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Alphabet ------Vowel Pronunciation Key ------a : "u" in "but" aa : "a" in "far" e : "e" in "bed" i : "i" in "fit" ee : "ee" in "feet" o : "o" in "code" u : "u" in "put" oo : "oo" in "booed" au : "ow" in "how" ai : "ei" in "neighbor"
Notes: 1. ' indicates a glottal stop (pronounced like "uh") in very careful ----- speech. Normally, however, it is not pronounced at the beginning of a word and in other positions it represents 'aa'. 2. The combination 'ah' at the end of a word is pronounced like 'aa' or 'e'. For example: 'jagah' could be 'jagaa' or 'jage', i.e., the h is silent. 3. The combination 'ah' or 'aH' in the middle of a word is pronounced like 'e'. 4. n. (n period) indicates nasalization. 5. a - is used to distinguish between sh and s+h, kh and k+h, etc.
Letter Transcription Remarks ------
'alif : a Could also stand for an unspecified initial vowel be : b pe : p Does not occur in Arabic te : t Used in native words Te : T Does not occur in Arabic and Persian se : s Used in loan words jeem : j che : ch Does not occur in Arabic baRi he : H Used in loan words khe : kh daal : d Daal : D Does not occur in Arabic and Persian zaal : z Used in loan words re : r Re : R Does not occur in Arabic and Persian ze : z Used in native words zhe : zh Does not occur in Arabic seen : s sheen : sh saad : s Used in loan words zaad : z Used in loan words to-e : t Used in loan words zo-e : z Used in loan words ain : ' Could also stand for an unspecified initial vowel ghain : gh fe : f qaaf : q kaaf : k gaaf : g Does not occur in Arabic laam : l meem : m noon : n vaa-o : w Stands for oo/o/au at the end of a word. In the middle it could stand for w/oo/o/au chhoTi he: h Used in native words chhoTi ye: y Stand for ee/e/ai at the end of a word. In the middle it could stand for y/ee/e/ai baRi ye : y Occurs only at the end of a word and stands for e or ai *****************************************************
Abbreviations ------Grammatical Word Origin ------n.f. : noun feminine P : Persian n.m. : noun masculine A : Arabic pron. : pronoun T : Turkish adj. : adjective H : Hindi v. : verb S : Sanskrit adv. : adverb G : Greek conj. : conjunction intj. : interjection prep. : preposition suff. : suffix pref. : prefix fig. : figurative plu. : plural lit. : literal poet. : poetic
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Vocabulary ------Alif mad Aa(long) aab: water aab: splendor/elegance/polish/brightness/ temper(steel)/lustre(gems)/sharpness(sword) aab-e-aa'inah: polish of a mirror aab-e-talkh: bitter water/tears/wine aab-e-chashm: tears aabaad: populated/inhabited/peopled/prosperous/happy aabru: honor/fame/good name/dignity aap: self/selves/respectful term of address aatish: fire aatmaa: soul/spirit/mind aasim: sinner/culprit aakhir: last/final aadaab: manners (plu. of adab) aadmi: man (lit. offspring of Adam) aadmiyyat: humanity/human nature/civility aaraa: embellishing/adorning aaraam: rest/repose/respite/relief/ease/comfort aara'ish decoration/adornment/beauty aarzoo: yearning/desire/wish/longing aaz: ardent desire/lust/covetousness aazaad: free/unrestrained aazardah: annoyed/dejected/uneasy/gloomy/sad aazmaa'ish: trial/experiment/testing/proving aas: longing/desire/hope/faith/shelter/refuge aasaan: light/facile/easy aasraa: means of subsistence/protection/shelter aasmaan: heaven/sky aasmaani: heavenly/celestial/azure aasoodah: opulent/rich/satisfied aashaa: desire/hope/longing aashuftah: perplexed/careworn/distracted/confused aashnaa: aquaintance/friend/lover aashiyaan: nest/house aakhaaz: commencement/outset/beginning aaghosh: embrace/lap/bosom aafaat: evils/disasters/misfortunes (plu. of aafat) aaftaab: sun aag: flame/fire (fig. anger/passion/love/lust) aalaap: conversation/preparatory tuning aan.ch: flame/warmth/fervor/loss/grief aan.chal: corner of the 'dopaTTa' worn by women aan.dhee: dust-storm/hurricane aan.soo: tears aawaarah: without home aawaarah: wanderer/vagrant/destitute aawaaz: noise/sound/cry/shout aawaazah: rumor/fame/report/reputation aah: sigh aahistah: softly/leisurely/slowly aa'inah: mirror aayandah: hereafter/in the future
Alif (short) ab: now/presently ubaal: boiling/rage/anger ibtidaa': commencement/beginning abtar: ruined/scattered/worthless ibtisaam: smile/cheerfulness ibtilaa: trial/misfortune/suffering abad: eternity abr: cloud abroo: eyebrow absaar: eyes (plu. of basr) ibn: son abnaa': sons (plu. of ibn) ittiHaad: union/alliance ittifaaq: agreement/concord/chance/event/opportunity ittifaaqaan: accidentally ittikaa': dependence/reliance itlaaf: loss/ruin/decay itmaam: completion/perfection ittihaam: charge/imputation/blame aTak: obstacle/obstruction isbaat: proof asar: mark/sign/trace/effect ujaaR: ruined/waste/abandoned ijaazat: permission/leave/sanction ajnabee: stranger/foreigner/alien iHtiyaaj: need iHtiyaat: caution/heed aHzaan: sorrows (plu. of huzn) iHsaas: feeling/emotion iHsaan: beneficence/favor/good deed akhbaar: news/newspaper ikhtiyaar: choice/option/power/influence/control/authority akhz: grasping/seizing/taking ikhlaas: sincerity/purity/love/selfless worship adaa: payment of debt/settlement adaa: charm/grace/beauty idraak: perception/comprehension adib: learned, man of letters (plu. udabaa') iraadah: aim/object/will/desire arjmand: exalted urdoo: army/camp irshaad: instruction/order/command/guidance arz: land/region/earth armaan: desire/yearning/wish azal: eternity/without beginning asaas: foundation asbaab: causes/motives/means ustaad: master/professor isti'faa: resignation isti'maal: application/usage/use asad: lion asraar: secrets (plu. of sirr) israaf: waste/extravagance asfaar: voyages/travels (plu. of safar) asqaam: evils/weaknesses/defects (plu. of suqm) asir: prisoner/captive ishaarah: gesture/symbol/wink/sign ishtihaar: notification/poster/reputation/renown ishtiyaaq: longing/craving/desire ishraaq: dawn/day break/lustre ashfaaq: favors (plu. of shafaq) ishfaaq: compassion/kindness ashqiyaa': cruel/heartless (plu. of shaqi) ashk: tearS as-haab: lords/masters (plu. of saahib) israar: obduracy/persistence/obstinacy asl: root/foundation/essence (plu. usool) asli: original/genuine/real/true iztiraab: restlessness/perturbation/anxiety iztiraar: helplessness/agitation/constraint atfaal: children/offspring (plu. of tifl) iz-haar: disclosure/proclamation/statement/testimony i'tibaar: trust/confidence/faith/reliance i'tiraaz: objection/criticism/protest i'jaaz: miracle/marvel/wonder i'laam: announcing/notifying aghlaat: mistakes (plu. of ghalat) aghyaar: strangers/rivals (plu. of ghair) uftaad: misery/distress/mishap/foundation iftikhaar: honor/glory/repute/distinction ifraat: excess/exuberance/plenty afsaanah: tale/legend/fiction afsurdah: melancholy/depressed afsos: regret/remorse/dejection ufaq: horizon iqbaal: prosperity/good fortune/success/confession iqraar: promise/pledge/confession/declaration/covenant iqtizaa': requirement/need/demand akbar: greatest (sup. of kabir) aksar: most/much/many/frequent aksar: frequently/usually/generally/often agar: if/in case al: the iltifaat: regard/kindness/favor/friendship alfaaz: words (plu. of lafz) amaanat: something given in trust/deposit/security imtiHaan: examination/test/trial/proof/experiment imtiyaaz: discrimination/discernment/distinction ummid: hope/expectation/trust intikhaab: selection/choice/election intizaar: waiting (anxiously)/expectation intizaam: management/order/method/arrangement intiqaam: revenge/reprisal anjaam: end/conclusion/result/issue anjuman: assembly/meeting/society/council andaazah: measurement/guess/rough estimate an.dar: within/inside/inward insaan: man/human being/mankind insaaniyyat: humanity/civility in'aam: gift/reward/largesse inqilaab: revolution inkaar: denial/contradiction auqaat: times (plu. of waqt) auqaat: status/position awwaal: first/excellent/best aulaad: children (plu. of walad) imaan: belief/faith/creed/conscience
********************************************************************* Be bi: by/with/from/in/into/near/on/for/towards (Always prefixed to another word) ba: by/with/from/in/into/to/on/upon/for/upto (Always prefixed to another word) baa: with/by/possessed of baab: door/gate/chapter/topic/subject baabul: father baat: word/saying/speech/tale/news/question/business proposal/point/gossip/substance baad: wind/air/breeze baadshaah: emperor/king baadal: cloud(s) baadah: wine/spirits baadiyah: wilderness/desert baadiyah: goblet/cup baar: time/turn/chance/opportunity/delay/obstacle baar: burden/load/permission/grief/court baarish: rain baarah: time/turn/about/in regard of baareek: fine/slender/delicate/difficult/subtle baaz: denotes doer/agent baaz: falcon baaz: again/back/refusing baazaar: market baazaaree: common/low/vulgar/relating to the market baazoo: arm/fold of a door/flank of an army baazi: sport/game/wager baazichah: toy/fun/sport baagh: garden/orchard/grove baaqee: remaining/lasting baaqee: residue/remainder/arrears baalam: a lover/sweet-heart/husband baam: upper storey/terrace/balcony baan: signifying keeper or guardian baan.kaa: curved/crooked/sly/cunning baano: lady/gentlewoman bachchah: child baHaal: status quo/refreshed/happy baHs: dispute/argument/debate/controversy bukhaar: steam/temperature/fever/rage bakht: good fortune/luck/prosperity bakhshish: gift/donation/reward/alms/tip bad: bad/wicked/evil bad akhtar: unfortunate bad anjaam: having a bad end bad tar: worse/inferior bad chalan: of bad conduct/ill-mannered/immoral bad khwaab: nightmare bad du'aa: curse/malediction bad sirat: ill-tempered bad soorat: ugly bad m'aash: roguish bad naam: disreputable/notorious/ignominous bad naseeb: unfortunate/unlucky badr: full moon badal: exchange/change/substitution badlaa: exchange/retaliation/revenge badan: body baraabar: equal/even/level/alike/opposite/accurate bardaasht: endurance/tolerance/patience barsaat: rain/rainy season barkat: abundance/prosperity/blessing/auspiciousness baRhiyaa: superior/of good quality/expensive buzurg: great/venerable/aged/noble bazm: assembly/company (at a feast or entertainment) bas: sufficient/enough/plenty bisaat: bedding/carpet/chess board/extent/capacity bast: obstacle/knot/asylum/sanctuary bistar: bed bismil: sacrificial animal/a lover baseraa: roosting/a night's lodging/shelter bashar: man/mortal basheer: a messenger of good news basar: sight/vision/the eye baghaawat: revolt/rebellion/disloyalty baghal: armpit/side balaa: calamity/distress/trial/misfortune buland: high/lofty/sublime/exalted/tall/loud billaur: crystal/crystal glass/transparent ban.dish: composition/elegance of style/plan/obstruction ban.dagi: devotion/worship/service bandah: slave/servant/individual/man bunyaad: foundation bood: being/existence bahaadur: brave/valiant/high-spirited bahaar: spring/prime/bloom/beauty/glory/delight bahaanah: excuse/pretext/evasion/reason bhool: forgetfulness/omission/mistake/lapse/fault bhool bhulayyaan.: a maze/labyrinth be: without/void of be aabroo: dishonorable be ittifaaqi: discord/disunity be iHtiyaati: incautiousness be ikhtiyaari: helplessness/without choice be adab: rude/unmannerly be i'tibaar: untrustworthy/discredit be imtiyaaz: indiscriminating be an.daazah: unlimited/endless be insaaf: unfair/unjust be imaan: faithless/liar/cheat be bas: helpless/weak be pardah: unveiled/immodest/exposed be parwaa: heedless/indifferent/above want be taab: restless/powerless/impatient be taasir: ineffectual/useless be tameez: indiscreet/rude/uncultured be jaan: lifeless be jurm: faultless be chain: restless/uneasy be Hadd: endless/boundless be Hayaa: shameless/impudent/bare-faced be khabar: uninformed/ignorant/stupid be khataa: faultless/innocent be khud: enraptured/in ecstasy/delirious/senseless be daad: iniquity/injustice/oppression be daagh: spotless/without blemish/innocent be dard: without feeling/pitiless/merciless be rahm: merciless/cruel be riyaa: without guile/candid/sincere be zaar: disgusted/displeased be zabaan: dumb/speechless/modest be zar: destitute/poor be sakhtah: artless/unaffected/natural/plain be saaz: without tools or apparatus be sabab: without cause or reason be sharm: shameless/immodest be sabr: impatient be taaqat: powerless be 'izzat: without honor or respect be gham: happy/without sorrow be fikr: free from care or worry be qadr: worthless be qaraar: uneasy/restless/unsettled be qusoor: innocent/not guilty be kaar: idle/unemployed/useless be kas: friendless/lonely be gunaah: innocent/guiltless be ma'ni: meaningless/absurd be naam: without name, character or reputation be naseeb: unfortunate be nazir: unequalled/matchless/unique be wajh: without cause be wafaa: faithless/ungrateful/treacherous be waqoof: foolish/stupid/dolt be hunar: unskilled be hosh: unconscious bayaabaan: desert/wilderness bayaan: description/statement/account bait: house/abode bait: couple/verse bedaar: awake/alert/vigilant bezaar: displeased/angry/out of humor begaanah: strange/alien/foreign bimaar: sick/ill
******************************************************************** Pe paa: leg/foot/root of a tree paa ban.d: fettered/bound/subjugated paa maal: trodden under foot/ruined paa yaab: fordable/within man's depth paar: opposite bank/the end/termination paas: custody/regard/supervision paas baan: guard/sentinel paas daari: favor/partiality/favoritism pak: pure/holy/immaculate/chaste/undefiled pakeezah: pure/clean/neat paagal: mad/insane/idiotic/distressed paani: water/rain/lustre/character/honor pardah: curtain/screen/veil/secrecy/privacy parastish: worship paraknaa: to examine/to test parwaanah: moth/lover/warrant/permission parwarish: fostering/rearing/sustenance/protecting pariwash: fairy-like/beautiful pareshaan: troubled/distracted/distressed pasand: choice/approval/preference pasinaa: perspiration/sweat pashemaan: penitent/repentant/ashamed pal: a moment palak: eyelash/a moment/an instant panaah: protection/asylum/refuge pahlu: side/advantage/flank of an army payaam: message peshaah: craft/trade/profession paighaam: message/news/advice paimaan: promise/agreement/oath/confirmation
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Te taab: heat/power/endurance/rage taabish: heat/splendour/grief/sorrow taasir: effect/impression taj: crown/tiara taarikh: date/annals taarik: dark/obscure taazah: fresh/new/tender/happy taak: look/regard/aim/view tabaah: ruined/spoiled/depraved/wretched tabdeel: change tabassum: smile/smiling tajribah: experience/experiment/test/proof toHfaa: a gift takht: throne/seat tadbir: deliberation/opinion/advice/arrangement/order taraanah: harmony/symphony/a kind of song tarjumaan: interpreter tars: fear/terror tars: compassion/pity/mercy tarraqqee: elevation/promotion/proficiency tarkeeb: composition/mixture/plan/mode/method tasallee: consolation/comfort/satisfaction tasleem: salutation/greeting/resignation/submission tashreef: honoring tishnagi: thirst/desire/longing tasawwur: imagination/fancy/idea tasawwuf: mysticism tasweer: picture/portrait/painting ta'ajjub: wondering/admiration/amazement/surprise ta'areef: explanation/description/praise/definition ta'alluq: connection/relation/consideration taqaazaa: demanding settlement of a debt/importunity taqdeer: fate/luck taqriban: approximately taqwaa: piety/abstinence/fear of God takleef: imposition of a burden/difficulty/inconvenience talaash: search/inquiry/quest talkh: bitter/acrimonious/pungent/unpalatable talwaar: sword tamaashaa: entertainment/fun/amusement/sport/spectacle tamaam: entire/complete/perfect/end tameez: discernment/judgement/observance of etiquette tan: body tanqiH: cleaning/investigation/inquiry/issue tangi: narrowness/hardship/poverty tanhaa: alone/solitary taubah: repentance taubah taubah: Heaven forbid! tauheen: disgrace/contempt/defamation/dishonor/insult taiyaar: ready/prepared/finished/alert/ripe teer: arrow tez: sharp/keen/caustic/pungent/swift/clever tegh: sword/dagger
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Te
Taan.g: the leg/a share
Tapaknaa: o leak/to drip/to fall down (fruits)
Takkar: collision/encounter/rivalry/competition
TukRaa: a piece/a morsel/a part/fraction
TooT: breaking/fracture/loss
Thikaanaa: fixed abode/proper place/goal/limit
ThanD: cold/chill
Thokar: obstacle/kick/stumble
TeRh: crookedness
********************************************************************** Se saabit: confirmed/established/fixed/stable saabit: a fixed star saaqib: shining brightly/splendid/sublime sabaat: stability/endurance/resolution/constancy sabt: permanence/a seal/writing suboot: evidence/proof/conviction/constancy/stability saarwat: wealth/power/influence saraa: the earth siqaafat: culture siqaalat: burden/weight siqaahat: reliability/trustworthiness sawaab: reward/recompense sawaabit: the fixed stars (plu. of saabit)
********************************************************************** Jeem jaadu: magic/conjuring/charm/effect of evil spirits jaazib: alluring/attractive jaaree: running/flowing/current/continuing jaagir: a fief jaam: goblet jaan: soul/life/mind/vigor/sweetheart/beloved jaanee: of or relating to life jaanee: a beloved/a lover jaahil: ignorant/illiterate/barbarous jaa'edaad: property/estate/assets jaa'iz: legal/permitted jabeen.: the forehead judaa: separate/apart/asunder/peculiar judaaee: separation/absence jazb: allurement/attraction jazbah: passion/rage/desire/feeling jurm: crime/guilt jurmaanah: fine/penalty justjoo: search/inquiry jism: body jashn: a feast/celebration ja'l: counterfeit jafaa: oppression/injustice/injury jigar: liver/heart/soul/mind jalaal: splendor/majesty jalwah: lustre/splendour/display/show jamaal: beauty/elegance janaab: sir!/your honor! janaazah: corpse/funeral jumbish: movement jannat: paradise/garden jang: battle/war junoon: madness/insanity jawaab: answer/equal/parallel/match jawaan: young/youth jawaahir: jewls/gems (plu. of jauhar) josh: heat/zeal/enthusiasm/passion/lust jahaaz: ship/vessel jahaan: the world jahaannum: hell jeewan: life/existence **********************************************************************
Che chaarah: remedy/cure/help/aid/resource chaadar: a sheet/veil/waterfall chaaq: active/alert/healthy/fat/hale and hearty chaaqoo: a small knife chaal: gait/walk/custom/trick/strategem chaalaak: clever/expert/cunning/nimble chaan.d: the moon chaan.dani: moonlight chaan.di: silver/wealth chaah: desire/love/affection/need/choice chitwan: look/glance/appearance charaagh: lamp charaagaah: meadow/pasture chust: alert/active/clever/quick/tight cashm: eye/hope chasm-e-baddoor: God preserve from evil eyes! chashm-o-chiraag light of the eye/dearly beloved chasmak: wink/winking/misunderstanding/spectacles chakaan.: dropping/distilling chilman: a venetian blind chamak: glitter/splendour/flash/gleam chaman: flower garden chand: how many/how much/few/how often/how long chah: used to form dimunitives chehraa: face/visage/a mask cheez: thing/commodity chain: ease/comfort/rest/peace
BaRi he
Haatim: generous (derived from Haatim Tai)
Haadisah: accident/occurence/calamity/misfortune
Haazir: present/ready/in attendance
Haakim: ruler/governor/judge/an official
Haal: state/condition/narrative/circumstance
Haalat: condition/state/circumstance (plu. Haalaat)
Hubb: love/friendship/desire/affection/wish
Habeeb: beloved/sweetheart/comrade/friend
Hijaab: veil/modesty/bashfulness/night
Hadd: boundary/limit
Hadd: very/at most/utmost point
Hiddat: sharpness/fury/acrimony/poignancy
Hads: novelty/innovation Hudood: boundaries/penal laws
Hizaaqat: Intelligence/wisdom
Haraarat: heat/fever/ardor/fervor/zeal Haraam: unlawful/forbidden
Hirs: eager/greediness/desire/ambition
Hoorriyat: emancipation/freedom
Hazm: firmness of mind/resolve
Huzn: grief/sadness/sorrow
Hisaab: reckoning/account/computation/rate/sense
Hasrat: regret/intense sorrow/desire/longing
Husn: beauty/elegance
Haseen: beautiful/elegant/charming/handsome
Hashmat: state/dignity/pomp/retinue
Hisaar: fort/enclosure/fence
Husool: acquisition/profit/advantage/achievement
Hissah: share/portion/lot
Hazrat: dignity/a title of respect
Huzoor: presence of superior authority
Huzoor: Your Highness!
Hifaazat: guarding/security/safety
Haqq: just/truth/right
Haqeeqat: truth/reality/narration/condition
Hukm: order/decree/statute/law
Hikmat: wisdom/knowledge/cleverness/device
Hakeem: wise man/doctor/philosopher
Halaal: legal/permitted Himaayat: protection/patronage/support/defence
Hamlah: attack/assault/invasion
Hawaas: the senses
Hawaalah: charge/custody/care
Hoor: virgin of Paradise/nymph
Hausalah: capacity/courage/spirit/resolution/desire
Hayaa: modesty/shame
Hayaat: life/existence
Haiseeyat: rank/capacity/merit/status/prestige
Hairaan: amazed/confounded/perplexed/worried
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Khe khaas: special/particular/private/noble/unmixed khaatir: the heart/mind/memory/sake/behalf/choice/favor khaak: dust/earth/ashes khaalis: pure/genuine/sincere(friend) khaam: raw/green/inexpert/immature/vain khaamosh: silent khaandaan: family/lineage/dynasty khaanum: lady/princess/wife khaanah: house/room/compartment/partition khabar: news/information/report/rumor/notice khatm: conclusion/seal khatm: finished/done khajaalat: shame/bashfulness khajaalat: happy/auspicious/blessed khuda: God khidmat: service/office/duty kharaab: bad/depraved/ruined/spoiled/wretched/obscene khurram: happy khareed: purchase khazaan.: autumn/decay/old age khizaanah: treasury/treasure khastah: wounded/broken/sorrowful khushk: dry/withered/cynic khatt: letter/note/mark khataa: mistake/slio/oversight/error khutbah: sermon/oration/introduction khatrah: danger/fear/risk khafaa: concealment/secrecy khafaa: angry/displeased khalaas: deliverance/redemption/freedom khilaaf: opposition/contraiety/falsehood khilaaf: against khalish: prick/pain/anxiety/apprehension khumaar: intoxication khanjar: dagger khwaab: sleep/dream khwaar: wretched/deserted/friendless/poor khwaahish: desire/request/demand khoob: good/excellent/beautiful/amiable khood: j. self/private/personal/own khoodi: egotism/vanity/presence of mind khoorsheed: sun khoosh: pleasing/happy khoon: blood/murder khiyaaban: flower-bed/flower garden khayaal: thought/imagination/opinion/care/respect khair: good/best khair: very well khair: welfare/happiness
**************************************************************** Daal daakhil: entering daad: justice/appeal/revenge/praise daar: gallows/a piece of wood daar: having/holding daar: house/country daaraa: holder/sovereign/king daaru: alcohol daaru: medicine/remedy daastaan: story/fable/tale daagh: scar/blemish/stain/calamity/grief/loss daam: net/snare daam: price/value daaman: skirt/foot of a mountain/a lap daanaa: wise/learned daanistah: knowingly daanish: knowledge/science/learning daa'im: perpetual/permanent dakhl: entrance/access/reach/skill dar: door/gate/entrance dar: in/into/within/to/about/by durr: pearl daraaz: long/tall/extended darbaar: court (royal) darkhwaasht: request/petition/appeal dard: pain/affliction/sympathy/compassion dars: sight/view/look durust: right/proper/well/safe/precise durusht: rough/hard/rigid/oppressive/fierce darmiyan: middle/midst/interval darwaazah: door/gate darya: a large river/sea duzd: thief dastoor: custom/usage/manner/rule dushman: enemy dushnaam: abuse/invective dushwaar: difficult du'aa: blessing/prayer/wish da'wat: invitation/banquet da'waa: claim/law suit/charge/demand/accusation daghaa: deceit/treachery/delusion daf'a: time/turn/section/class dafn: burial/concealment diqqat: difficulty/intricacy/minute point dil: heart/soul/courage/generosity/wish dil aawar: brave/valiant dilbar: lovely/sweetheart dil band: charming/attractive dil chasp: interesting/pleasing/delightful dil kharaash: heart rending dil daar: charming/beloved dil daar: sweetheart dil daari: consolation dil doz: heart-piercing dil rubaa: fascinating/alluring dil rubaa: fascinating/alluring dil rubaa: sweetheart dil sokhtah: grieved/suffering dil soz: touching/pathetic/passionate/ardent dil shaad: cheerful dil fareb: charming/alluring/enticing/beautiful dil figaar: melancholy dil kash: attractive/winning dil geer: melancholy dil lagi: amusement/diversion dil nawaaz: soothing (the mind) dilaasaa: consolation/encouragement dam: breath/vitality/moment/edge of a sword dimaagh: brain/intellect/airs/conceit dunyaa: world/worldly goods dawaa: medicine door: distant/remote/far daur: revolving/period/cycle/orbit dost: friend/lover daulat: riches/fortune/happiness/cause/means diyaar: country/region deedaar: sight/interview deedah: the eye deen: faith/religion deewaar: a wall deewaanah: madman
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Daal
Daabar: lake/pond/water pot
Daakaa: robbery
Dar: fear
Dagar: path/road
******************************************************************* Zaal zaat: being endowed with/soul/self/caste/race zaati: innate/inherent/essential/natural zaakir: remembering/grateful zaakir: grateful person/obe who praises God zikr: remembrance/memory/Qur'an recital zillaat: insult/dishonor/affront/abjectness zaleel: abject/base/wretched/contemptible zauq: taste zehn: acumen/wit/sagacity/understanding
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Re raaHat: rest/repose/comfort/tranquility/ease raaz: mystery/secret raast: true/honest/straight/even/level raastah: path/road/manner raazi: willing/satisfied/agreed/pleased raah: road/pathcustom/journey/method raah bar: a guide raah numaa: conductor/leader/guide rabb: creator/god rahm: mercy/pity/compassion/kindness/tenderness rukh: face/cheek/side/point rukhsaar: face/cheek/complexion/aspect rukhsat: leave/permission/dismissal/indulgence radd: rejection/repulsion/returning razm: war/battle rasm: marking/writing/established usage/model/law rasan: rope/string/cord ruswaa: infamous/dishonored/disgraced rasool: a prophet rishtah: thread/line/relationship/kinship/alliance rashk: jealousy/envy/malice/spite raghbat: strong desire/esteem/pleasure raftaar: speed/pace/walk/motion rafi': high/sublime/exalted rafeeq: friend/ally raqs: dance/dancing raqeeb: rival/competitor ran.j: grief/sorrow/trouble/inconvience ran.jish: grief/indignation/misunderstanding/anguish ran.g: color/dye/fashion/enjoyment ran.geen: colored/lively/elegant/flowery/figurative rawaanah: despatched/proceeding rooH: soul/spirit/life/essence/divine revelation roz: a day roz: daily rozah: a fast raushan/roshan: light/illuminated/bright/clear/splendid raunaq: lustre/beauty/elegance/freshness resham: silk
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This letter t occur as the first letter of a word and hence there are nos. The letter has the sound of a hardened 'r' and is oftennterchangeably with Daal.
****************************************************************** Ze zaar: weeping/lamentation/garden/desire/wish zabaan: tongue/language/flame (of a candle) zabar: above/superior/greater/top zabardast: vigorous/violent/tyrranical/superior zaHmat: uneasiness of mind/trouble/pain zakhm: wound/damage/loss zadah: struck/stricken/oppressed zar: gold zukaam: cold zulf: curl/ringlet/tress zamaanah: time/age/period zameen: ground/earth zanjeer: chain zindaan: prison/jail zindagi: life/living/existence zindah: alive/living zinhaar: never/by no means zinhaar: beware! zood: quickly/soon/suddenly zor: force/strength/power/influence/stress zahr: poison ziyaadah: too much/more/excessive ziyaarat: pilgrimage/visit (a shrine) zebaa: adorned/beautiful/proper/graceful zeenat: decoration/beauty ****************************************************************
Zhe zhaalah: hail/dew/frost zharf: deep/penetrating/acute of mind zholeedah: dishevelled/entangled/intricate zhiyaan: terrible/furious/angry/rapacious
*************************************************************** Seen saajan: lover/sweetheart/beloved saaHir: magician saaHil: shore/beach saadah: simple/plain/candid/sincere saaz: apparatus/equipment/concord saazish: conspiracy/intrigue/collusion saaqee: cup-bearer/page/beloved saal: year saalim: safe/sound/perfect/whole saamaan: apparatus/custom/understanding/power saan.ch: truth/reality saan.s: breath/sigh saa'ir: thw whole/the rest/wandering/walking/tax/duty saayah: shadow/shade/shelter/apparition sabab: cause/reason sabaq: lesson/lecture/advancing subuk: light/delicate/trivial/frivolous/futile sitaarah: star sitaan.: taking/seizing sitam: oppression/tyranny/injustice/violence sajdah: prostration saHar: dawn/morning sakht: hard/firm/cruel/harsh/vehement sukhan: speech/words/business/affair sukhan war: eloquence sar: head/top/pinnacle/origin/chief/desire sar afraaz: exalted sar bastah: hidden/secret sar basar: wholly/entirely sar buland: eminent/glorious sar taabee: rebellion sar taaj: chief/leader sar-e dast: at present/immediately sar-e raah: on the road sar zameen: country/limits/region sar-e shaam: about evening/evening sar-o saamaan: necessities/furniture/luggage siraaj: lamp/candle/sun surkh: red sard: cold/damp/dull/dead suroor: pleasure/joy/exhilaration sazaa: correction/punishment/requital sust: loose/frail/lazy/slow/dull sifaarish: recommendation safar: journey safed: white saktah: trance/swoon/pause sukoot: silence/peace/rest/tranquility sukoon: peace/rest/tranquility salaam: salutation/peace/safety/compliment silsilah: chain/series/pedigree/genealogy saleeqah: good disposition/good taste/mode/skill sang: stone/weight sanh: year/era siwaa: except/save/but/besides sawaal: question/petition/application/request/demand saudaa: trade/marketing/goods soz: burning/passion/vexation saugand: oath soona: void/empty/desolate/lonely siyaah: black/dark/unfortunate/bad sair: walk/excursion/recreation/amusement seerat: quality/nature/disposition sailaab: flood/deluge/torrent seenah: chest/bosom
********************************************************************** Sheen shaabaash: bravo! well done! (contr. of shaadbaash) shaakh: branch/bough/dilemma/difficulty/objection shaad: happy/cheerful/delighted shaadaab: full of water/fresh/agreeable/verdant shaa'ir: poet shaagird: pupil/apprentice/servant shaam: evening shaamil: including/comprising/connected/mingled/common shaan: dignity/glory/grandeur shaah: king/prince/monarch shaahtir: a beam/roof support shahzaadah: prince shaayad: perhaps/probably
shab: night shab bakhair: goodnight! shabnam: dew shabaab: youth shabeenah: nocturnal shujaa': brave shakhs: a person/individual/being/body sharaab: wine/liquor sharaarah: spark/gleam/flash sharaafat: nobility/civility/good manners shart: condition/agreement/wager sharm: shame/modesty shuroo': beginning shareef: noble/eminent/honorable shi'r: verse/couplet shu'lah: flame/blaze/flash/light shu'oor: wisdom/intellect shafaqat: kindeness/compassion/mercy shakk: doubt/suspense/hesitation shikaar: hunting/prey shikaayat: complaint/accusation/illness shukr: gratitude shakl: form/appearance/model/image/diagram shikwah: complaint/chiding shumaar: counting/numbering/estimation/account shams: the sun shamsher: sword shama': lamp/candle shinaas: knowing/acquainted with/intelligence shokh: playful/mischievous/bold/insolent shor: noise/outcry/tumult/clamor/ardor shauq: taste/fondness/desire/interest shahd: honey shahr: city shuhrat: renown/fame/rumor shaheed: martyr shaikh: elder shekhi: bragging sher: lion/tiger/brave man shireen: sweet/pleasant/gentle shishah: glass/bottle/glass pane shaitaan: satan/devil/demon
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Saad saahib: master/lord/ruler/companion/title saaf: clean/pure/innocent/clear/legible/plain subH: morning/dawn sabr: patience/endurance/submission/suffering suHbat: companionship/society/conversation saHraa: plain/desert saHeeH: right/correct/genuine/sound/pure/just sadr: chest/bosom/chief sadmah: shock/blow/calamity/collision/suffering sirf: only/mere/sheer sirf: purely/exclusively sa'oobat: difficulty/hardship salaaH: peace/treaty/integrity/advice/counsel sanam: idol/sweetheart/mistress surat: form/figure/countenance/aspect/manner/plight
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Zaad zaabit: governor/master/possessor zaabit: strict/punctual/patient/disciplinarian zaabitah: rule/custom/canon/law/code zaamin: sponsor/surety/guarantor zaa'i: lost/destroyed/wasted/fruitless zidd: the contrary/opposition/stubborness zarb: injury/beating/impression (plu. zarbaat) zarar: injury/damage/harm/affliction/loss/ruin zaroor: necessary/expedient/needful zaroor: certainly/absolutely zaroorat: need/compulsion/want/exigency zu'f: weakness/feebleness za'if: weak/infirm/feeble/old/faint zalaal: error/fault/vice zamaanat: surety/bond zameer: mind/heart/thought/reflection/sense zau: light/sunlight ziyaa: light/splendour/brilliancy zeeq: anguish/melancholy/
********************************************************************** To-e taab: sweet/agreeable/pure/excellent taa'at: obedience/devotion (plu. taa'aat) taaq: arch/cupola/niche taaqat: strength/power/might taalib: seeker/enquirer/lover/candidate tabi'at: nature/temperament/disposition tapaan.: palpitating/throbbing tarh: manner/mode/form/design/plan tarz: manner/fashion/way taraf: side/margin/direction tariqah: method/custom/path/way ta'n: blame/reproach/censure/chide talaaq: divorce/repudiation talab: search/inquiry//wish/demand/request taur: manner/condition/mode/state toofaan: storm/tempest/hurricane taiyyaar: ready
********************************************************************** Zo-e zaalim: tyrant/oppressor zaahir: manifest/clear/evident zaahiraa: outwardly/manifestly zarif: witty/subtle/fine zafar: victory/triumph/gain zulm: ppression/tyranny zann: suspicion zaheer: ally/associate
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Ain
'aajiz: powerless/weak/helpless/dejected
'aadat: custom/habit/usage/practice/manner
'aadil: just/sincere/righteous
'aazim: determined/resolute
'aashiq: lover/suitor
'aaqibat: end/conclusion/future life 'aaqibat: finally/at last
'aaqil: wise/sensible
'aalam: world/universe/regions/public/beauty/period 'aalim: learned/wise/intelligent
'aali: high/sublime/exalted/grand
'aam: common/public/general/ordinary (plu. 'awaamm)
'ibaadat: prayers/devotion
'ibaarat: composition/style/diction
'abas: useless/profitless/trifling/idle
'abd: slave/servant of God
'ibrat: warning/admonition
'itaab: rebuke/reproach/anger/displeasure
'ajab: wonder/astonishment
'ajab: wonderful/amazing/strange/rare
'ajeeb: wonderful/surprising/rare/admirable/unique
'adaalat: court of justice/tribunal/justice/law
'adam: non-existence/nothing/annihilation
'azaab: torment/pain/punishment
'arsh: roof/canopy/highest heaven
'arz: petition/request/exposition/review
'irfaan: knowledge/science/wisdom
'urooj: ascension/rising/exaltation
'uryaan: naked/bare/devoid
'izzat: honor/esteem/glory/reputation
'azeez: dear/beloved/honored/respected/worthy
'ishrat: pleasure/enjoyment/mirth/society 'ishq: love/excessive passion
'atr: perfume
'atf: kindness/favor/affection/present
'azeem: great/high in dignity/large
'iffat: purity/chastity
'aql: intellect/reason/knowledge
'uqoobat: punishment/torment/torture
'ilaaj: cure/treatment/antidote
'ilaaqah: jurisdiction/area/tenure
'illat: fault/defect/bad habit/illness/pretext/basis
'ilm: knowledge/science/doctrine
'aleem: wise/learned
'imaarat: building/edifice
'umr: age/life-time/span of life
'amalan: practically/truly
'inaad: enmity/obstinacy
'awaam: populace/common people (plu. of 'aam)
'aurat: woman/wife/nudity
'aiyaash: luxurious/rakish/addicted to pleasure
'aish: pleasure/delight/luxury
********************************************************************** Ghain ghaalib: victorious/predominant ghaalib: often/likely/most probably ghaa'ib: hidden/absent ghubaar: vapor/fog/mist/dust/vexation ghaddaar: disloyal/treacherous gharaz: intention/meaning/design/view/want ghuroor: pride/vanity gharib: poor/destitute/strange/innocent/wonderful ghazal: ode/poem ghash: stupor/fainting ghussah: anger/passion/rage/anxiety/grief ghaflat: negligence/drowsiness/stupor ghulaam: slave/boy/youth ghalat: wrong/incorrect/inaccurate ghaleez: dirty/filthy/gross/coarse/obscene gham: grief/sorrow/concern/care gham khwaar: consoling gham deedah: afflicted/grieved gham gusaar: comforter ghammaaz: informer/tattletale/back-biting ghaur: deep thought/meditation/close attention ghair: stranger/foreigner ghair: besides ghair: other/different/alien/bad ghair: without/except/but/save ghairat: honor/modesty/bashfulness/envy/enmity
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Fe faakhir: a boaster faash: apparent/known/notorious faasilah: distance/space/separation faazil: superfluous/accomplished person/virtuous faaqah: starvation/fasting/poverty faa'idah: benefit/profit/utility faa'iq: superior/great fitnah: sedition/revolt/mischief/temptation fatwaa: judicial decree fakhr: glory/honor/pride/egotism fida: sacrifice/devotion/ransom/exchange fidaa'ee: lover firaaq: separation/anxiety/absence/distance firdaus: garden/paradise farishtah: angel/apostle/prophet/messenger fursat: opportunity/leisure/rest/recovery farz: duty/moral obligation/statute farq: difference/distance/separation/defect furqat: separation/disunion/absence (of lovers) farmaan: mandate/order/royal decree farmaa'ish: order for goods/requisition/pleasure/will faro: down/below/under faryaad: complaint/cry fareb: deceit/trick/fraud faza': lamentation/wailing fasanah: romance/tale/fable fazl: excellence/virtue/reward/wisdom fitrat: nature/creation/deceit/intrigue/wisdom fughaan.: clamor/lamentation/cry of distress faqr: poverty fikr: opinion/notion/care/concern/anxiety/counsel figaar: wounded/sore/afflicted/confused falak: sky/heaven/fortune/fate fuwaad: the heart fauj: army/crowd/multitude fauran: immediately/quickly/directly fahm: understanding/intellect faisalah: settlement/decree/decision faiz: liberality/grace/bounty
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Qaaf qaabil: worthy/able/competent/deserving/clever qaaboo: power/command/authority/possession/hold qaatil: murderer/assassin/homicide qaazee: judge qaa'idah: custom/rule/manners/habit/established order qaafiyah: rhyme/metre/cadence qaanoon: rule/law/system/state qaa'il: confessing/agreeing/conceding/subdued qaa'im: erect/stagnant/firm/durable qabr: grave/tomb qabzah: gridp/clutch/possessing/power/hilt of a sword qubool: consent/acceptance/assent/recognition qatl: killing/murder/assassination qadd: stature/size/height qadr: dignity/honor/worth/value qudrat: power/strength/universe/nature qadam: step/pace/footstep qaraar: residence/stability/rest/patience/satisfaction qurbaan: sacrifice/victim/offering qarz: debt/loan qareeb: near/adjacent/akin/approaching qasam: an oath qism: sort/kind/species/portion/nature qismat: fortune/fate/share/portion/head/category qusoor: fault/defect/blame/sin/failure qissah: tale/fable/romance/quarrel/dispute qazaa: fate/destiny/jurisdiction/judgement qafas: cage/network/body qalb: heart/mind/soul/intellect/marrow/pith qalam: reed/pen/handwriting qamar: the moon qaul: word/saying/promise/consent/vow qaum: nation/people qiyaamat: resurrection/Judgement Day/tumult qaid: imprisonment/confinement/obstacle/control qeemat: price/value/woth/cost
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Kaaf kaatib: scribe/writer kaazib: false kaar: affair/work/labor/duty/profession kaarwaan: caravan/large company of pilgrims kaasah: cup/goblet/bowl kaash: would that ! kaashif: discoverer/revealer kaaghaz: paper/letter/document kaafir: infidel/sweetheart/mistress kaafir: impious/ungrateful kaafur: camphor kaafi: sufficient/enough kaam: palate/desire/object/purport/design/intention kaamraan: successful/fortunate/happy/blessed kaam yaab: prosperous/successfulhappy/satisfied kaahish: anxiety/pining/decline/decay kaahil: lazy/slow/indolent/relaxed/tardy/ailing kabootar: pigeon/dove kabeer: great/large/immense kitaab: book/writing/despatch kasrat: bundance/excess/bulk kadah: a place (usually a suff.) karam: kindness/favor/bounty/clemency kareem: bountiful/generous/merciful/epithet of God kas: man/person kasab: profession/trade kasr: breach/loss/affliction kasal: laxity/cowardice/depression/sickness kiswat: dress/appearance/habit/figure/form/manner kashaakash: struggle/dilemma/contention/grief and pain kashti: ship/boat/vessel/tray kashish: drawing/attraction/allurement kufr: paganism/infidelity/profanity kafan: shroud kul: all/complete/entire/aggregate/universe kalaam: discourse/oration/a work/composition/objection kam: deficient/few/little/rare/scanty kam bakht: unfortunate/wretched kamzor: weak/feeble/powerless kamaal: excellence/perfection/miracle/art kamaan: bow/arch/spring kamar: waist/girdle/zone/army flank/arch kamee: deficiency/loss/abatement/reduction/dearth kameenah: mean/vulgar/base/defective kinaarah: shore/river bank/edge/margin/limit kandah: carved/engraved koshish: attempt/endeavor/labor/exertion koft: beating/pain/vexation/grief/gilding kaul: mouthful/morsel koh: mountain/hill kaif: intoxication kaifiyyat: narrative/circumstances/explanation/situation keenah: malice/rancor/enmity
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Gaaf giraan.: precious/costly/dear/important/heavy gard: trifle/dust gird: round/circumference/environs girdaab: whirlpool/abyss/vortex gardish: revolution/circulation/misfortune/vagrancy gardan: the neck giriftaar: captured/seized/smitten/prisoner/captivated garm: hot/burning/ardent/choleric/lively girau: pledge/pawn girah: knot/joint/knuckle giriyaan.: weeping/crying giryah: weeping/lamentation/crying/plaint gaz: a yard measure guzaarish: petition/request/explanation guzaarah: living/subsistence/passage/abode guzar: a pass/a living/a road gazeedah: stung/bitten guzeedah: selected/chosen gusaar: taking away/dissipating/removing gustaakhee: rudeness/arrogance/audacity guftgoo: conversation/discourse gul: rose/flower/ornament/brand gul badan: delicate/graceful gul dastah: a bouquet gul zaar: flower-bed/garden gul sitaan.: rose-garden gulshan: a flower or rose garden gulaab: the rose gilah: complaint/blame/reproach/lamentation gum: lost/missing/distracted gum raah: astray/lost/wicked/depraved gum sum: still/silent gum gashtah: lost/wandering gum naam: nameless/anonymous/unknown/inglorious gumaan: doubt/surmise/fancy/pride/opinion/distrust gunaah: fault/sin/crime/guilt gawaaraa: palatable/agreeable/pleasant/nice gawaah: a witness gawaahee: testimony/evidence gosh: the ear goshah: corner/angle/cell/privacy goyaa: speaking/eloquent geer: taking/holding/seizing/conquering gesoo: tresses/locks gaihaan.: the world/the universe
********************************************************************** Laam laa: no/not/by no means/without laa jawaab: rendered speechless/silenced laa chaar: helpless/destitute/forlorn/disabled laa waaris: heirless laazim: necessary/compulsory/important laash: corpse laa'iq: worthy/suitable/able/qualified/decent lab: the lip/edge/margin/shore/bank laHzah: the twinkling of an eye/moment/glance lazzat: taste/flavor/enjoyment/pleasure larzaan.: termbling/tremulous/fearing lataafat: pleasantness/elegance/subtility lutf: kindness/favor/grace/pleasure latmah: slap/blow lateefah: pleasantry/witticism/joke lughat: tongue/speech/dialect/word/dictionary lifaafah: cover/envelope/wrapper/secret lafz: word/saying luknat: stammering/speech impediment lagaam: bridle/rein lamHah: minute/moment lang: lameness/limp lan.gar: anchor/cable/rope/public kitchen/alms lau: candle flame/ardent desire/attachment lauH: plank/board/table/tablet/title page liyaaqat: worth/ability/merit/skill
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Meem maa: which/what/that which/whilst/during maa ba'd: following maa Haul: surroundings/environs maa faat: what is past or dead maa waraa: what is beyond or behind maatam: mourning/grief maal: riches/property/merchandise/revenue maalik: master/lord/owner/God maani': impediment/hinderance/objection/stopper maah: the moon/month maah paaraa: handsome/beloved maah taab: moonlight maah jabeen: a beautiful person maah wash: having a face as beautiful as the moon maahir: skilled/expert/master/excel maayoos: without hope/disappointed mubaarak: auspicious/blessed/felicitation mubaahaat contending for glory/boasting/arrogance mubtada: commencement/principle mutaassif: sorrowful/repentant/grieving mutabassim: smiling/laughing mutaHammil: affable/tolerant/patient/passive mutaraddid: hesitant/perplexed/wavering/grieved matrook: abandoned/obsolete/rejected muta'assib: prejudiced/partial/superstitious matwalaa: intoxicated/inebriated mutawaqqi': expecting/hopeful matin: strong/solid/vigorous/obstinate misaal: simile/likeness/metaphor/example masal: proverb/example majaal: power/strength/stability/opportunity majboor: compelled/helpless/oppressed mujrim: criminal/culpable/faulty mujrim: felon/criminal/sinner majrooh: wounded/hurt/smitten majma': congregation/assemblage/crowd/collection majnoon.: insane/madly in love muHaafiz: protector/guardian/guard maHabbat: love/friendship maHboob: lover/friend/sweetheart maHboob: loved/lovely maHboobah: mistress/sweetheart maHboos: confined/imprisoned muHtaj: needy/poor/defective maHjoob: modesty/shame/bashfulness maHdood: limited/bounded/finite maHroom: deprived/unlucky/prohibited/disappointed moHzoon: grieved/vexed muHsin: patron/benefactor maHsood: envied/hated maHsoos: felt/perceived/sensible maHzooz: pleased/delighted/rich/contented maHfil: congregation/assembly maHfooz: kept safe/guarded/secure/memorized muHallah: quarter(of a city)/street/ward miHnat: labor/toil/difficulty/trial makhboot: mad/insane mukhtasar: concise/abbreviated makhmal: velvet makhmoor: intoxicated/drunk madaar: circumference/orbit/station/dependence mudaam: eternally/always/continually muddat: period(of time) madad: help/assistance/reinforcement/wages madhosh: intoxicated/astonished mazaaq: joke/taste/relish/perception mazhab: religion/sect/doctrine muraad: desire/will/intention/vow/tenor/meaning martabah: degree/office/class/order marhalah: stage/inn/day's journey/difficulty marhoom: dead/deceased mard: man/male/hero/husband murdah: dead/weak/decrepit murshid: teacher/spiritual guide marghoob: desired/beautiful marqoom: written/inscribed marmar: marble marham: ointment/salve/cure mareez: patient mizaaj: mixture/temperament/humor/pride mazaar: shrine/tomb/grave mazah: taste/relish/enjoyment/pleasure musaafir: traveller/stranger mast: drunk/intoxicated masroor: glad/cheerful/pleased mash'al: torch/lantern mushkil: difficult/intricate/hard/painful mashhoor: noted/famous/reported/proclaimed museebat: misfortune/calamity/adversity/evil mazboot: strong/firm/resolute/valid mutaqbiq: conformable/suitable/like/in accordance with matlab: object/aim/meaning/motive/wish/desire mazloom: injure/oppressed/wronged mu'aahid: ally/confederate mu'ijzah: miracle ma'shooq: beloved/sweetheart ma'loom: known/evident/clear ma'mool: governed/prepared/customary ma'nee: meaning/intent/signifcance/reality/essence maghz: brain/pith/intellect maghroor: proud/arrogant maghloob: conquered/subdued muft: free/gratis maftoon: tempted/enamored/charmed/mad (with love) muflis: poor/indigent/bankrupt maflook: indigent/beggarly/destitute mufeed: profitable/beneficial/useful muqaabil: opposite/converse/against/matching maqaal: word/speech/saying/proverb maqaam: dwelling/station/position/basis maqbarah: tomb/grave maqbool: accepted/chosen/grateful muqaddar: fate/destiny/predestination muqaddam: antecedent/prior/superior/chief muqir: confessing/admitting/acknowledging muqarrar: established/fixed/certain/customary/permanent maqsad: intention/purpose/aim/goal/desire maqsood: intended/proposed makkaar: cunning/artful/deceitful makaan: house/place/habitation mukaddar: turbid/muddy/sullen/gloomy/vexed mukarrar: repeatedly/again maknoon: hidden/concealed magar: unless/perhaps/except/but/however mulaazim: servant/aide mulaaqaat: meeting/encounter/interview/visit malaal: sadness/grief/langor/fatigue malaamat: censure/rebuke mulaa'im: soft/tender/gentle/placid mulk: nation/realm/territory malool: sad/depressed/tired/bored mumtaaz: exalted/eminent/chosen mumkin: possible/feasible munaasib: proper/suitable/fit/apt/congruous munHasir: surrounded/besieged/dependent/resting manzil: day's journey/destination/storey/house manish: heart/mind/soul/magnanimity/pride manzar: countenance/visage/sight/aspect/scene manzoor: admired/chosen/approved/accepted/granted mana': prohibition/refusal/hindrance/forbidding maut: death/mortality mauj: wave/surge/enjoyment/ecstasy/caprice/plenty moojib: cause/reason maujood: present/existing/at hand/ready mausam: season/time mauqa': occasion/opportunity/place/situation mom: wax mua'yyid: corroborative/confirmatory muhaajir: refugee/emigrant mahtaab: moonlight mihrbaani: favor/kindness muhlat: retarding/delay/respite/leisure mihmaan: guest mai: wine/liquor mai khaanah: bar/tavern mai kadah: bar/tavern maidaan: open field/battlefield/ground muyassar: facilitated/easy/possible/feasible **********************************************************************
Noon naa: no/not/termination of the infinitive naa aashnaa: not acquainted/stranger naa ittifaaqi: discord/disagreement naa ummeedee: hopelessness/despair naa insaafi: injustice naa bood: nonexistent/annihilated/extinct naa paa'idari: inconstancy/frailty naa pasand: disliked/unacceptable/offensive naa tars: hard-hearted/severe/pitiless naa tamaam: incomplete naa tawaani: weakness/inability naa jaa'iz: unlawful naa chaar: helpless/destitute/forlorn naa cheez: trifling/insignificant/worthless naa khushi: disagreeableness/displeasure naa daari: poverty naa daanistah: unwittingly/unknowingly naa daani: ignorance naa deedah: greedy naa raasti: dishonesty naa raazi: discontent naa saaz: indisposed/dissonant/uncivil naa samajh: ignorant/dull/foolish naa shaad: cheerless/joyless/dull naa shukr: ungrateful naa shinaas: ignorant naa saaf: unclean/impure/unchaste naa saboor: impatient/restless naa taaqat: weak/feeble naa farmaan: dj. disobedient naa fahm: stupid naa qaabil: unfit/unworthy/incapable naa qadr: unappreciative naa kaam: unsuccessful naa kas: worthless/base naa gawaar: unpleasant/unpalatable naa laa'iq: unworthy/unsuitable/improper naa muraad: disappointed naa mard: unmanly naa ma'loom: unknown naa mumkin: impossible naa manzoor: disallowed naa yaab: scarce/rare naataa: relationship/alliance/kin/affinity naach: dance naakhun: nail/claw naadir: rare/singular/precious naadim: penitent/ashamed/bashful naar: fire/hell naaz: coquetry/airs/pride/elegance/softness/delicacy naazish: pride/arrogance naazuk: thin/slender/fragile/delicate naasoot: humanity/human nature naafiz: having effect/piercing naak: affected with/full of naalaan: lamenting/moaning naalish: complaint/accusation naam: name/title/honor/fame/ naamah: treatise/book/history naa'o: boat/ship/vessel naa-onosh: carousing/feasting naa'ib: ssistant/deputy nabz: the pulse nabi: a prophet nataa'ij: results/consequences (plu. of nateejah) nateejaa: result nisaar: throwing/dispersion/scattering/sacrifice najm: star/planet/fortune/horoscope najeeb: praiseworthy/noble/generous nakhraah: airr/coquetry/trick/pretence/swagger nadeem: intimate friend nar: man/male niraalee unequalled/rare/strange nargis: Narcissus/the eye of a mistress narm: smooth/tender/soft/slow nazaakat: neatness/elegance/politeness nazdeek: near nisbat: elation/affinity/attribute/comparison naseem: Zephyr/gentle breeze nishaan: mark/sign/signal/emblem/target/scar/trace nishaanee: mark/sign/souvenir/keepsake nashaah: intoxication/pride/arrogance nasheen: sitting nusrat: victory naseeb: fortune/fate/destiny naseeHat: advice/counsel/admonition nazaarah: sight/view/vista nazaafat: purity/neatness nizaam: order/arrangement/custom/system nazar: look/glance/favor/motive/view/countenance nazm: poetry/verse nazm: order/arangement na'sh: coffin/corpse/bier ni'am: favors/benefits na'eem: pleasure/ease/tranquility naghmaah: melody/song/musical note nafrat: aversion/disgust/fright/terror nafs: soul/spirit/essence naqsh: painting/picture/map/mark naqshah: portrait/model/design/example nuqsaan: loss naql: narration/tale/mimicing/copying/aping naqli: artificial/spurious/counterfiet nikaah: matrimony nakbat: calamity/misfortune nuktah: subtlety conceit/point of wit/epigram nuktah been: hypercritical nuktah cheen: captious nuktah daan: sagacious nigaar: painting/picture/sweetheart/beloved nigaah: look/glance/sight/custody/care nigaah baan: protector/guard nam: moisture/wetness/dampness nam: moist/wet/damp namaaz: prayer numaa'ish: show/display/sight/spectacle namoonah: example/sample/specimen nau: new/fresh/raw nau bahaar: early spring nau jawaani: youth/prime of life nau nihaal: sapling/young man nawaazish: kindness/favor/patronage naubat: turn/time noor: ight nihaal: apling nihaan.: atent/hidden/secret/ niyaaz: desire/plea/poverty/need niyyat: intention/purpose/will/aim nek: good/lucky/virtuous/pious neelaam: auction nim: middle/half niyoosh: listening/hearing
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Vaa-o o: and waa: open waa: again/back waa: with waa bastah: bound together/attached waa pas: behind/back/returning again waa rastah: free/delivered/escaped/carefree waa sokht: aversion/disgust waasiq: strong/firm/confident/secure waajib: necessary/obligatory waajibaat: duties (plu. of waajib) waajid: possessor/creator waahid: unique/one/single/unit waar: blow/attack/stroke waar: like/resembling/possessing waar: day of the week/moment waaris: heir waarid: coming/arriving/happening waaridaat: events/occurences (plu. of waarid) waastah: account/sake/reason/means/motive waaste: for/for the sake of waazih: clear/evident/apparent waaqi': occuring/happening waaqi'i: really/actually/truly waaqi'i: true/real/proper waalid: father waalidah: mother waalah: distracted/mad with love waan: possessing/endowed with waahimah: imagination/fancy/whim wajaahat: dignity/respect/beauty wajd: ecstasy/rapture/excessive love wijdaan: ecstasy/rapture/intuition wujood: existence/essence/being waj-h: cause/reason/mode/manner/face/appearance wajeeh: handsome/respectable/good appearance waHshat: solitude/grief/fear/sadness/loneliness waHeed: singular/unique/alone widaad: friendship/love/affection widaa': farewell wadood: loving/friendly war: possessing/having warnah: and if not/otherwise wazn: weight/measure/metre/rhyme/esteem/honor waseem: handsome/fine countenance wash: like/resembling wasf: praise/merit/virtue wusool: collection/acquisition wasiyyat: testament/last will/legacy/bequest wazaahat: vivid description waza': state/position/situation watan: native country wa'dah: promise/agreement waghairah: et cetera/and so forth wafaa: fulfilling a promise/fulfilment/fidelity wafaa begaanah: faithless wafaa daar: faithful/sincere wafaat: death waqt: time/term/season/hour/opportunity waqf: religious bequest wakaalat: advocacy/attorneyship wakeel: lawyer/attorney wilaayat: a foreign country/abroad/realm/union with God walee: lord/prince/master/friend/guardian wahm: imagination/idea/fancy/opinion/fear/suspicion wairaagi: ascetic/recluse weeraan: desolate/ruined weeraanah: a ruined place weeraani: desolation/destruction/ruin
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HhoTi he haatif: angel/voice from heaven haath: hand/arm/clutches/power/slap/reach haadi: guide/leader/director haar: necklace/garland haar: loss/defeat/fatigue haalah: halo/nimbus/circle round the moon haamoon: desert/plain/level ground haawiyah: the lowest region of hell haa'ilah terrible/horrible huboot: decline/downfall/descent hibah: gift/bequest/grant hatauRa: sledgehammer hatauRee: small hammer hathyaar: tool/weapon hathelee: palm of the hand hijr: separation/absence from one's country hijrat: separation/flight (flight of the Prophet rom Mecca to Medina) hujoom: crowd/mob/tumult/assault/attack hidaayat: instruction/guidance/righteousness hadaf: target/goal/object hazaa: this har: all/every/each har ek: every one har baar: every time har jaa'ee: vagabond/faithless har dam: every moment hiraas: fear/terror/confusion/sorrow/disappointment harj: tumult/sedition/trouble/loss/harm/injury harzah: nonsense/absurd/frivolous/vain hargiz: ever/never haryaalee: greeness/freshness/grass hazl: joke/jest/pleasantries hasti: life/existence hushyaar: intelligent/alert/awake haftah: a week hakaazah: similarly halaak: ruined/destroyed halaak: ruin/destruction/slaughter/death hilaal: new moon/the crescent ham: also/likewise/together/with/similar ham bazm: of the same society ham batn: related by blood ham batn: blood-relation/close ally ham taa: equal/alike ham jalees: close friend ham jolee: playmate/equal/peer/friend ham dard: sympathizer/partner in adversity ham raaz: confidant ham raah: fellow-traveller ham zabaan.: unanimous/of the same language ham saaz: friendly/unanimous ham saayah: neighbor ham safar: fellow-traveller ham mazhab: coreligionist ham nasheen: playmate/associate humaa: eagle/phoenix/bird of Paradise humaayun: august/royal/fortunate himmat: spirit/mind/courage/desire/design hameshaah: always han.gaam: season/time/period han.gaamah: tumult/riot/uproar/confusion/disorder hawaa: wind/breeze/air/atmosphere hawas: ambition/desire/lust hosh: sense/mind/understanding haul: terror/horror/fright hunar: skill/art heeraa: diamond hai'at: astronomy/face/figure;commission/delegation
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i ye/baRi ye yaa: O! yaa: either/or
======yaad: remembrance/memory/recollection yaad daasht: a note/memorandum/memory yaad gaar: emorial/souvenir/keepsake ======yaar: friend/lover/companion yaaraa: strength/courage/power yaaraanah: friendship yaaraanah: friendly yaari: friendship/assistance/love/intrigue yaas: despair/fear/terror yaaghi: rebel/enemy yaaqoot: ruby/garnet yaawar: aiding/friendly yaawar: assistant/companion/friend yaawari: favor/assistance/friendship yaawah: absurd/vain/futile/lost/ruined yataamaa: orphans (plu. of yateem) yateem: orphan yad: hand/power/authority/protection/succor yazdaan: God yasaar: left/left hand; affluence/opulence ya'ni: namely/that is to say yaqin: certainity/assurance/truth/confidence/trust yaqinan: certainly/verily/assuredly/indeed yak: one/a/an yak jaan: one soul yak dil: unanimous yak rukhee: one-sided yak zabaan: uniform opinion or speech yak sar: all at once yak soo: on one side/aside yak lakht: all at once/suddenly yaktaa: single/unique/matchless/incomparable yagaanah: kinsman/kindred yagaanah: unique/single/sole/agreed/unequalled yumn: felicity/prosperity/good luck yamin: right hand; oath yoorish: assault/storm/invasion yaum: a day www/itechsoul.com