BIOL 101 SI Week 1

______is where evolution occurs via purely natural processes without any divine guidance.

______is where evolution occurs but is guided by God.

______is where species were created separately by God.

From the above forms of evolution, which one do scientists most readily believe?

T or F In science, truth is discovered only by experimentation.

The theory of Evolution allows three things…list them 1. 2. 3. Provide three examples of detailed mechanisms______,______,______

Creationism has four main downfalls, list them. 1. 2. 3. 4.

What are the four assumptions of Science? 1. 2. 3. 4.

Define Induction: Define Deduction:

______is an association between variables

A ______is a mechanistic relationship between two variables. ______are needed to verify causation.

List the two limitations of strong inference 1. 2. Define: Mean:

Variance:

Standard Deviation:

Dependent Variable:

Independent Variable:

Parameter:

Outlier:

Residual:

What are the three elements of good experimental design? 1.

T or F When making strong inferences, one should devise an alternative hypothesis.

For a given sample, a ______variance in the trait ______the probability of observing a false relationship.

For a given variance, a ______sample from the population ______the probability of observing a false relationship.

Define: Degrees of freedom: P-value:

Draw what a normal distribution may be

What do you need to do to determine statistical significance? What do you need to do to determine biological significance?

Independent/Dependent Variables

Example 1 Dr. Jones wants to determine whether a new drug increases the maze running performance of older rats. Just like aging humans, older rats show signs of poorer memory for new things. Dr. Jones teaches two groups of older rats to find a piece of tasty rat chow in the maze. One group is not given the drug. One week after having learned the maze he retests the rats and records how long it takes them to find the rat chow. What is the independent variable? a) age of the rats b) type of maze c) length of time it took the rats to run the maze d) presence or absence of the new drug

What is the dependent variable? a) age of the rats b) type of maze c) length of time it took the rats to run the maze d) presence or absence of the new drug

Example 2 A researcher wanted to study the effects of sleep deprivation on physical coordination. The researcher selected 25 year-old make college students and deprived some of the subjects to either 24, 36, or 45 hours of sleep. In the present study the independent variable was: a) the length of time the subjects were deprived of sleep b) the age of the subjects c) the gender of the subjects d) the physical coordination skills of the subjects

The dependent variable was: a) the length of time the subjects were deprived of sleep b) the age of the subjects c) the gender of the subjects d) the physical coordination skills of the subjects Example 3 A researcher wanted to know whether the number of people present would influence subjects’ judgments on a simple perceptual task. In each case the other members of the group gave an incorrect answer. The researcher then noted whether the subject conformed to the group decision. The independent variable was: a) the number of people in the group b) whether the group members gave the correct or incorrect answer c) whether the subjects conformed with the group d) the type of perceptual task

The dependent variable was a) the number of people in the group b) whether the group members gave the correct or incorrect answer c) whether the subjects conformed with the group d) the type of perceptual task

Example 4 An investigator had 60 subjects watch a videotaped re-enactment of a bank robbery. Half of the subjects were asked by a police investigator to recall the event, while the remaining subjects were interviewed by a police investigator while they were hypnotized. Independent variable: a) whether a police investigator was used b) whether subjects were hypnotized c) how much subjects recalled d) what subjects watched

Dependent variable: a) whether a police investigator was used b) whether subjects were hypnotized c) how much subjects recalled d) what subjects watched