The Old Gray Mare Limped Down the Lane

ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 NOUN PHRASES

So FAR, The Sentences in Module 1 were sentences in which the complete subject consisted of one word—a noun. However, sometimes two or more words are used for the subject. When several words are used together like that, they are called a noun phrase. The noun phrase is the complete subject. For example, when applying the Verb-Subject Identification Procedure to the sentence:

The old gray mare limped down the lane.

What is the verb? Right! “limped” so we write a “V” above it. Then When we ask the “Who/What Question,” what group of words gives the right answer? “The Old Gray mare.” The old gray mare is the complete subject. The word “mare” is the main subject. It is the most important word in the complete subject. S V The old gray mare limped down the lane.

This is how the sentence is identified for the Verb-Subject Identification Procedure. Worksheet #1 Noun Phrases

Obtain a Module 2 Answer Sheet for the worksheets. In the area marked for Worksheet #1, complete the assignment below. WRITE ONLY ON THE ANSWER SHEET AND NOT IN THIS MODULE.

On the sentences below, mark the verb with a “V” and the main subject with an “S” on the answer sheet.

1. The old gray mare limped down the lane. 2. The silver-winged plane soared. 3. Johnny’s baby sister cried for hours. 4. The first three girls giggled. 5. Fourteen good pilots died in the war. 6. The chairman of the meeting left early. 7. The chrome-plated motorcycles glistened in the sun. 8. The pioneers in our family fled from England. 9. The dog’s buried bones rotted in the ground 10. Carol’s best china plate broke into a hundred pieces. SIMPLE SENTENCES 1 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 Verb Phrases

Just like several words can form the subject of a sentence, the verb can consist of two or more words. This is called a verb phrase. In the sentence below, the verb phrase is, “must have gone.” S V The bus must have gone by now. These three words form the complete verb. The word “gone” is the main verb. It shows the action. Without it, the action of the bus would be unknown. Verb phrases are formed by putting one or more helping verbs in front of a main verb. Here is a list of helping verbs.

HELPING VERBS

am☺ is☺ are☺

can may could might must

do shall does should

was☺ has were☺ have will had would

be☻ been☻ being☻

The linking verbs: am, are, is, was & were [look for ☺]can be used in front of another verb. Two or more of these helping can be used in combination with one of the helping verbs that starts with the letter “h.” One can also use a helping verb in combination with “be☻,” “been☻,” or “being☻,” in front of the main verb. These three words are at the bottom of the list because they are not used by themselves in front of a main verb. They can only be used in combination with other helping verbs. Any time you are asked to identify the verb of a sentence, you should identify the helping verb or verbs and the main verb in any sentence that has a verb phrase.

SIMPLE SENTENCES 2 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 After you find the action verb, always check to see if there are one or more helping verbs to the left of the action verb. Make an arch above the helping verbs and the main verb, and write a “V” above the arch. Worksheet #2 Verb Phrases

In the area marked for Worksheet #2, complete the assignment below. WRITE ONLY ON THE ANSWER SHEET AND NOT IN THIS MODULE.

On the sentences below, mark the verb(s) with an arch and a “V” and the main subject with an “S” on the answer sheet. S V 1. The bus must have gone by now. 2. My best friend could not work tonight. 3. The light green grapes have been eaten. 4. The committee of environmentalists is working to solve the smog problem. 5. Steven’s aunt is not following her new diet. S V 6. The old rickety wagon should not have been filled to the top. 7. The merry pied piper would have played a happy tune. 8. A stray sunbeam could have pierced through the clouds. 9. The paint on the old gray house was peeling. 10. The peace treaty might have been signed today.

Sometimes words in sentences show action without being the main verb of the sentence. Chad hoped to go sledding.

In this sentence, several words represent things you can do: hoped, go, and sledding. Which one is the main verb of the sentence? Any verb that has the word “to” in front of it is an infinitive; it is not the main verb of the sentence. When you have a sentence with several action words in it, check for the word “to.” Never identify as the main verb a word that has “to” in front of it.

Types of Simple Sentences

There are other kinds of simple subjects than those with only one subject and only one verb. A second kind of simple sentence contains two or more subjects. When two or more subjects appear in a sentence, it is called a compound subject. S S V Bill and Sue want to go to the movies.

In the same respect, the third kind of simple sentence contains two or more verbs. When two or more verbs appear in a sentence, it is called a compound verb. S V V SIMPLE SENTENCES 3 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 Sally swam and played all afternoon. Some simple sentences have both a compound subject and a compound verb. S S V V The ponies and calves scampered and played in the field.

To summarize, there are four different kinds of simple sentences. These formulas are represented on the chart below.

S V SS V S VV SS VV

You should follow four simple steps when you want to write a simple sentence.

Step 1: Pick a formula (this means you choose one of the formulas from the chart above. Some may have these on a card. Some desks have the cards on them.)

Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula.(Once you’ve chosen a formula, explore words to fit the formula. This means to find words that best express the idea you have in mind. You may use noun phrases and verb phrases to fit the idea.)

Step 3: Note the words.(Once you’ve thought of the words, write them down. When you write the words, capitalize the first letter of the first word in the sentence, and put a period at the end of the sentence. Your sentence will not be a sentence if you do not capitalize the first word and put end punctuation.)

Step 4: Search and check. (After you’ve written the sentence, do the Search and Check step. This fourth step helps ensure that your sentence is complete and fits the formula you chose in step 1. First identify the verb or verb phrase; second ask the who/what question to help you find the subject or subjects.)√Capital letter; End punctuation. Makes sense.

After you have identified the verbs and subjects, you’ll need to do the “Check” part of the Search and Check Step. You’ll need to read the who sentence one last time to see if it makes sense and to make sure you haven’t left out any words. Also check to see that you began the sentence with a capital letter. Now does it make sense. Then you’re done.

SIMPLE SENTENCES 4 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 Take a look at the first letters that are bigger in each step. The mnemonic device “PENS” is the check device for WRITING A SENTENCE.

Worksheet #3 Formulas for Simple sentences

Write a sentence for each of the formulas given.

1. S V 6. SS VV 2. SS V 7. S V 3. S VV 8. SS V 4. SS VV 9. SSS V 5. S VV 10. Write the mnemonic device for writing sentences

PRONOUNS Pronouns are words that stand for nouns or for words that take the place of nouns. Pronouns get their meaning from the words they stand for. These words are called antecedents.

Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person) or the person, place, or thing spoken about (third person). Personal Pronouns singular Plural 1st person I, me we, us my, mine our, ours

2nd person you you, your, yours your, yours

3rd person he, him, his they, them she, her, hers their, theirs

SIMPLE SENTENCES 5 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 it, its their, theirs

Reflexive pronouns end in –self or –selves. They point back to a noun or pronoun earlier in the sentence. Intensive pronouns end in –self or – selves and simply add emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the sentence.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Singular Plural 1st person myself ourselves 2nd person yourself yourselves 3rd person himself, herself themselves itself

Joy helped herself to some turkey. REFLEXIVE

The mayor herself attended the carnival. INTENSIVE

Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns direct attention to specific people, places, or things.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Singular Plural this, that these, those

A relative pronoun begins a subordinate (minor) clause and connects it to another idea in the sentence.

Relative Pronouns

that which who whom whose

An interrogative pronoun is used to begin a question.

what which who whom whose

SIMPLE SENTENCES 6 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321

Indefinite pronouns refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones.

Indefinite Pronouns Singular Or Singular Plural Plural Another everyone nothing Both All Anybody everything one Few Any Anyone little other Many More Anything much somebody Others Most Each neither someone several None Either nobody something some Everybody no one

Worksheet #4 Pronouns

Label each underlined pronoun as personal, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, reflexive, intensive, or indefinite.

1. Who is the boy I saw in that class? 2. When I go home, I will rest. 3. Will she go with us? 4. I myself would like to do my work. 5. This one is mine. 6. I hit myself on the head. 7. Everybody needs to go to school.

Choose the pronoun that best fits the sentence.

8. Jerry and (him, he) lost their dog. 9. With (whom, who) are you going to stay in Houston? 10.That horse lost (its, it’s) race. 11.The player (who, which) caught the pass run for a touchdown. 12.The dog bit both her and (I, me).

SIMPLE SENTENCES 7 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 13.(We, Us) and the other campers enjoyed the trip. 14.Get George and (he, him) some water. 15.George and (they, them) bought the Christmas tree. Verbals A verbal is the form of a verb used as a noun, adjective or adverb. Gerunds are forms of the verb that function as nouns. They always end in "ing." Participles are forms of the verb that function as adjectives. They can end in "ed," "en," or "ing." Infinitives are forms of the verb that may acts as adjectives, adverbs or nouns. They include "to" plus the base form of the verb, as in "to run."

Gerunds

A gerund is a verb participle (most commonly the present participle) that is used as a noun. They always end in "ing." e.g.

Parting is such sweet sorrow.

Reading is a relaxing diversion.

She disliked dancing.

A gerund can also consist of more than one word (although the first word is still a present participle) e.g.

He was happy at having finished his studies.

A gerund can also be preceded by possessive pronouns e.g.

His coming of age was a cause of celebration.

Their doubting of your word shouldn't trouble you.

Participles

[In the following examples, the participle is bold and the verb is underlined.]

●As the colonies became a new nation dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal, public schools had another purpose. ○First find the subject and verb of each clause: COLONIES BECAME and SCHOOLS HAD. With that done, we can see that DEDICATED is not the subject. Instead, it describes the word NATION. Therfore, it is an adjective. A form of a verb that ends in ED, EN or ING and acts as an adjective is a participle.

SIMPLE SENTENCES 8 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321  Transformed by the national economy, urban factories developed a need of disciplined, obedient workers. o The subject (factories) DEVELOPED. So what does TRANSFORMED do? It describes FACTORIES.

 Learning to solve problems in groups, the students began to understand how to fit within the social structure. o Identify the subject and verb. What is this sentence about? STUDENTS. What is the verb? BEGAN. What part of the sentence does LEARNING go with? The subject. It describes STUDENTS, so it is a form of the verb acting as an adjective—a participle.

The steps to finding a participle: 1. Find the subject and verb to eliminate any confusion 2. Decide what part of the sentence the verbal belongs to.

Infinitive [In the following examples, the infinitive is bold and the verb is underlined.]

 Supporters of the Internet fail to mention that it contains a lot of trash packaged to look like reliable information. o The subject is SUPPORTERS. The verb is FAIL. The infinitive TO MENTION is the object of the verb. Therefore, it is a noun.

 Students need to learn the parts of speech. o The subject is STUDENTS. The verb is NEED. The infinitive TO LEARN is the object of the verb. Therefore, it is a noun.

 The ants have arrived to grab the leftovers from the picnic. o The subject is ANTS. The verb is HAVE ARRIVED. The infinitive TO GRAB is an adverb explaining why or where they have arrived.

WORKSHEET #5 In the area marked for Worksheet #5, complete the assignment below. WRITE ONLY ON THE ANSWER SHEET AND NOT IN THIS MODULE.

Identify the underlined part of speech

1. The thief arrested for the robbery shot at the security guard. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

2. The flag waving in the wind is inspirational. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

SIMPLE SENTENCES 9 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 3. They are sure the extra planning will make a difference in the end. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

4. Jamal's confusing message did nothing to solve the mystery. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

5. Godzilla made a game of smashing all of the red cars parked near the lake. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

6. The politician's broken promises were all that the voters remembered. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

7. Delighted with the opportunity to learn, Christine took the internship in New York. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

8. While playing the tuba, Orin felt as if his world was perfect. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

9. The shows offers everyone a chance to be a millionaire. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

10. Samuel decided that missing the lecture every day was hurting his grade. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

11. The kittens crouching under the bed have refused to come out. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

12. The swimmer, driven by the need to be the best in the world, made himself sick with anxiety. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

13. My friend was surprised by the lighting in the theater. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

14. Brenda seemed surprised with the team's decision to withdraw. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

15. Completing the obstacle course is harder than it looks. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

16. Billy refused to accept the idea that his birthday cake was gone. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

17. The marathon runner, pushed to the edge of endurance, collapsed at the finish line. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

SIMPLE SENTENCES 10 ENGLISH I MODULE 2 ENG 321 18. Fred's arguing every call is getting frustrating. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

19. Al hopes that giving the players a break will improve their attitudes. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

20. The completed meal was so beautiful that we hesitated to eat it. a. gerund b. participle c. infinitive

Once you have finished the answer sheet, turn it in and get a Module 2 test.

SIMPLE SENTENCES 11