American Psychological Association (APA) Parenthetical Citations Updated for 2009

When quoting from a text, remember to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference. For documenting summaries and paraphrases, the APA does not require the use of page numbers though your professor may. Consult your professor if you have questions.

TYPE OF CITATION EXAMPLE Author’s name in text Davis (1976) observed that linguists were surprised upon learning of an ape’s ability to use sign language (p. 26). Author’s name in reference Linguists were surprised upon learning of an ape’s ability to use sign language (Davis, 1976, p. 26). Quotation found in Linguist Noam Chomsky has dismissed the studies: “To maintain that Kanzi indirect or secondary has language ability is like saying a man can fly because he can jump in the air” source (as cited in Booth, 1990, p. A3). Two authors’ names in Greenfield and Savage-Rumbaugh (1990) have acknowledged that Kanzi’s reference linguistic development was slower than that of a human child (p. 567). Work by three to five Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by authors guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Bever, 1979).

NOTE: List all authors the first time you cite them – subsequent citations should be the first author’s last name and et al: (Terrace et al., 1979). Work by six or more The ape language studies have shed light on the language development of authors children with linguistic handicaps (Savage-Rumbaugh et al., 1993). Two or more works in Researchers argued that the apes were merely responding to cues (Sebeok & same parentheses Umiker-Sebeok, 1979; Terrace, 1979). Authors with same last Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . . name Personal communication One of Patterson’s former aides believes that the gorilla Michael was capable of (e.g., an email) joking and lying in sign language (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). Corporate author According to the Language Research Center (2000), research with apes has led to new methods of treating humans with learning disabilities. Unknown author Chimpanzees in separate areas of Africa differ in a range of behaviors (“Chimps,” 1999). Electronic source with Attempts to return sign-language-using apes to the wild have had mixed results unknown date (Smith, n.d.). Electronic source without Universal interventions “target the general public or a whole population group page numbers that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk” (Greenberg et al., 2000, Section I, para. 20).

Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces or one half-inch from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Example:

According to Greenberg (2001), two different criteria were proposed to determine brain death: the

“higher-brain” and the “whole-brain” concepts. He describes the higher-brain formulation as follows:

A brain-dead person is alleged to be dead because his neocortex, the seat of consciousness, has been

destroyed. He has thus lost the ability to think and feel—the capacity for personhood—that makes us who

we are, and our lives worth living. (pp. 37-38) APA References Updated for 2009

On a separate page at the end of your paper, list alphabetically by author every work referenced in your paper, using the basic form illustrated below.

TYPE OF CITATION EXAMPLE Book (Basic form, single Baxter, C. (1997). Race equality in health care and education. Philadelphia: Ballière author) Tindall.

Book (Editors in place of Stock, G., & Campbell, J. (Eds.).(2000). Engineering the human genome: The authors) science and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter in edited work Roy, A. (1995). Psychiatric emergencies. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), (Second or later edition) Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. (6th ed., pp. 1739-1752). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Dissertation (Abstracted in Fisher, C. J. (1999). The status of health education in California’s public school Dissertation Abstracts districts: A comparison to state and national recommendations and status International (DAI); reports (Doctoral dissertation University of Southern California, 1999). obtained from university) Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (02), 1926. NOTE: Dissertations may be cited many different ways. The citation differences seem to be determined by where you originally obtained the dissertation. Ask a professor for guidance. Government report (From National Institute of Mental Health. (1998). Priorities for prevention research Government Printing (NIH Publication No. 98-4321). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Office) [NOTE: Any document Printing Office. available from GPO should show NOTE: Like dissertations, government documents may be cited many different ways. Ask a GPO as publisher.] professor for guidance. Journal article (Basic form, Roy, A. (1982). Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, single author) 141, 171-177. Journal article (Journal Baldwin, C. M., Bevan, C., & Beshalske, A. (2000). At-risk minority populations paginated by issue) in a church-based clinic: Communicating basic needs. Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health, 6(2), 26-28. Journal article (7 or more Yawn, B. P., Algatt-Bergstrom, P. J., Yawn, R. A., Wollan, P., Greco, M., authors) Gleason, M., et al. (2000). An in-school CD-ROM asthma education program. Journal of School Health, 70, 153-159. Journal article (In Internet- Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (2000, March 30). only journal) Prevention of mental disorders in school-aged children: Current state of the field. Prevention and Treatment, 4, Article 1. Retrieved August 24, 2001, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/ pre40001a.htm Magazine article (Basic Greenberg, G. (2001, August 13). As good as dead: Is there really such a thing form) as brain death? New Yorker, 36-41.

Newspaper Article (No Mad-cow may tighten blood-donor curbs. (2001, April 19). The Gazette author; electronic version [Montreal], p. A13. Retrieved August 25, 2001, from Lexis-Nexis database. found on searchable, aggregated database) Publication, private Swift, A. C. (1985). Determining our children’s future (Report no. 12). Milwaukee: organization (Basic form) Child Care of Wisconsin. Conference paper Crespo, C. J. (1998 March). Update on national data on asthma. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, Leesburg, VA. Electronic versions of print Knowles, E.S. (1999). Distance matters more than you think! An artifact clouds sources interpretation of Latane, Liu, Nowak, Bonevento, and Zheng’s results [Electronic version]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1045- 1048. NOTE: The APA manual has started using DOIs (digital object identifiers) instead of URLs whenever possible. EBSCOhost calls DOIs “permalinks.” They should look something like this: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=amp-64-8-644&site=ehost-live Electronic materials that are Nelson, G., Westhues, A., & MacLeod, J. (2003, December 18). A meta-analysis NOT duplicates of print of longitudinal research on preschool prevention programs for children. sources Prevention & Treatment 6, Article 31. Retrieved December 2, 2004, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention /volume6/pre0060031a.html