. Survival Needs - List the 5 survival needs & brief description

A. ______

B. ______

C. ______

D. ______

E. ______

VIII.Homeostasis A. Can be defined as the maintenance of a stable ______environment which remains within certain physiological limits (or a dynamic state of ______) B. For the body cells to survive, the composition of surrounding body fluids must be precisely maintained. 1. ______fluid (ICF) is fluid within the cells 2. Extracellular fluid is fluid outside body cells a) ECF filling the spaces in between cells is called ______b) ECF in blood vessels is called ______. c) ECF that is filtered through the lymphatic vessels is called ______.

3 C. We have two main systems that help our other systems to maintain homeostasis by regulating a physiological setpoint: 1. Nervous system: a. ______response b. ______duration c. Uses ______2. Endocrine system a. ______response b. ______duration c. Uses ______D. Disease/Disorders = a disruption in ______1. Local disease 2. Systemic disease 3. Signs 4. Symptoms

IX. Control mechanisms A. Receptor, control center, & effector make up the 3 parts of any control mechanism IX. Types of Feedback Mechanisms/System

A. Negative feedback systems include: ______1. Define

2. Body examples

B. Positive feedback system 1. Define 2. Give 2 body examples

4 X. Language of Anatomy: Reference Tables, diagrams & lists are on my webpage.

A. Describe the anatomical position and why it is important to understand what the anatomical position is.

B. Memorize the directional terms on Table 1.1 on page 13 and be able to use the terms correctly.

XI.Body Planes & Sections (sketch) a. Sagittal i. Midsagittal ii. Parasagittal b. Frontal/coronal c. Transverse d. Oblique

5 XII. Memorize and be able to use the anterior & posterior body landmarks on page 14

E. Body cavities - also know major organs contained in each 1. dorsal a cranial = brain b vertebral = spinal cord 2. ventral a thoracic i. rt. & left pleural = lungs ii. mediastinum = aorta, trachea, esophagus 6 iii. pericardial - within mediastinum = heart b abdominopelvic (1) abdominal = stomach, liver, kidneys, small & large intestines) - Most vulnerable to injury (no bony cage for protection) (2) pelvic = bladder, reproductive, rectum

F. Serous membranes (serosa) - main name & 2 divisions 1. parietal - lines cavity walls 2. visceral - covers organs 3. serous fluid – located between parietal & visceral layers - allow organs to slide across each other & cavity walls with little friction 4. naming membranes - page 17, 142-143 a. pleurae - 7 b. pericardium - c. peritoneum –

Practice Naming of Serous Membranes

G. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants - memorize figures 1.11 & 1.12 pages 18 & 19 – know names & what organs are in which cavities and quadrants