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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms
I. INTRODUCTION
1. aphorisms / “four-character phrases” [chéngyǔ 成語]
a. "looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ mǎ kàn huā 走馬看花]
b. “dragonfly touching the water” [qīngtíng diǎn shǔi 蜻蜓點水]
2. loess soil [huángtǔ 黃土]
3. the “Three Teachings” (sān jiào 三教 ):
a. Confucianism (Rúxué 儒學 )
b. Daoism [Taoism] (Dàoxué 道學)
c. Buddhism (Fójiào 佛教 )
4. “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]
II. EARLY MYTHS
1. Pan Gu 盤古
2. “Nü Wa repairs heaven” [Nǚ Wā bǔ tiān 女媧補天]
3. "Three August Ones" and "Five Rulers" [sān huáng wǔ dì 三皇五帝]
a. Fúxī 伏羲
b. Shén Nóng 神農
c. Huáng Dì 黃帝
d. Yáo 堯
e. Shùn 舜
f. Yǔ 禹
4. “Great Flood” (c. 1920 BCE / 8081 HE) [dà hóngshuǐ 大洪水]
III. SHANG 商 or YIN 殷 PERIOD
1. oracle-bone" writing [jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ]
a. pyro-scapulimancy
2. Ānyáng 安陽
3. Sānxīngduī 三星堆
4. "packed-earth" [hangtu 夯土 ]
5. city / wall [chéng 城 ]
6. cowry shells [bei 貝]
7. king / wáng [王 ]
8. nei [內 ] = inside, inner; wai [外 ] = outside, outer
9. food [shí 食]; clothing [yī 衣]; housing [zhù 住]; transportation [xíng行] = basic necessities; cultural markers/signposts
10. four cardinal directions [sìfāng四方]
11. "state" / guó [國 ]
12. “nine tripods”九鼎;pinyin:Jiǔ Dǐng
13. Tāotiè 饕餮 = zoomorphic animal mask/design; “gluttony”
14. “complementary duality”
a. yīn 陰
b. yáng 陽
15. the Eight Trigrams [bā guà 八卦 ]
16. dì 帝
17. Zhoù Xīn 紂辛
IV. ZHOU 周 PERIOD
1. periodization (all dates BCE / HE):
a. Western Zhou [ Xi Zhou 西周 ] (1046-771 / 8955-9230)
b. Eastern Zhou [ Dong Zhou 東周 ] (771-256 / 9230-9745)
c. Spring(s) and Autumn(s) [Chūn Qiū 春秋 ] period (722-481 / 9279-9520)
d. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221 / 9521/9598-9780)
2. Duke of Zhou [Zhoū Gōng 周公 ]
3. "well-field" [jǐngtián 井田 ] system
4. "feudal" [fēngjiàn 封建 ] system
5. lineage system [zōngfǎ 宗法 ]
6. four classes:
a. Amen of service@ (warrior / scholar) [shì 士 ]
b. peasant [nóng 農]
c. artisan [gōng 工 ]
d. merchant [shāng 商 ]
e. (“good iron doesn’t get beaten into nails; good men don’t serve as soldiers” [hǎo tiě bù dǎ dìng; hǎo nán bù dāng bīng 好鐡不打釘，好男不當兵])
7. shaman [wū 巫 ]
8. "Heaven" [Tiān 天 ]
a. "Mandate of Heaven" [Tiānmìng 天命 ]
V. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221 / 9521/9598-9780 HE)
1. hegemon [bà 霸]
2. “sleeping on brushwood and tasting bile” [wòxīn chángdǎn 臥薪嘗膽 ]
a. Gōujiàn 勾踐 of Yuè / Zhèjiāng (reg.496-465 BCE)
b. Fūchāi 夫差 of Wú / Shànghǎi (reg.495-473 BCE)
c. “ten years of training/instruction, ten years of building/gathering [resources/soldiers]” [shínián jiàoxùn, shínián shēngjù 十年教訓，十年生聚 ]
VI. LEGALISM
1. fǎ 法 = laws, rules; methods
2. punishments [xíng 形，刑 ]
3. "techniques" (of government) [shu 術 ]
4. "rich country, strong military" [fùguó qiángbīng 富國強兵 ]
VII. DAOISM
1. Daò 道
2. "myriad objects" [wàn wù 萬物 ]
3. wúwéi [無為 ] = "non-purposive action"
4. "artificial," "false" [wěi 偽 ]
5. "culture/patterns" [wén 文 ] vs. "simplicity/essence" [zhí 質 ]
6. "immortal" [xiān 仙 ]
7. Lǎozi 老子
a. Classic of the Dao [Dào Dé Jīng道德經 ]
Dào kě dào fēi cháng Dào 道可道非常道
Míng kě míng fēi cháng Míng 名可名非常名
8. Zhuāngzi 莊子 (c. 365-290 BCE)
a. “transformation of things” [wùhuà 物化]
VIII. CONFUCIANISM
1. Confucius [Kǒng Fūzi 孔夫子 ] (c. 551-479 BCE)
a. Rú 儒 = expert on ritual & government
2. jūnzi 君子 = "gentleman"; “exemplary person”
a. dé 德 = "virtue" / ”fortitude” / “excelling”
3. "inferior man" [xiǎorén 小人 ]
a. profit, benefit [lì 利 ]
4. "sense of shame" [chǐ 恥]
5. self-cultivation [xiūshēn 修身]
6. "rectification of names" [zhèngmíng 正名]
7. "five constant virtues" [wǔ cháng 五常]
a. rén 仁 = "benevolence" / “authoritative conduct”
b. yì 義 = "righteousness"; “appropriate / fitting”
c. lǐ 禮 = [observing] "propriety", “ritual”, “rites”
d. zhì 智 = "wisdom"; “realizing”
e. xìn 信 = "trustworthiness”; “making good on one’s word”
8. xiào 孝 = "filial submission/piety/responsibility/filiopietism"
9. loyalty [zhòng 忠 ]; “doing one’s utmost”
10. reciprocity [shù 恕 ]; “putting oneself in the other’s place”
11. shàn 善 = “being good at…”
12. phrases from Confucius= writings:
a. I state but don=t make (up new truths...) [shù ér bù zuò 述而不作]
b. a gentleman is not a tool [jūnzi bù qì 君子不器]
c. in teaching, there should be no distinction of classes [yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 ]
d. when I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers [sān rén xíng, bì yǒu wǒ shī yān 三人行， 必有我師焉]
e. respect the spirits but keep them at a distance [jìng gǔishén ér yuǎn zhī 敬鬼神而遠之]
f. my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity [wǔ Dào yī yǐ guàn zhī 吾道一以貫之]
13. Confucian "classics" / canonical writings:
a. “Four Books” [Sì Shū 四書 ]:
1) Analects [Lùn Yǔ 論語 ]
2) Doctrine of the Mean [Zhōng Yōng 中庸 ]
3) Great Learning [Dà Xué 大學 ]
4) Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子 ]
b. “Five Classics” [Wǔ Jīng 五經 ]:
1) Classic of Songs (or Book of Poetry) [Shī Jīng 詩經 ]
2) Classic of Changes [Yì Jīng 易經 ]
3) Record of Ritual [Lǐ Jì 禮記]
4) Classic of Documents [Shū Jīng 書經 ]
5) Spring and Autumn Annals [Chūn Qiū 春秋]
14. Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子], c. 370-290 BCE
a. “All men have a mind which cannot bear [to see the sufferings of] others [rén jiē yǒu bù rěn rén zhī xīn 人皆有不忍人之心] (Mencius, II.A.vi.1)
b. "kingly way" [wáng daò 王道]
c. "humane government" [rén zhèng 仁政 ]
d. mínshēng [民生 ] = "popular welfare," "livelihood"
e. "five relationships" [wǔ lún 五倫] and "three bonds" [sān gāng 三綱]
IX. QIN 秦 DYNASTY (221-206 BCE)
1. King Zheng [Zhèng Wáng 政王] reg. 246-210 BCE who becomes:
a. Qín Shǐhuángdì [秦始皇帝] = First Emperor of Qin (221-210 BCE)
2. Li Si 李斯 (d. 208 BCE)
3. commanderies and districts [jùnxiàn 郡縣]
4. Great Wall [Cháng Chéng 長 城]
5. "burning of books & burying of scholars" [fénshū kēngrú 焚書坑儒]
6. Second Emperor (of Qin) [èrshì huángdì 二世皇帝 ]
7. Zhào Gāo 趙高 (d. 207 BCE)
a. “calling a deer a horse”[zhǐ lù wéi mǎ 指鹿為馬]
8. Chén Shèng [陳勝 ] and Wú Guǎng [吳廣 ]
a. “王侯將相寧有種乎” (wáng hóu jiāng xiāng níng yǒu zhǒng hu / kings, marquises, generals, prime ministers—are they a [separate] type?)
X. HAN 漢 (206 BCE – 220 CE) and the Consolidation of Imperial Government
1. Xiàng Yǔ 項 羽
2. Liú Bāng 劉 邦, who becomes:
a. Hàn Gāozǔ 漢 高 祖 reg. 206-195 BCE
3. Cháng’ān 長 安
4. "men of talent" [rencai 人才 ]
5. Empress (Dowager) Lü [Lǚ Hoù 呂 后 ]
6. Sīmǎ Qiān 司 馬 遷 c. 145-86 BCE
a. Records of the Historian [Shǐ Jì 史 記 ]
1) lièzhuàn = 列傳“assembled biographies”
XI. HAN and the FRONTIER
1. Xiōngnú 匈奴
a. shànyú shanyu 單于
b. Máodùn
2. policy of "peace and marriage" [héqīn 和親 ]
3. "use barbarians to control barbarians"[yi yi zhi yi 以夷制夷 ]
4. Hàn Wǔdì 漢 武 帝 reg. 140-87 BCE
5. Yuezhi 月氏
6. Zhang Qian 張騫 fl. Late 2nd cent. BCE
7. Western Regions [Xi Yu 西域 ]
8. Wusun 烏孫
9. Da Yuan 大宛 = Sogdania / Ferghana
10. Da Xia 大夏 = Bactria
11. Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君 (1st cent. BCE)
12. Discourses on Salt and Iron [Yán Tiě Lùn 鹽 鐵 論] 81 BCE
13. Nan Yue 南越
XII. HAN PHILOSOPHY
1. “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]
2. Zoū Yǎn 鄒 衍
3. "synchronicity of heaven and mankind" [Tiān rén zhī qí 天 人 之 齊 ]
4. the "five agents" [wǔ xíng 五 行 ]
a. in "modern" order:
1) metal [jīn 金 ]
2) wood [mù 木 ]
3) water [shǔi 水 ]
4) fire [huǒ 火 ]
5) earth [tǔ 土 ]
b. "mutual production" [xiāngshēng 相 生 ] order (wood-fire-earth-metal-water)
c. "mutual conquest" [xiāngshèng 相 勝 or xiāngkè 相克 ] order (wood-metal-fire-water-earth)
5. the ten celestial stems [tiāngān 天干] and twelve earthly branches [dì zhī地支] (see separate sheet)
6. portents [fúmìng 符 命 ]
7. Dong Zhongshu 董 仲 舒 ] (179-104 BCE)
8. "Imperial Academy" (from the Jìn 晉 dynasty on) [Guózǐjiān 國 子 監 ]
9. Tiānzǐ 天 子 = "Son of Heaven"
10. sacrifices to heaven and earth [fēng shàn 封禪 ]
11. "spirit hall" cosmic house [míng táng 明堂 ]
12. Wáng Chōng 王充 (27-100 CE)
a. Critical Essays (or, Balanced Discussions) [Lùn Héng 論衡 ]
XIII. POST-HAN PERIOD
1. Seven Scholars of the Bamboo Grove [zhú lín qī xián 竹林七賢 ]
a. Ruǎn Jí 阮藉 (210-263)
b. Liú Líng 劉伶 (fl. c. 265)
2. "naturalness" [zìrán 自然 ]
3. "madmen" [chī 癡 ]
4. qīngtán 清談 = "pure talk," "cult of repartee"
XIV. BUDDHISM [Fójiào 佛教 ]
1. Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha / Sākyamuni [Shìjiāmúní 釋迦牟尼] c. 563 – c.483 BCE
2. Four Noble Truths [sìshèngdì 四聖諦 ]
1) Nature of dukkha (“suffering”) [kǔdì 苦諦 ]
2) Origin of dukkha [jídì 集諦 ]
3) Cessation of dukkha [mièdì滅諦]
4) Path/Way of cessation [dàodì 道諦]
3. Eight-fold Path
1) Right view
2) Right intention
3) Right speech
4) Right action
5) Right livelihood
6) Right effort
7) Right mindfulness
8) Right concentration
4. Three Treasures/Jewels [sānbǎo 三寶]
a. Buddha = “enlightened one” [Fó 佛]
b. dharma / vinaya = “teachings” / “disciplines” [fǎ 法 ]
c. sangha = “monastic community” [sēng 僧 ]
5. Theravada [Xiǎo Chéng 小乘 ]
a. arhat [luóhàn 羅漢]
6. Mahāyāna [Dà Chéng 大乘 ]
a. śūnyatā = “emptiness/void” kong / kū /gongseong /空(性)
b. bodhisattva [púsà 菩薩]
c. Nagarjuna
d. Kumarajiva
7. "matching concepts" [géyì 格義]
8. karma [yīnyuán 因緣 / yèyīn 業因]
9. samsara [dàlúnhuí 大輪迴]
10. nirvana [nièpán 涅盤]
11. Amitābha [Amítuófó 阿彌陀佛]
12. Avalokiteśvara, or Guānyīn 觀音
13. Čakravartin-rāja
XV. Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó 三國 ]:
1. founders and states
a. Cáo Cāo (155-220) 曹操 in Wèi [魏]
b. Liú Bèi 劉備 (161-223)and Zhūgě Liàng 諸葛亮 (181-234) in Shǔ Hàn [蜀漢 ]
c. Sūn Quán 孫權 (182-252) in Wú [吳 ]
2. sources
a. Record(s) of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Zhì 三國志] by Chén Shòu 陳壽(233-297)
b. Romance of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Yányì 三國演義 ] by Luó Guànzhōng 羅貫中 (c.1330-1400)
3. phrases
a. 話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分 (Huà shuō, tiānxià dàshì, fēn jiǔ bì hé, hé jiǔ bì fēn / It’s generally said that when All under Heaven has been long divided, it must unite; if united, it must divide.)
b. 謀事在人，成事在天(móu shì zài rén，chéng shì zài tiān / man proposes, heaven disposes)
c. 說到曹操， 曹操就到 (Shuō dào Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo jiù dào / speak of the devil…)
XVI. SIX DYNASTIES [Liù Cháo 六朝 ] PERIOD (220-589)
1. Wú [吳 ] 222-265/280, with its capital at Jiànyè 建業 (= modern Nanjing)
2. Jìn[1]
a. Western Jin [Xī Jìn 西晉 ], at Luoyang, 265-316
b. Eastern Jin [Dōng Jìn 東晉 ], at Jiànkāng 建康 (Nanjing), 317-420
3. "internal disorder, external disaster" [nèi luàn wài huàn 內亂外患 ]
4. "Northern and Southern Courts" [Nán Běi Cháo 南北朝 ], 420-589
a. in the south, four successor states (420-589) to Wu and Jin, to complete the rest of the "Six Dynasties": (reference only)
1) Liú Sòng 劉宋 (420-476)
2) Southern Qi [Nán Qí 南齊 ] (479-=502)
3) Liáng 梁 (502-557)
a) Liáng Wǔdì 梁武帝
4) Chén 陳 (557-589)
b. in the north:
1) "Sixteen Kingdoms" [Shíliù Guó 十六國 ], 304-439
2) "five barbarian tribes throw China into disorder" [wǔ hú luàn Huá 五胡亂華]
3) “sinification” / “sinicization” [Hàn huà 漢化]
4) Northern Wei [Běi Wèi 北魏 ], 386-535
a) Toba clan [Tòbá shì 拓跋氏 ] of the Xiānbēi 鮮卑 ] (Tabgach)
b) rulers: Tàiwǔdì 太武帝; Míngyuándì 明元帝; Xiàowéndì 孝文帝
c) institutions:
(1) professional/rotational border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ]
(2) collective guarantee [bǎojiǎ 保甲] system
(3) "equal-field" [jūntián 均田 ] system[2]
XVII. Land and Taxes (N. Wei through mid-Tang)
1. "equal-field" [juntian 均田 ] system
a. mu, mou [mu 畝 ]
b. arable land [lutian 露田 ]
c. "mulberry" land [sangtian 桑田 ]; permanently-held land [yongyetian 永業田 ]
2. “estates” [zhuangyuan 莊園 ]
3. dīng 丁 = adult male, for taxation purposes [mù bu shì dīng 目不識丁]
4. taxes [shui 稅 ]:
a. main:
1) in grain [zu 租 ]
2) in cloth [diao 調 ]
3) in corvée labor [yong 庸 ]
b. examples of other taxes
1) household tax [hushui 戶稅 ]
2) land tax [dishui 地稅 ]
5. "double tax" system [liangshuifa 兩稅法 ] (780)
XVIII. SUI [隋 ] DYNASTY
1. Yáng Jiān 楊堅 ], who becomes:
a. Suí Wéndì 隋文帝 reg. 589-604
2. Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 who becomes:
a. Suí Yángdì 隋煬帝 reg. 605-617
3. "ever-normal granaries" [chángpíngcāng 常平倉 ] and "relief granaries" [yìcāng 義倉 or shècāng 社倉 ]
4. Grand Canal [Yùnhé 運河]
5. Turks [Tújué 突厥 ]
6. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 (in Tibet) and Koguryŏ/Goguryeo 高句麗 ] (in Korea)
XIX. China’s Táng 唐 Dynasty
1. Li Yuan 李淵 ()565-635), who becomes:
a. Tang Gaozu 唐高祖 reg. 618-627
b. “retired emperor” = tàishànghuáng 大上皇
2. Li Shimin 李世民 , who becomes:
a. Tang Taizong 唐太宗 reg. 627-649
3. Gaozong 高宗 reg. 649-683
4. Wu Zhao 武曌 (c.625-705), who becomes:
a. Empress Wu [Wu Hou 武后 ];
b. a.k.a. Wu Zetian 武則天 reg. 684-705
5. Xuanzong 玄宗
a. a.k.a. Ming Huang 明皇 reg. 713-756
b. "my sorrow continues w/o end" [ci hen mianmian wu jueqi 此恨綿綿無絕期]
6. Yang Yuhuan 楊玉環 , better known as:
a. Yang Guifei 楊貴妃 ] or, "Lady Yang"
7. An Lushan 安祿山 (703?-757)
8. Huang Chao 黃巢
9. Li Keyong 李克用
a. Shato Turks [Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 ]