<p>31</p><p>Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms</p><p>I.  INTRODUCTION</p><p>1.  aphorisms / “four-character phrases” [chéngyǔ 成語]</p><p>a.  "looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ mǎ kàn huā 走馬看花]</p><p>b.  “dragonfly touching the water” [qīngtíng diǎn shǔi 蜻蜓點水]</p><p>2.  loess soil [huángtǔ 黃土]</p><p>3.  the “Three Teachings” (sān jiào 三教 ):</p><p>a.  Confucianism (Rúxué 儒學 )</p><p>b.  Daoism [Taoism] (Dàoxué 道學)</p><p>c.  Buddhism (Fójiào 佛教 )</p><p>4.  “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]</p><p>II.  EARLY MYTHS </p><p>1.  Pan Gu 盤古</p><p>2.  “Nü Wa repairs heaven” [Nǚ Wā bǔ tiān 女媧補天]</p><p>3.  "Three August Ones" and "Five Rulers" [sān huáng wǔ dì 三皇五帝]</p><p>a.  Fúxī 伏羲 </p><p>b.  Shén Nóng 神農 </p><p>c.  Huáng Dì 黃帝 </p><p>d.  Yáo 堯 </p><p>e.  Shùn 舜 </p><p>f.  Yǔ 禹</p><p>4.  “Great Flood” (c. 1920 BCE / 8081 HE) [dà hóngshuǐ 大洪水]</p><p>III.  SHANG 商 or YIN 殷 PERIOD </p><p>1.  oracle-bone" writing [jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ]</p><p>a.  pyro-scapulimancy</p><p>2.  Ānyáng 安陽 </p><p>3.  Sānxīngduī 三星堆</p><p>4.  "packed-earth" [hangtu 夯土 ]</p><p>5.  city / wall [chéng 城 ] </p><p>6.  cowry shells [bei 貝]</p><p>7.  king / wáng [王 ]</p><p>8.  nei [內 ] = inside, inner; wai [外 ] = outside, outer</p><p>9.  food [shí 食]; clothing [yī 衣]; housing [zhù 住]; transportation [xíng行] = basic necessities; cultural markers/signposts </p><p>10.  four cardinal directions [sìfāng四方]</p><p>11.  "state" / guó [國 ]</p><p>12.  “nine tripods”九鼎;pinyin:Jiǔ Dǐng</p><p>13.  Tāotiè 饕餮 = zoomorphic animal mask/design; “gluttony”</p><p>14.  “complementary duality”</p><p>a.  yīn 陰 </p><p>b.  yáng 陽</p><p>15.  the Eight Trigrams [bā guà 八卦 ]</p><p>16.  dì 帝 </p><p>17. Zhoù Xīn 紂辛 </p><p>IV. ZHOU 周 PERIOD</p><p>1.  periodization (all dates BCE / HE):</p><p>a.  Western Zhou [ Xi Zhou 西周 ] (1046-771 / 8955-9230)</p><p>b.  Eastern Zhou [ Dong Zhou 東周 ] (771-256 / 9230-9745)</p><p>c.  Spring(s) and Autumn(s) [Chūn Qiū 春秋 ] period (722-481 / 9279-9520)</p><p>d.  Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221 / 9521/9598-9780) </p><p>2.  Duke of Zhou [Zhoū Gōng 周公 ]</p><p>3.  "well-field" [jǐngtián 井田 ] system</p><p>4.  "feudal" [fēngjiàn 封建 ] system</p><p>5.  lineage system [zōngfǎ 宗法 ]</p><p>6.  four classes:</p><p>a.  Amen of service@ (warrior / scholar) [shì 士 ] </p><p>b.  peasant [nóng 農]</p><p>c.  artisan [gōng 工 ]</p><p>d.  merchant [shāng 商 ] </p><p>e.  (“good iron doesn’t get beaten into nails; good men don’t serve as soldiers” [hǎo tiě bù dǎ dìng; hǎo nán bù dāng bīng 好鐡不打釘，好男不當兵])</p><p>7.  shaman [wū 巫 ]</p><p>8.  "Heaven" [Tiān 天 ]</p><p>a.  "Mandate of Heaven" [Tiānmìng 天命 ] </p><p>V.  Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221 / 9521/9598-9780 HE)</p><p>1.  hegemon [bà 霸]</p><p>2.  “sleeping on brushwood and tasting bile” [wòxīn chángdǎn 臥薪嘗膽 ]</p><p>a.  Gōujiàn 勾踐 of Yuè / Zhèjiāng (reg.496-465 BCE)</p><p>b.  Fūchāi 夫差 of Wú / Shànghǎi (reg.495-473 BCE)</p><p>c.  “ten years of training/instruction, ten years of building/gathering [resources/soldiers]” [shínián jiàoxùn, shínián shēngjù 十年教訓，十年生聚 ] </p><p>VI. LEGALISM</p><p>1.  fǎ 法 = laws, rules; methods</p><p>2.  punishments [xíng 形，刑 ]</p><p>3.  "techniques" (of government) [shu 術 ]</p><p>4.  "rich country, strong military" [fùguó qiángbīng 富國強兵 ]</p><p>VII. DAOISM</p><p>1.  Daò 道 </p><p>2.  "myriad objects" [wàn wù 萬物 ]</p><p>3.  wúwéi [無為 ] = "non-purposive action"</p><p>4.  "artificial," "false" [wěi 偽 ]</p><p>5.  "culture/patterns" [wén 文 ] vs. "simplicity/essence" [zhí 質 ]</p><p>6.  "immortal" [xiān 仙 ]</p><p>7.  Lǎozi 老子 </p><p>a.  Classic of the Dao [Dào Dé Jīng道德經 ]</p><p>Dào kě dào fēi cháng Dào 道可道非常道 </p><p>Míng kě míng fēi cháng Míng 名可名非常名 </p><p>8.  Zhuāngzi 莊子 (c. 365-290 BCE)</p><p>a.  “transformation of things” [wùhuà 物化]</p><p>VIII.  CONFUCIANISM</p><p>1.  Confucius [Kǒng Fūzi 孔夫子 ] (c. 551-479 BCE)</p><p>a.  Rú 儒 = expert on ritual & government </p><p>2.  jūnzi 君子 = "gentleman"; “exemplary person”</p><p>a.  dé 德 = "virtue" / ”fortitude” / “excelling”</p><p>3.  "inferior man" [xiǎorén 小人 ]</p><p>a.  profit, benefit [lì 利 ] </p><p>4.  "sense of shame" [chǐ 恥]</p><p>5.  self-cultivation [xiūshēn 修身]</p><p>6.  "rectification of names" [zhèngmíng 正名]</p><p>7.  "five constant virtues" [wǔ cháng 五常]</p><p>a.  rén 仁 = "benevolence" / “authoritative conduct”</p><p>b.  yì 義 = "righteousness"; “appropriate / fitting”</p><p>c.  lǐ 禮 = [observing] "propriety", “ritual”, “rites”</p><p>d.  zhì 智 = "wisdom"; “realizing”</p><p>e.  xìn 信 = "trustworthiness”; “making good on one’s word”</p><p>8.  xiào 孝 = "filial submission/piety/responsibility/filiopietism"</p><p>9.  loyalty [zhòng 忠 ]; “doing one’s utmost”</p><p>10.  reciprocity [shù 恕 ]; “putting oneself in the other’s place”</p><p>11.  shàn 善 = “being good at…”</p><p>12.  phrases from Confucius= writings:</p><p>a.  I state but don=t make (up new truths...) [shù ér bù zuò 述而不作]</p><p>b.  a gentleman is not a tool [jūnzi bù qì 君子不器]</p><p>c.  in teaching, there should be no distinction of classes [yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 ]</p><p>d.  when I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers [sān rén xíng, bì yǒu wǒ shī yān 三人行， 必有我師焉]</p><p>e.  respect the spirits but keep them at a distance [jìng gǔishén ér yuǎn zhī 敬鬼神而遠之]</p><p>f.  my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity [wǔ Dào yī yǐ guàn zhī 吾道一以貫之]</p><p>13.  Confucian "classics" / canonical writings:</p><p>a.  “Four Books” [Sì Shū 四書 ]:</p><p>1)  Analects [Lùn Yǔ 論語 ]</p><p>2)  <em>Doctrine of the Mean [Zhōng Yōng 中庸 ]</em></p><p>3)  Great Learning [Dà Xué 大學 ]</p><p>4)  Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子 ]</p><p>b.  “Five Classics” [Wǔ Jīng 五經 ]:</p><p>1)  <em>Classic of Songs (or Book of Poetry) [Shī Jīng </em>詩經 ]</p><p>2)  Classic of Changes [Yì Jīng 易經 ]</p><p>3)  Record of Ritual [Lǐ Jì 禮記]</p><p>4)  Classic of Documents [Shū Jīng 書經 ]</p><p>5)  Spring and Autumn Annals [Chūn Qiū 春秋]</p><p>14.  Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子], c. 370-290 BCE</p><p>a.  “All men have a mind which cannot bear [to see the sufferings of] others [rén jiē yǒu bù rěn rén zhī xīn 人皆有不忍人之心] (Mencius, II.A.vi.1) </p><p>b.  "kingly way" [wáng daò 王道]</p><p>c.  "humane government" [rén zhèng 仁政 ]</p><p>d.  mínshēng [民生 ] = "popular welfare," "livelihood"</p><p>e.  "five relationships" [wǔ lún 五倫] and "three bonds" [sān gāng 三綱] </p><p>IX. QIN 秦 DYNASTY (221-206 BCE)</p><p>1.  King Zheng [Zhèng Wáng 政王] reg. 246-210 BCE who becomes:</p><p>a.  Qín Shǐhuángdì [秦始皇帝] = First Emperor of Qin (221-210 BCE) </p><p>2.  Li Si 李斯 (d. 208 BCE)</p><p>3.  commanderies and districts [jùnxiàn 郡縣]</p><p>4.  Great Wall [Cháng Chéng 長 城]</p><p>5.  "burning of books & burying of scholars" [fénshū kēngrú 焚書坑儒]</p><p>6.  Second Emperor (of Qin) [èrshì huángdì 二世皇帝 ] </p><p>7.  Zhào Gāo 趙高 (d. 207 BCE)</p><p>a.  “calling a deer a horse”[zhǐ lù wéi mǎ 指鹿為馬]</p><p>8.  Chén Shèng [陳勝 ] and Wú Guǎng [吳廣 ]</p><p>a.  “王侯將相寧有種乎” (wáng hóu jiāng xiāng níng yǒu zhǒng hu / kings, marquises, generals, prime ministers—are they a [separate] type?)</p><p>X.  HAN 漢 (206 BCE – 220 CE) and the Consolidation of Imperial Government</p><p>1.  Xiàng Yǔ 項 羽 </p><p>2.  Liú Bāng 劉 邦, who becomes:</p><p>a.  Hàn Gāozǔ 漢 高 祖 reg. 206-195 BCE</p><p>3.  Cháng’ān 長 安 </p><p>4.  "men of talent" [rencai 人才 ]</p><p>5.  Empress (Dowager) Lü [Lǚ Hoù 呂 后 ] </p><p>6.  Sīmǎ Qiān 司 馬 遷 c. 145-86 BCE</p><p>a.  Records of the Historian [Shǐ Jì 史 記 ]</p><p>1)  lièzhuàn = 列傳“assembled biographies”</p><p>XI. HAN and the FRONTIER</p><p>1.  Xiōngnú 匈奴 </p><p>a.  shànyú shanyu 單于</p><p>b.  Máodùn</p><p>2.  policy of "peace and marriage" [héqīn 和親 ]</p><p>3.  "use barbarians to control barbarians"[yi yi zhi yi 以夷制夷 ] </p><p>4.  Hàn Wǔdì 漢 武 帝 reg. 140-87 BCE</p><p>5.  Yuezhi 月氏</p><p>6.  Zhang Qian 張騫 fl. Late 2nd cent. BCE</p><p>7.  Western Regions [Xi Yu 西域 ]</p><p>8.  Wusun 烏孫 </p><p>9.  Da Yuan 大宛 = Sogdania / Ferghana</p><p>10. Da Xia 大夏 = Bactria</p><p>11.  Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君 (1st cent. BCE)</p><p>12.  <em>Discourses on Salt and Iron [Yán Tiě Lùn</em> 鹽 鐵 論] 81 BCE</p><p>13.  Nan Yue 南越 </p><p>XII. HAN PHILOSOPHY</p><p>1.  “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]</p><p>2.  Zoū Yǎn 鄒 衍</p><p>3.  "synchronicity of heaven and mankind" [Tiān rén zhī qí 天 人 之 齊 ]</p><p>4.  the "five agents" [wǔ xíng 五 行 ]</p><p>a.  in "modern" order:</p><p>1)  metal [jīn 金 ]</p><p>2)  wood [mù 木 ] </p><p>3)  water [shǔi 水 ]</p><p>4)  fire [huǒ 火 ]</p><p>5)  earth [tǔ 土 ]</p><p>b.  "mutual production" [xiāngshēng 相 生 ] order (wood-fire-earth-metal-water)</p><p>c.  "mutual conquest" [xiāngshèng 相 勝 or xiāngkè 相克 ] order (wood-metal-fire-water-earth) </p><p>5.  the ten celestial stems [tiāngān 天干] and twelve earthly branches [dì zhī地支] (see separate sheet)</p><p>6.  portents [fúmìng 符 命 ]</p><p>7.  Dong Zhongshu 董 仲 舒 ] (179-104 BCE)</p><p>8.  "Imperial Academy" (from the Jìn 晉 dynasty on) [Guózǐjiān 國 子 監 ]</p><p>9.  Tiānzǐ 天 子 = "Son of Heaven"</p><p>10.  sacrifices to heaven and earth [fēng shàn 封禪 ]</p><p>11.  "spirit hall" cosmic house [míng táng 明堂 ]</p><p>12.  Wáng Chōng 王充 (27-100 CE)</p><p>a.  <em>Critical Essays (or, Balanced Discussions) [Lùn Héng </em>論衡 ]</p><p>XIII.  POST-HAN PERIOD</p><p>1.  Seven Scholars of the Bamboo Grove [zhú lín qī xián 竹林七賢 ]</p><p>a.  Ruǎn Jí 阮藉 (210-263)</p><p>b.  Liú Líng 劉伶 (fl. c. 265)</p><p>2.  "naturalness" [zìrán 自然 ]</p><p>3.  "madmen" [chī 癡 ]</p><p>4.  qīngtán 清談 = "pure talk," "cult of repartee"</p><p>XIV.  BUDDHISM [Fójiào 佛教 ]</p><p>1.  Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha / Sākyamuni [Shìjiāmúní 釋迦牟尼] c. 563 – c.483 BCE</p><p>2.  Four Noble Truths [sìshèngdì 四聖諦 ]</p><p>1)  Nature of dukkha (“suffering”) [kǔdì 苦諦 ] </p><p>2)  Origin of dukkha [jídì 集諦 ] </p><p>3)  Cessation of dukkha [mièdì滅諦] </p><p>4)  Path/Way of cessation [dàodì 道諦] </p><p>3.  Eight-fold Path</p><p>1)  Right view </p><p>2)  Right intention</p><p>3)  Right speech</p><p>4)  Right action</p><p>5)  Right livelihood</p><p>6)  Right effort</p><p>7)  Right mindfulness</p><p>8)  Right concentration</p><p>4.  Three Treasures/Jewels [sānbǎo 三寶]</p><p>a.  Buddha = “enlightened one” [Fó 佛]</p><p>b.  dharma / vinaya = “teachings” / “disciplines” [fǎ 法 ]</p><p>c.  sangha = “monastic community” [sēng 僧 ] </p><p>5.  Theravada [Xiǎo Chéng 小乘 ] </p><p>a.  arhat [luóhàn 羅漢]</p><p>6.  Mahāyāna [Dà Chéng 大乘 ]</p><p>a.  śūnyatā = “emptiness/void” kong / kū /gongseong /空(性)</p><p>b.  bodhisattva [púsà 菩薩]</p><p>c.  Nagarjuna</p><p>d.  Kumarajiva</p><p>7.  "matching concepts" [géyì 格義]</p><p>8.  karma [yīnyuán 因緣 / yèyīn 業因]</p><p>9.  samsara [dàlúnhuí 大輪迴]</p><p>10.  nirvana [nièpán 涅盤]</p><p>11.  Amitābha [Amítuófó 阿彌陀佛] </p><p>12.  Avalokiteśvara, or Guānyīn 觀音</p><p>13.  Čakravartin-rāja</p><p>XV. Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó 三國 ]: </p><p>1.  founders and states</p><p>a.  Cáo Cāo (155-220) 曹操 in Wèi [魏] </p><p>b.  Liú Bèi 劉備 (161-223)and Zhūgě Liàng 諸葛亮 (181-234) in Shǔ Hàn [蜀漢 ]</p><p>c.  Sūn Quán 孫權 (182-252) in Wú [吳 ]</p><p>2.  sources</p><p>a.  Record(s) of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Zhì 三國志] by Chén Shòu 陳壽(233-297)</p><p>b.  Romance of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Yányì 三國演義 ] by Luó Guànzhōng 羅貫中 (c.1330-1400)</p><p>3.  phrases</p><p>a.  話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分 (Huà shuō, tiānxià dàshì, fēn jiǔ bì hé, hé jiǔ bì fēn / It’s generally said that when All under Heaven has been long divided, it must unite; if united, it must divide.)</p><p>b.  謀事在人，成事在天(móu shì zài rén，chéng shì zài tiān / man proposes, heaven disposes)</p><p>c.  說到曹操， 曹操就到 (Shuō dào Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo jiù dào / speak of the devil…)</p><p>XVI.  SIX DYNASTIES [Liù Cháo 六朝 ] PERIOD (220-589)</p><p>1.  Wú [吳 ] 222-265/280, with its capital at Jiànyè 建業 (= modern Nanjing)</p><p>2.  Jìn[1]</p><p>a.  Western Jin [Xī Jìn 西晉 ], at Luoyang, 265-316</p><p>b.  Eastern Jin [Dōng Jìn 東晉 ], at Jiànkāng 建康 (Nanjing), 317-420</p><p>3.  "internal disorder, external disaster" [nèi luàn wài huàn 內亂外患 ]</p><p>4.  "Northern and Southern Courts" [Nán Běi Cháo 南北朝 ], 420-589</p><p>a.  in the south, four successor states (420-589) to Wu and Jin, to complete the rest of the "Six Dynasties": (reference only)</p><p>1)  Liú Sòng 劉宋 (420-476)</p><p>2)  Southern Qi [Nán Qí 南齊 ] (479-=502)</p><p>3)  Liáng 梁 (502-557)</p><p>a)  Liáng Wǔdì 梁武帝 </p><p>4)  Chén 陳 (557-589)</p><p>b.  in the north:</p><p>1)  "Sixteen Kingdoms" [Shíliù Guó 十六國 ], 304-439</p><p>2)  "five barbarian tribes throw China into disorder" [wǔ hú luàn Huá 五胡亂華] </p><p>3)  “sinification” / “sinicization” [Hàn huà 漢化]</p><p>4)  Northern Wei [Běi Wèi 北魏 ], 386-535</p><p>a)  Toba clan [Tòbá shì 拓跋氏 ] of the Xiānbēi 鮮卑 ] (Tabgach)</p><p>b)  rulers: Tàiwǔdì 太武帝; Míngyuándì 明元帝; Xiàowéndì 孝文帝 </p><p>c)  institutions:</p><p>(1) professional/rotational border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ]</p><p>(2) collective guarantee [bǎojiǎ 保甲] system</p><p>(3) "equal-field" [jūntián 均田 ] system[2]</p><p>XVII.  Land and Taxes (N. Wei through mid-Tang)</p><p>1.  "equal-field" [juntian 均田 ] system</p><p>a.  mu, mou [mu 畝 ]</p><p>b.  arable land [lutian 露田 ]</p><p>c.  "mulberry" land [sangtian 桑田 ]; permanently-held land [yongyetian 永業田 ]</p><p>2.  “estates” [zhuangyuan 莊園 ]</p><p>3.  dīng 丁 = adult male, for taxation purposes [mù bu shì dīng 目不識丁]</p><p>4.  taxes [shui 稅 ]:</p><p>a.  main:</p><p>1)  in grain [zu 租 ]</p><p>2)  in cloth [diao 調 ]</p><p>3)  in corvée labor [yong 庸 ]</p><p>b.  examples of other taxes</p><p>1)  household tax [hushui 戶稅 ]</p><p>2)  land tax [dishui 地稅 ]</p><p>5.  "double tax" system [liangshuifa 兩稅法 ] (780) </p><p>XVIII.  SUI [隋 ] DYNASTY</p><p>1.  Yáng Jiān 楊堅 ], who becomes:</p><p>a.  Suí Wéndì 隋文帝 reg. 589-604</p><p>2.  Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 who becomes:</p><p>a.  Suí Yángdì 隋煬帝 reg. 605-617</p><p>3.  "ever-normal granaries" [chángpíngcāng 常平倉 ] and "relief granaries" [yìcāng 義倉 or shècāng 社倉 ]</p><p>4.  Grand Canal [Yùnhé 運河]</p><p>5.  Turks [Tújué 突厥 ]</p><p>6.  Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 (in Tibet) and Koguryŏ/Goguryeo 高句麗 ] (in Korea)</p><p>XIX.  China’s Táng 唐 Dynasty</p><p>1.  Li Yuan 李淵 ()565-635), who becomes:</p><p>a.  Tang Gaozu 唐高祖 reg. 618-627</p><p>b.  “retired emperor” = tàishànghuáng 大上皇</p><p>2.  Li Shimin 李世民 , who becomes:</p><p>a.  Tang Taizong 唐太宗 reg. 627-649</p><p>3.  Gaozong 高宗 reg. 649-683</p><p>4.  Wu Zhao 武曌 (c.625-705), who becomes:</p><p>a.  Empress Wu [Wu Hou 武后 ];</p><p>b.  a.k.a. Wu Zetian 武則天 reg. 684-705</p><p>5.  Xuanzong 玄宗 </p><p>a.  a.k.a. Ming Huang 明皇 reg. 713-756 </p><p>b.  "my sorrow continues w/o end" [ci hen mianmian wu jueqi 此恨綿綿無絕期]</p><p>6.  Yang Yuhuan 楊玉環 , better known as:</p><p>a.  Yang Guifei 楊貴妃 ] or, "Lady Yang" </p><p>7.  An Lushan 安祿山 (703?-757) </p><p>8.  Huang Chao 黃巢 </p><p>9.  Li Keyong 李克用 </p><p>a.  Shato Turks [Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 ]</p>
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Content LanguagesEnglish
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Upload UserAnonymous/Not logged-in
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File Pages35 Page
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File Size-