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Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2021:37 Gaylor Gaylord KABONGO BOOTO d KABONGO BOO Using life cycle thinking approach to support TO environmental sustainability in Doctoral thesis Doctoral big linear infrastructure projects Alignment modelling, optimization and evaluation for reducing impacts to the natural environment ISBN 978-82-326-4753-8 (printed ver.) ISBN 978-82-471-4997-3 (electronic ver.) ISSN 1503-8181 (printed ver.) ISSN 2703-8084 (online ver.) Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2021: ee of NTNU Engineering Philosophiae Doctor Faculty of Engineering Thesis for the Degr 37 Department of Civil and Environmental Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5*-/# $OLJQPHQWPRGHOOLQJRSWLPL]DWLRQDQG HYDOXDWLRQIRUUHGXFLQJLPSDFWVWRWKH QDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW '$0(0%-/1'$$&/$$-%'(*-0-.'( $-"1-/ /-,#'$(+$!/2 /5 -/4$&( ,,(3$/0(15-%"($,"$ ,#$"',-*-&5 "2*15-%,&(,$$/(,& $. /1+$,1-%(3(* ,#,3(/-,+$,1 *,&(,$$/(,& -/4$&( ,,(3$/0(15-%"($,"$ ,#$"',-*-&5 '$0(0%-/1'$$&/$$-%'(*-0-.'( $-"1-/ "2*15-%,&(,$$/(,& $. /1+$,1-%(3(* ,#,3(/-,+$,1 *,&(,$$/(,& 6 5*-/# 7 ./(,1$#3$/ 7 $*$"1/-,("3$/ 7 ./(,1$#3$/ 7 -,*(,$3$/ -"1-/ *1'$0$0 1 /(,1$#!5/ %(0)0$,1$/ To my children Lordina KABONGO BOOTO and Lordson DUGOGI BOOTO, I loved you before knowing you and with you, life really makes sense To my wife Benedicte MPUTU KAPINGA, your belief in me has never been shacked and your courage remains unparalleled To my mother, Rosalie MASALA MAKENGA, you were able to raise us with too little material goods, sacrificing your life for us, and To my beloved father, ally, mentor, and friend, DUGOGI BOOTO MBAKA Leon Basile, you taught us LOVE while loving us more than nobody else did. Your soul in peace, in the beyond realm. All I have and will always have to say is “True LOVE”. When education serves for a better world, technological development takes place in a truly sustainable way. Then, and only then, the term “innovation” reasonably makes sense to be used. Using life cycle thinking approach to support environmental sustainability in big linear infrastructure projects. Alignment modelling, optimization, and evaluation for reducing impacts to the natural environment. Gaylord KABONGO BOOTO Building and Construction Engineering Research Group Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (IBM) Faculty of Engineering (IVT) Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Abstract This thesis focuses on environmental optimization of the vertical alignment in large linear infrastructure projects, at early design stage. Two categories of problems are investigated: “modification of the existing alignment” and “generation of a new alignment”. The road is modelled with fixed geometrical parameters. Several models are developed which relate the road gradients, for each constituting segment of the road, to three elements retained as influential factors in this study i.e. the earthwork cost, the energy cost and the emission cost. Two concepts are introduced to support the constructed methods: the “single level approach (SLA)” and the “multi-layered multi-level approach (MLMLA or ML2A)”. These approaches are based on the performances of test vehicles used as a proxy for characterizing the environmental profile of vertical alignments of linear infrastructures. New metrics for evaluating the performances of the vertical alignments are also introduced based on the life cycle assessment method. The final models of the vertical alignment have implemented piece-wise linearity using lower order spline polynomial techniques to decrease complexity level and maintain robustness. This enables the use of simple linear programming techniques for solving (optimizing) the developed models. The methods have been implemented in MATLAB (for the first problem type) and Python (for the second problem type) environments. Models’ performances are illustrated through simulations and application to real world cases, and validation is performed through benchmarking with results from similar studies found in the literature. Higher and lower gradient limits, powertrains and standard technologies, speed levels, load factors, and vehicle segment have all been investigated throughout this project. It is shown that the developed models can successfully be used to design vertical alignments with reduced environmental impacts and that several other factors that influence the performance of heavy-duty vehicles on highways need to be considered. Keywords: vertical alignment, LCA, optimization, highways, clean vehicles, HDVs, emissions. vii viii List of appended papers The following papers formed the basis of the present thesis I. BOOTO, Gaylord K., BORN, Reyn O., EBRAHIMI, Babak, et al. Road Planning and Route Alignment Selection Criteria in the Norwegian Context. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing, 2019. p. 062007. II. Booto, G. K., Bohne, R. A., Vignisdottir, H. R., Pitera, K., Marinelli, G., Brattebø, H., & Ebrahimi, B. (2017). The effect of highway geometry on fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles operating in eco-driving mode. In Proceedings from the 10th International Conference on Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields. III. Gaylord Kabongo Booto, Giuseppe Marinelli, Helge Brattebø, Rolf Andre Bohne. Reducing fuel consumption and emissions through optimization of the vertical alignment of a road: A case study of a heavy-duty truck on the Norwegian Highway Route E39. European Transport \ Transporti Europei (2019). Issue 71, Paper No 4, ISSN 1825-3997. IV. KABONGO BOOTO, Gaylord, RUN VIGNISDOTTIR, Hrefna, MARINELLI, Giuseppe, et al. Optimizing Road Gradients Regarding Earthwork Cost, Fuel Cost, and Tank-to-Wheel Emissions. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, 2020, vol. 146, no 3, p. 04019079. V. Gaylord Kabongo Booto, Helge Brattebø, Giuseppe Marinelli, Rolf Andre Bohne. Performances of different heavy-duty drivetrains on optimized alignment: A life cycle perspective (2019). Submitted manuscript. Author’s contribution to the appended papers In paper number I, the author conducted the complete literature search and reviewed all the documents, performed the meta-analysis, and extracted the required information. He designed the study and oversaw the implementation of the proposed method. He drafted the entire manuscript of the full version and coordinated the collaboration work with all the co-authors who helped in structuring the search process, suggesting better approaches, reviewing the manuscripts, and proofreading when needed. In paper number II, the commencement of the project, the development of the method, the processing and analysis of the gathered field data, as well as the modelling tasks were completed by the author. In addition, the author searched the literature, developed the script of the data handling pipeline, wrote the full draft version of the complete manuscript, and organized the collaboration work with the whole team. Co-authors contributed with collection of field data, advising the study design, structuring, and editing the full text and revising it. In paper number III, the author initiated the study, designed it, developed the concept, gathered the required literature, collected the data, developed the employed models, translated the mathematical ix models into codes, performed simulation and post-processing of results. The full draft version of the entire manuscript was also written by the author. The team supported with text editing and processing, study design improvement, verification of calculation methods, consistency, and compatibility of the conducted analysis. The author performed revision tasks in collaboration with the team. In paper number IV, the author wrote the full draft version of the entire manuscript, initiated and designed the study, developed the concept, put in place the model and coded it, verified the calculations, calibrated and validated the model, ran the simulations and processed the results. Co- authors assisted in structuring the text, organizing the literature, setting the method, and reviewing the final version. In paper number V, the author initiated the project, searched the literature, elaborated the approaches, developed the concept, designed the vehicles, compiled the inventories, developed the models, coded the models, conducted the complete LCA, analyzed and interpreted the results. Also, the entire manuscript was drafted by the Author in its full version. The author organized the collaboration work with the whole team. Team members supported the study design, assisted in interpretation of the results, and helped in structuring and processing the text. They also aided in reviewing the final version of the manuscript. x Acknowledgements The journey throughout this research project has been challenging but also rich in learning, both scientifically and individually. I really doubt that it could have been achieved without help in many ways from our Heavenly Father and many. So, I am deeply grateful to all. Let me start by thanking God for all His deeds. He is and will remain TRUE for ever. Then my gratitude is first expressed to the Norwegian Public Road Administration (NPRA or SVV), for funding this research project. It was mainly at the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (IBM) of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) that most of the work constituting this thesis were conducted. I would like to deeply thank each member of these institutions who contributed to the realization of this project. On a more personal