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Late Quaternary Stratigraphy, Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho

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Late Quaternary Stratigraphy, Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho Late Quaternary Stratigraphy, Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho Thomas V. Dechert Paul A. McDaniel Kenneth L. Pierce Anita L. Falen Maynard A. Fosberg Idaho Geological Survey Technical Report 06-1 University of Idaho ISBN 1-55765-512-X Moscow, Idaho 2006 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Quaternary Geologic Setting ....................................................................................................... 2 Local Setting ................................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 6 Stratigraphic Units ....................................................................................................................... 7 The Surface Complex ............................................................................................................ 7 The Buried Complex .............................................................................................................. 9 Discussion and Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 11 References .................................................................................................................................. 13 Figures Figure 1. Location map of southeastern Idaho, the eastern Snake River Plain, and the Idaho National Laboratory ......................................................... 2 Figure 2. Map of study area, RWMC, and sampling sites ........................................................... 3 Figure 3. Stratigraphic relationships between sites in the RWMC basin ..................................... 7 Figure 4. Generalized stratigraphic composite showing TL ages for the eastern Snake River Plain ........................................................................... 12 Tables Table 1. Particle size data and stratigraphic units for selected sites in the RWMC basin ........................................................................................ 16 Table 2. Statistical analysis for loess on selected samples ........................................................ 17 Table 3. Statistical comparison of elemental content of the upper loess and the buried complex ..................................................................................... 17 iii Late Quaternary Stratigraphy, Idaho National Laboratory, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho Thomas V. Dechert1, Paul A. McDaniel2, Kenneth L. Pierce3, Anita L. Falen2, and Maynard A. Fosberg2 ABSTRACT glaciation in this part of the Rocky Mountains also occurred in early as well as late The Snake River Plain in eastern Idaho is Wisconsinan time. The intervening silty- a relatively flat terrain formed mostly of clayey alluvium of early to mid-Wisconsinan Quaternary basalts. Loess has accumulated on age indicates moister (pluvial) conditions with and deflated from the surface of these basalts, runoff into the basins. and shallow basins formed by basalt embayment have accumulated loess and other INTRODUCTION sediment, particularly during the last major glacial period (18O stages 2-4). The The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is a Radioactive Waste Management Complex at 2300 km2 Department of Energy reserve on the the Idaho National Laboratory is located in one eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), Idaho. of the sediment-accumulating basins and Design for safe, long-term (103 to 104 yr) provides the opportunity for detailed study of storage of low-level radioactive wastes at the sedimentation and surface processes that have Radioactive Waste Management Complex occurred since the most recent basalt (RWMC) of the INL is partially dependent on emplacements about 100-200 ka. For each of the assessment of geomorphic development the sedimentary and pedogenic horizons, we and associated hydrologic changes, particularly qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed of basin areas. This study focused on particle-size distribution, elemental content, identifying geomorphic processes that have and pedo-stratigraphic processes. Coupling our been operative in the RWMC basin and data with thermoluminescence and glacial associated basins during the late-Pleistocene outburst flood information, we identified and Holocene time. The resulting stratigraphic stratigraphic units of Holocene slopewash and understanding of the area is considered to be eolian sand, late Wisconsin (18O stage 2) loess the best predictor of surface processes that and outburst flood deposits, and an early to might occur in the future. mid-Wisconsin silty-clayey alluvium over an early Wisconsin loess (18O stage 4). The two The objectives of this study were to (1) periods of loess deposition suggest that alpine characterize the aggradational and erosional 1Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, 1118 F Street, Lewiston, ID 83501, [email protected] 2Soil and Land Resources Division, Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339 3U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Box 1743492, Bozeman, MT 59717 2 ESRP Idaho National Laboratory Figure 1. Location map of southeastern Idaho, the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) and the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). history of the sediments and soil materials in northeast (Malde, 1991). North and south of and around the RWMC basin and (2) identify the plain are Basin and Range Province and characterize stratigraphic units of the area. mountains with peaks up to 3700 m and relief up to 2000 m (Figure 1). The ESRP floor QUATERNARY GEOLOGIC SETTING consists of late Cenozoic basalt flows interbedded with and overlain by loess and The ESRP is a 350-km-long by 90-km- alluvium. Surface relief of the ESRP is wide linear trench rising from an elevation of generally less than 50 m. It tends to have a 950 m on the southwest to 2000 m on the subtle topographic high along its center axis, 3 which is studded by three prominent buttes. Of main "sink" area where it evaporates and these, Big Southern Butte (2308 m), a rhyolitic percolates into the ESRP as it meanders across dome (~300 ka; Armstrong et al., 1975), 10 km the dry floor of pluvial Lake Terreton. south of the RWMC, forms the headwaters of a drainageway that passes through the study The local topography in the study area is area. controlled by late Quaternary basalt flows. Most of the topographic lows forming the Drainages entering the north side of the basins important to this study occur along the ESRP are blocked by the central high axis, boundary between two basalts flows: the basalt resulting in a series of sinks along the northern of Quaking Aspen Butte (~100 ka) was margin. Particular to this study, the Big Lost deposited to the west of and against an older River flows out of the glaciated Lost River topography formed by Basalt Flow B (~200 ka; Range and Pioneer Mountains onto the ESRP Kuntz et al., 1990). The margin between the and passes 2 km north of the RWMC. To the two flows has partly filled with sediments northeast of the RWMC, the river flows into its resulting today in a series of interconnected lt t a B l s A a a w s o w B l a o F l m B N F U 6 15 3 30 n 5 m io 1 R n a P il a ro c a if s d ic es cc 1230 A ad 1231 Ro Spreading Area A RWMC o 1225 43 30’ 6 122 22 7 Di 1 ke 8 R 2 oa 2 d 1 Approximate limit B between Basalt Flow 1224 w A and Basalt Flow B A o l F w t o l l F 0.50.5 kmkm t l asa a B s a B Spreading Area B 113o 00’ Figure 2. Map of study area, RWMC, and sampling sites. 4 shallow basins 2 to 3 km wide like beads Loess unit A was defined as resting on a buried spaced out along a string. This series of basins soil having better development than any of the provides the only local surface outlet for runoff surface soils for a given section. Loess unit A from Big Southern Butte. Runoff in the area is was considered to have been deposited in the infrequent under modern climatic conditions, interval of ~10 ka to ~70 ka (18O stages 2-4). making field recognition of this drainageway Loess unit B underlies loess unit A and difficult. Under modern, arid conditions, the accumulated before development of the buried drainageway basins function as playas and soil that separates the two loess units. Based on sinks as mapped by Scott (1982). stratigraphic relations to glacial deposits, basalt flows, and tephra whose ages were at least Loess has both accumulated and partially roughly known, soil development in loess unit been deflated from the higher areas on the B was thought to have occurred in the interval basalt flows. In the basins formed by the between the Bull Lake and Pinedale glaciations basalts, silty Quaternary sediment has (18O stage 5). Out on the ESRP, the loess units accumulated. This study is concerned with would have been deflated or otherwise eroded Quaternary sediment that has accumulated in at all but protected sites because of present-day these basins, primarily because activities strong winds and arid conditions and probably associated with the RWMC are limited to the even more extreme windiness/dryness at some basin areas, and secondarily, because these older times (Pierce et al., 1983; Figures 2 and basins contain the
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