Name: KEY Date: World Geography – Period:
Unit 4 Test Study Guide Multiculturalism, Diffusion, Convergence / Divergence, Culture Change Government Types, Balance of Power, EU / UN
1. Multiculturalism a. Ethnic Groups: Ethnic groups are groups of people with common ancestry, culture, and many times, common religion and language.
b. Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Societies: Cultures with one dominant ethnicity; Cultures that have many ethnicities in their society
c. Stateless Ethnicities: Some ethnic groups are tied to a certain region, but have no country of their own
d. Minorities / Minority Influence: Minorities are groups that are the smallest sized ethnicities. These are any groups that are not the dominant ethnicity Despite prejudice, discrimination, expulsion, and genocide; minorities have contributed greatly to religion, language, and other cultural ideas all over the world
e. Ethnic Prejudice / Ethnic Discrimination: When minorities are treated inferior; denied political power; or otherwise Occurs when minority groups are denied civil or political rights
f. Expulsion / Genocide: Extreme actions against minorities; expulsion kicking out a minority and genocide is exterminating a minority
2. Diffusion a. Spread of New Products: Silk Road - Merchants from many different cultures used this route to trade goods Columbian Exchange - The exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe New products today - the exchange of new products is much faster and easier
b. Spread of Ideas: Contact between cultures can also lead to the exchange of ideas c. Spread of Traits (American Pop Culture) Cultural traits from one culture can become traits to another culture through cultural diffusion Radio Movies TV shows T-shirts Blue Jeans Fast Food
d. Spread of Diseases / Pandemics A negative effect of diffusion. Disease can spread through trade. Ex: Bubonic Plague - devastated Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages
3. Cultural Convergence / Divergence When one or more cultural traits come into contact with one another When a culture is isolated and has little or no contact with other cultural ideas, traits, or people
4. Culture Change a. Roots of Change (What causes Change?) Migration; Trade; Conflict
b. Technological Innovations (What innovations caused change and how?) Printing Press; Cotton Gin; Telephone; Computer; Steam Engine; Automobiles; Railroad; Air travel; GPS; GIS; Air Conditioner; Desalinization; Medicine; Combine; Tractor; Fertilizers medicines increased life expectancy around the world; changes in the Environment; they built towns in areas otherwise would not have had populations.
5. Types of Government a. What are the different types of government? List examples for each one. Monarchy - Middle Ages Europe (Louis XIV); Ancient Roman Empire; Ancient China; England Republic - United States; Republics of Venice and Genoa Democracy - Ancient Athens; United States Dictatorship - Cuba under Castro; Uganda; Zimbabwe Totalitarian - Germany under Hitler; Soviet Union under Stalin; Iraq under Hussein; North Korea Theocracy – Iran; Vatican City (Pope)
6. Balance of Power The idea that if one country becomes too strong, other countries will join together against it.; Power of the largest countries should not be too unequal 7. What are the EU and UN? What role do they play in the world? EU – economic alliance between 28 European countries; balance the economic power of countries like the U.S., China, Russia, etc. UN – political alliance between many countries throughout the world; to balance the power of the world equally among the nations of the world
8. What are the different types of government? a. List the important aspects and where they get their power / who controls the government. Monarchy – hereditary ruler, given power by God through divine right; ruler controls government and makes all decisions Republic – People govern themselves without a monarch Democracy – Regular people hold power and make decisions Dictatorship – Power rests with individual or small group; usually takes control of government with force Totalitarian – Dictatorial government that controls every aspect of their citizens lives Theocracy – Religious leaders control government
9. What are the different types of economies? a. List examples of each. Traditional – Bushmen of Kalahari Desert Tribesmen of Algeria Villages of South Asia Market – United States Command – Former Soviet Union North Korea Cuba Mixed – Sweden Israel
10. What is scarcity? People have unlimited wants; Not enough resources/goods available to meet everybody’s needs/wants
11. What does an economic spectrum show? The economic freedom of a country in relation to the type of economic system it has.
12. What are the four (4) levels of economic activities? a. List examples of each. Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Growing crops manufacturing service cancer researcher Raising livestock oil refining teacher scientist Fishing doctor CEO of company Logging nurse Mining accountant
13. What are the levels of development? More developed Newly Industrialized/emerging economies Less developed 14. What are some characteristics of each level of development? More developed – low birth rate, low infant mortality, high GDP, high levels of 2nd and 3rd economic activities, high literacy Less developed – high birth rate, high infant mortality, low GDP, mostly 1st and 2nd economic activities, low literacy rate Newly Industrialized – transitioning from less to more
15. Which economic activity levels are you going to find in the different levels of economic development? Less Developed – mostly primary activities, few secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Newly Industrialized – dominated by primary; emerging secondary and tertiary
More Developed – all four activity levels; dominated by tertiary and quaternary
16. What are the different types of natural resources? Give examples of each Renewable – soil, water, trees Non-renewable – oil, copper, gold Fossil Fuels – coal, natural gas, oil