(Before the Renaissance) Theocracy

Name______date:______page number:______

A theocracy is a :______

Prior to the beginning of the Renaissance, lands were ruled by feudal kings or the Roman Catholic Church.

 The Church ______.

 The Church was NOT ______. The Spread of Ideas during the Renaissance

 Science and Technology

 Nicolaus Copernicus. He developed the theory that the sun was the center of the universe.

 Galileo Galilei-______.

 Johannes Kepler- He is most well-known for his discovery that the planets ______.

 Johannes Gutenberg-He invented a printing press with movable type that allowed for faster printing. A Change in Thought

 The Renaissance was a widespread change in culture and thought that took place in Europe beginning in the 1300s.

 Humanism

 The thing that sparked most of the excitement during the Renaissance was humanism ______. Name______date:______page number:______

 Johannes Gutenberg: About 1450 a German ,invented ______. The printing press used many small pieces of metal with single letters or numbers that could be arranged in trays to form rows of words and could be easily changed.

 The printing process became much easier and faster.

 BEFORE the invention of movable type:

 Books were copied by hand.

 Books were printed with blocks of carved wood that were inked and stamped.

 (The first book) In 1455 Gutenberg printed a 1,200 page Bible.

 Books became cheaper and more widespread.

 Through the printed page, ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly through Europe.

 Gutenberg Bible

• Each copy of the Gutenberg Bible used as many as three million metal letters.

• It took several months, many workers, and six printing presses to make.

• Of the 200 copies that were made, approximately 40 exist today.

 William Shakespeare

 William Shakespeare, considered the greatest writer of the Renaissance, was famous for plays and poems.

 Ordinary people, nobles, and royalty alike crowded London’s Globe Theatre to see Shakespeare’s plays.

. Romeo and Juliet

. Julius Caesar

. Hamlet New Ideas in Science

 (1500s) Nicolaus Copernicus presented mathematical calculations to prove the Earth revolved around the sun and was not the center of the universe.

 (1600s) ______proved Copernicus’s theory with the invention of his ______. It showed the Earth did move around the sun. Name______date:______page number:______

 (1600s) ______formed the theory of ______, and explained how the planets circle the sun.

 Newton followed a ______that required ideas to be tested through observing and experimenting. Renaissance Architecture

• Renaissance architects drew ______from ancient Greece and Rome. (columns, arch, dome)

• Medieval churches were built in the shape of a ______.

• Architects designed buildings in a ______shape.

• In the ancient world, the ______(a simple, clean figure) represented the perfect shape. Neoplatonism

 As part of the "re-birth" of classical civilizations, thinkers in the Renaissance were interested in writings of thinkers such as ______and ______. Who followed…. Neoplatonism

 Leonardo da Vinci

 was an Italian architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, musician, and painter.

 He was considered to be the best example of the "______"

 His most famous works include ______, ______, and The Vitruvian Man.

 Dante Alighieri

 was an Italian poet whose most famous work was The Divine Comedy.

 Botticelli

 was an Italian painter who lived in Florence.

 His famous works include The Birth of Venus, Primavera, and the Adoration of the Magi.

 Raphael

 was an Italian painter and architect.

 His famous works include Madonna del Granduca, The Small Cowper Madonna, and the The Alba Madonna. Name______date:______page number:______

 Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni

 an Italian artist, sculptor, architect, and poet.

 His most famous work is the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which took four years to complete (1508-1512).

 Other famous works are The Last Judgment, the sculpture of David, La Pietà, and the dome of St. Peter's Basilica. Bell Tower of Pisa

 A ______bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa.

 Construction began in 1173 and continued until 1372 (177 yrs.) when the 7th floor and bell tower (8th floor) were completed.

 The tower began to ______after the 3rd floor was added due to an unstable foundation. Marco Polo

 became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China prior to the beginning of the Renaissance.

 The trade routes that made up the Silk Road had been around for centuries. During his travels, Marco Polo became friends with the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan. Polo traveled around China and documented his travels in a journal. His tales increased European interest in places in the Far East like China. Christopher Columbus

 He believed that ships could reach China by sailing west, across the Atlantic. Instead of reaching China, Columbus discovered the Americas.

 European nations began exploring and colonizing the Americas, which led to the growth of European empires. Society

 Peasants, ______, worked as tenant farmers, which meant they lived and worked on the fields owned by a landlord. This system was known as ______. Name______date:______page number:______

Mercantilism- ______. Governments attempted to become wealthy by controlling more land Government

 During the Renaissance, Italy was made up of individual city-states ruled by wealthy families.

 For example, in Florence, the Medici family ruled from 1434 to 1537.

 Other countries, however, were unified into a single nation and ruled by kings or nobility.

 For example: Niccolò Machiavelli a political philosopher who lived in Florence.

 His most famous work was The Prince,

 in which he commented on the political environment in Florence and argued that a ruler should do whatever is necessary in order to maintain control of the state. Interactions in the First Global Age

 Tax policies

 Throughout Europe, the Catholic Church collected taxes from its subjects and sent a large portion of those money to the Pope in Italy.

 Churches did not pay taxes to the nation that the church was in, which frustrated Europe's monarchs.

 Indulgences

 An indulgence can be described as a ______

 During the late Renaissance period, one way a person could earn an indulgence was through a donation to the Church.

 ______this policy ______because, a wealthy person could not be punishment or atonement of a sin by donating a large amount of money to the Church. Name______date:______page number:______

 Though this practice helped the Church earn more money, many saw indulgences as a way of "buying" one's way into heaven.

Reformation Figures

 John Calvin: French theologian and namesake of Calvinism.

 Taught that people are all at the mercy of God and that God accomplishes the salvation of sinners through their obedience of faith.

 William Tyndale: English scholar who translated the Bible into the English of his day.

 Martin Luther:

 He printed and posted a list of complaints against the Catholic Church, known as the 95 Theses, on the door of a Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany.

 The Theses challenged the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and sparked a debate that led to the development of Protestantism.

 Desiderius Erasmus: who believed that faith in the atonement (asking forgiveness) of Christ was the only guarantee of eternal life, rather than the observance of the sacraments and rituals of the church. Protestantism Spreads throughout Europe

 In his 95 Theses, Martin Luther brought up a number of grievances with the Catholic Church. With the help of the newly invented printing press, the message from Martin Luther spread around Europe.

 The division of the Christian faith into two factions, Protestant and Catholic, soon began. Nationalism

 During this same time, ______was also growing in Europe.

 feelings of loyalty to the nation in which a person lived, rather than to the Church.

 As a result, some European nations became Protestant, with the government as the authority in the land, and the church subordinate to civil authority. Europe's Split

 Catholic: Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Poland and parts of France remained Catholic countries after the Reformation. Name______date:______page number:______

 Protestant: Germany, England, Switzerland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark became Protestant countries. The Age of Exploration

 The Age of Exploration was a time of discovery of new lands, innovations in cartography and trade, and the exchange of cultures and ideas from distant lands. Voyages and their Influence

 Prince Henry the Navigator: ______.

 Christopher Columbus:

 An Italian explorer and trader, Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas in 1492.

 He claimed the land in the name of Spain.

 His voyage marked the beginning of European exploration and the colonization of the Americas.

o Sir Walter Raleigh:

o ______explorer.

o He led expeditions to both ______America and ______America.

o He was trying to create ______.

o Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter to start a colony in North America. In 1585, Raleigh sent a group of colonists to Roanoke on the North Carolina coast.

o John Cabot:

o John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer who sailed for England.

o In 1497, he explored the coast of Newfoundland in Canada and New England while looking for the Northwest Passage to Asia.

o He claimed the area for England.

o Cabot is known as the first European to land on the North American mainland since the Vikings. Name______date:______page number:______

 Vasco da Gama :______.

 Samuel de Champain:

 French explorer Champlain founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence River in Canada in 1608.

 This was the first ______.

 Champlain established trading posts and traded with the Huron and other Native American tribes for fur which was then exported to France.

 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle:

 La Salle was a French explorer. ______.

 In 1682, La Salle became the first European to reach the mouth of the Mississippi River.

 He claimed the Mississippi River valley for France. He also named the area Louisiana after King Louis XIV of France.

 Henry Hudson:

 Hudson was an English navigator and explorer. In 1609, ______. Improvements in Technology

 Cartography:______

 Accurate maps were needed to lay claim to an area and defend it from other explorers and countries.

 The compass and the astrolabe ______

 The astrolabe was an instrument that had been used by the ancient Greeks to calculate the position of the sun and stars

 New technology also improved ship building for the Europeans. In the 15th century, the Portuguese invented the caravel: ______. Name______date:______page number:______

Exchanges and Effects

 As European nations discovered new lands, they established overseas colonies and found new ______.

 The New World had plants, animals, and culture never before seen.

 ______.

 The economy in Europe started to grow as countries fought to be the first to come back with a new good.

 ______.

 Europeans also brought diseases to the Americas.